CflC THCrCXNG CANG VUNG NGHl - T I N H Vfl GIflO THCrONG KHCI vaC THE K t XI-XIV (Tify theo vd hii) NGUYIN VAN KIM* NhQng d a u t;ich lich sijf vfi vfin h a Vi trf bidn viin, ndi thudng xuydn cd nhQng tidp giao vfi xung d0t chfnh tri, Qufin sQ; giao lUu xa hdi vfi vfin hfla vdi cfic qudc gia khu vUc da de lgi nhidu dfi'u tfch trdn vQng dfi't Nghd H n h Qua trinh hinh thfinh, phfit triin cua mdt trung tfim kinh td sudt nhidu thd ky cung d l lgi nhidu ddu fi'n trdn cfic phUdng di$n: Lich sii, Vfin hda, Khao cd hgc, Dfin tflc hgc D l lfim sang td hoat dflng cua cfic thUdng cang vung Bie Trung Bg, cQng vdi vide khao cQu efic tU lieu lich sQ thi cdng tae dieu tra, khao sat thUc dia, khai qufit khao ed hgc ludn cfl vai trd quan trgng Dfi'u vdt gdm sQ khai qufit dUdc d cfic viing ciia sdng Nghe - H n h cho thfi'y, tQ thd ky IX-X, cfic cang vQng Bftc Trung Bg da tham gia vfio mgng ludi thUdng mgi khu vuc (68) cang Ke Gdm (cQa sdng Cdm, huydn Nghi Lflc), v i n xufi't 10 nhQng hi§n vfit gdm sQ men thdi h^ - T r i n vfi gdm men ngoc Trung Qudc thd ky XIV cang K$ Hoa, dia dilm Khe Trong dudi chfin nQi Cao Vong (dugc coi Ifi cang chinh) cung xufi't 16 nhidu hi^n vfit gdm sQ Vi$t Nam, Trung Qudc "K^ Hoa thdi T r i n khflng phai chi Ifi mflt cang tidn tieu cua Dgi Vi§t - bdi ben Ifi dfi't Chfimpa, mfi edn Ifi mdt thUdng cang s i m udt cho tdi thdi Le Con Sfinh d Tam Hai cung gidng Cdn Sfinh d Bfin Hai, trdn mftt cat trftng cd vd vfin gdm sfinh, gdm men cua thdi T r i n , thdi Ld vfi ca gdm men nggc cua Id gdm Long Tuydn (Trung Quoc) ndi tidng " (69) Tgi mdt sd dia dilm d cang Kjf La, dfic bidt Ifi di tich gd T h i n Ndng (ndi vua Champa Ifi Bd Tri tQc Suravarmandeva) tiing tra hfing (70) vfin thfi'y xudt Id nhQng hidn vfit gdm sQ nUdc, khu vUc ed dfic tinh tUdng tU NhQng d^u tich cdn lgi cho thfi'y si4 hidn d i | n vdi trQ mfit cao ciia cfic hi$n vfit gdm t h d k y XIH-XIV Dd chinh Ifi nhQng san phfim dugc san xufi't tQ nhidu lo gdm sQ danh tidng vfi ngofii nU6c nhQ: Chu Dfiu, Hdp Ld, Tam Thg (Dgi Viet); Long Tuydn, Canh DQc trfi'n, Diic Hofi, Hgc Sdn (71) Su cfl mfit ciia eac loai gdm men vfing xanh dugc san xufi't tQ cfic Id nam Trung Hoa, gdm men trfing thdi Tdng, gdm men nggc thdi Nguyen; men ngoc, men lam thdi Minh (1368-1644) Ifi nhQng hfing chQng vd mgt thdi sdi dgng ciia hd thdng thUdng mai chfiu A d i l n trdn vQng dit Nghd - H n h Qua nghien cQu khao co hoc, cd t h i k h i n g dinh r i n g , cdc thiiOng cdng vung Ngh§ - Tinh khdng chi Id mot nhihig thi trilitng tieu thu ldn md cbn Id dia ' PGS.TS Trudng Dai hoc KHXH&NV - Dgi hoc Qude gia Hfi Ndi Cfic ftirong cing vung Hgha-Tlnh bdn trung chuyin hdng hoa cua mang liidi giao thieong khu vi/c CQng vdi gdm sQ, si? hi$n d i | n ciia efie logi tidn cd trdn k h i p cfic dia phUdng dfic bi§t Ifi nhQng vung tQng Ifi ly sd cua Diln Chau, Hoan Chau (Ngh$ An) cQng giQp ehung ta h i i u thdm yd quy mfl vfi mQc dfl hogt dOng ciia trung tfim kinh td dfli ngogi Ngh$ - H n h Tien cd dfi dQdc phfit hi$n d But Dfi (Anh Sdn), Phu Diln (Diln Chfiu), Lam Thfinh - PhU Thgch (HUng Nguyfin), Vinh Ydn - Ydn TrUdng (Thfinh phd Vinh), khu vi^c thfinh Vgn An (xfi Vfin Diln, huyen Nam Dfin ~ vdn Ifi dd dfl cua Mai Hfic Dd); cfic vQng tQng Ifi trung tfim ciia cfic chfiu, phu hay efic khu thUdng mgi, buon bfin nhu: Chg Phu (HUng Nguyfiri), chg Sa Nam (Nam Dfin), chg Cdn, chd R0, chd Phudng, chg ChQa (Thanh ChUdng), chd Ludng, chd TrQ ^ LUdn^, chd Bflng, chd t j (Ydn Thfinh) eung nhieu dia dilm dgc lUu vUc sdng Lam Tai cfic dia dilm nfiy, cfic nhfi nghidn cQu vfi cU dfin dia phUdng da tim dugc mdt lUdng Idn cfic logi tidn cd eiia Dai Vidt, Trung Qudc Ngh$ - H n h , tidn "Thdi Binh thdng bdo" thdi vua Dinh H d n Hoang (970-979) dUdc tim thdy d nhidu dia phUdng tQ Qui^h Luu ddn Diin Chfiu, Nam Dfin, Anh Sdn Cfic nhfi nghien cQu eung da tim dUdc logi tidn thugc ddi vua tridu Lf tQ LJ Thai Tdng (1042-1044) ddn hf Cao Tdng (1205-1210) nhu "Minh Bao nguyen bdo", "Bgi Binh thdng bdo", "Chinh Long nguyin bdo" dugc phfit hien d cfic huydn: Tfin K^, Anh Sdn, Dd LUdng, Thanh ChUdng, Nam Dfin Ba loai tidn "Nguyin Phong thdng bdo" thdi T r i n Thai Tdng (1225-1258) cung da dUdc tim thfi'y Cfic logi tien ed cua Trung Qudc cfl nidn dgi sdm tQ ddng "NgU Thit" trieu Quang Vu D^ (25-56) ddn "Khai Nguyin thdng bdo" thdi Dudng Cao To (618-627), "Cdn Nguyen trgng bao" thdi Ngu Dgi (907-960) Cac ddng tidn ddi Dudng vfi thdi Ngu Dgi dugc p h i t hi$n chii ydu trdn dia bfin xa Hdng Long, Khinh Sdn (Nam Dfin) ddn vQng chg Rd, Nggc Sdn, chd PhUdng (Thanh ChUdng) Kdt qua khai qufit vfi khao sfit da tim dugc cfic logi tidn thdi Tdng tQ ddng "T6ng Nguyin thdng bdo" ddi Tdng Thfii Td (960-963) cho ddn ddng "Gia Binh thdng bdo" ddi Tdng Minh Tdng (1028-1225) dugc phfit hi$n trdn dia bfin tQ Nam Dfin, Thanh ChUdng, Anh Sdn, Dd LUdng, Tfin K^ vdi m0t sd lUdng ldn 26 logi tidn Tdng edn khfi nguyin vgn Ngofii ra, tidn ddi Tdng cdn tim dugc d hfii dfi^t bdi doc song Lam thu^c huy$n Nam Dfin, Thanh ChUdng vfi HUng Nguydn Lam Thfinh - PhQ Thgch Ifi ndi phfit hien dUde nhidu loai tidn thdi Minh tQ ddng "Hong Vu thdng bdo" ddi Minh Thfii Td (1368-1399), ddn "Vinh Lgc thdng bdo" thdi Minh Thfinh To (1403-1425), "Tuyen BUc thdng bdo" thdi Minh Tuydn TQng (1426-1435) (72) G i n dfiy, nhQng logi tiin nfiy dUde nhan dfin phfit hi^n m^t nhidu, cd nien dai kha hen tuc (73) Su hien di^n eua cfic logi tidn cd cho thfi^y sii thinh dat cua kinh td Dgi Viet cung nhU mfli Udn h$ r§ng ldn, mfit thidt giQa vQng Ngh$ H n h vdi efic cang thj Trung Hoa vfi khu vUc Dfic dilm cua sU phan bd cfic logi tidn c l Trung Hoa d Ngh^ - H n h Ifi tUdng ddi rdng ldn nhUng cd mQc dfl tfip trung cao d nhQng dia bfin trgng ydu Cd t h i cho ring, song song vdi vi$c sQ d\ing tien dQc nUdc, tidn nUdc ngofii cung dUdc lUu thdng rgng rai Vigc xufi^t Id cfic logi tidn vdi sd lUgng ldn eho phdp dofin dinh vd kha nfing nhidu thUdng nhfin ngogi qudc tQng ddn Ngh§ H n h budn ban, lUu t n i mgt thdi gian dfii H i n la, hg da trd ndn gifiu cd vfi ed ngudn vdn ldn (74) Do ed vai trd tich cQc Hdn kdt mang ludi giao thUdng khu nghien cQu Ueh sfr stf 1.2013 vi^c ciing nhu ky nfing iQa chgn, lUu giQ hfing hfla vfi cac thufit budn bfin hogt ddng cua gidi thUdng nhfin ngogi qudc da gflp p h i n thtic diy cfic hogt d$ng kinh td ddi ndi, ddi ngogi ciia Ngh§ - H n h Kinh nghi§m vfi ky nftng budn bfin dfl vSn dugc tidp tijc tri nhiiu thd ky eau Theo Dgi Nam nh^t thdng chi, ddn thd ky XIX, hogt ddng giao lUu, budn bfin d Nghd H n h v6n cdn khfi sdi d^ng Ngh$ An v i n edn 59 chg, 21 quan, 65 c i u dd hogt ddng Tinh Hfi H n h cd 14 chg, 15 qufin, 31 ciu dd (75) Trong cfic hoat d0ng giao thUdng trdn vQng dfi't Ngh$- H n h , gidi Hoa thUdng tiing ddng vai trd quan trgng Vfio thd ky XIXIV, h i n Ifi nhidu thUdng nhfin, thUdng dofin da thudng xuydn qua lai tuydn thUdng mgi vQng Hoa Nam - Dgi Vi§t Ngh$ H n h d l rdi tQ dd, cQng vdi thUdng nhfin Vi^t vfi khu vUe, thUdng nhfin Trung Hoa lai tidp tuc lufin chuyin hfing hfla ddn cfic qudc gia khfic d Ddng Nam A Dilu chfie chin Ifi, cQng vdi hfing hda, hg eung da dem theo nhidu loai tidn Trung Qudc vfi cfic loai tien dd cung ddng thdi dUgc sii dijng trao ddi, budn ban Tuy chinh sQ khflng cd nhidu ghi chdp nhUng didu chic chin Ifi, cfic hogt d0ng giao thUdng d Ngh$ - H n h lufln dUdc dfit t i m kiim sofit chfit che ciia ehinh quydn trung Udng, cung nhU dia phUdng CQng vdi gidi Hoa thUdng, cfic thUdng nhfin khu vuc Ddng Nam A cung d l lgi nhQng dfi'u fin sau dfim cfic hogt dflng kinh td, vfin hfla Dai Vi$t - Ngh$ H n h Su hi$n di$n ciia Phan Ma Ldi (gia nd ciia Nguyin N0n), xufi't hi$n cudi thdi Lf, d i u thdi T r i n Ifi mdt hidn tUgng rdt d i n g chii f Todn thii chdp: "Ma Ldi ngudi Chiem Thfinh, budn bfin d Ai Lao, dugc N^n nhfin lam nd, cd tfii chu dflng dfinh t h i n g , dQng binh nhu t h i n " (76) Phai chfing, nhd co nhQng "gia nfl" tfii gioi, cd tfii diing binh, chuy§n budn bfin qudc td nhU Ma Ldi mfi Nguyin N$n cd t h i thao tung ca m^t vQng rdng ldn d chfiu thd sdng Hdng? Thdli^c ciia flng, khidn c i danh tUdng T r i n Thu Dd cQng hdt sQc lo nggi Khi Nguyin Ndn chdt, P h a n Ma Lfli n g i m phdng ngQa chgy trdn, khflng bidt di dfiu Cfl t h i cho rfing, chuydn qua lgi bufln bfin giQa cfic nUdc ndn Ma Lfli dfi rdt thdng thgo cfic tuydn giao thflng khu vi^c Cung cfl quan dilm cho ring, logi ndn Ma Ldi mfi T r i n Khfinh Du yeu c i u cU dfin, thUdng nhfin d Vfin Ddn ddi d l phfin bi^t vdi ngUdi phUdng Bie chfnh Ifi logi ndn c6 ngudn goc tQ Chfimpa dUa tdi Trdn phUdng didn kinh td - xa h^i, nhin chung L^ - T r i n Ifi nhQng trilu dgi gifiu thinh Todn thi/ nhidu l i n nhdn manh ddn sQ trQ phQ, ngudn luc ddi dfio ciia ngfin khd qudc gia Nhd dd, nhfi nUdc da cd t h i diu tu nhQng ngudn kinh phi ldn d l phfit triin hfi thdng thiiy nflng, xfiy chQa, dQc chuflng, tac tugng T h i n g lgi cua nhfi L$ khfing chidn chdng Tdng vfi nhfi T r i n ba cuOc khfing chidn chd'ng Mdng - Nguy§n Cling cho thfi'y tidm nfing kinh td mgnh me ciia cfic tridu dgi nfiy Mfit khfic, phai thiy r i n g , B\f tfing trUdng vUgt bfic ciia giao thUdng qudc td vfio thdi T r i n , dfic bi§t Ifi sau nhQng bao tfip cua Hch sii qua di, Ifi mdt nhiing H^u phfip d l chinh quydn T h i n g Long xoa diu n i i dau nhan thd, chfi'n h u n g ndn kinh td dfin tdc (77) Mdi quan h§ vfi t i m anh hudng cua cic thUdng cang Ngh$ - H n h nhfi't Ifi vdi viing hai cang phia nam Hfi H n h thdi Lf - Trin Ifi rfi't manh me Sau thdi k^ khdi dung Dinh, Le, L^ ddn thdi T r i n , Phfit gifio cfing phfit triin, t h i hidn sau s i c tinh t h i n dan tdc Lfi nhflng tridu dgi ton sQng Phfit giao, vdi vQng bidn vien, chfnh quydn Thfing Cae thirong cAng viing Kgha-TMi Long da tieh cUc t r u y i n b i Phfit giao, tdn vinh cae gia tri vfin hda truydn thdng Qua dd, cfic tridu dgi anh mudn xay dUng, khang dinh ban sfic vfin hda rieng ddng thdi tfli rdn y thQe dfin tdc (78) Theo truydn thuydt, vfio thdi Ly hai nhfi sQ ndi tidng lfi Khdng L6 vfi Giac Hai da ddn Diln Chfiu, Hoan Chau truydn dgo (79) Dfi'ufi!nvd m^t thdi hUng thinh cua vQng Ngh$ - H n h edn dUdc bilu hidn thdng qua si? hi$n dign ciia efie dia danh, di tich, den midu thdi Lf Trin dUde xfiy dUng d h i u hdt cac vQng cQa bien, tri ^d, danh thfing d Nghd - H n h , v i n cdn ddu tich cua nhidu ddn midu thd t h i n Hnh vfi nhQng ngUdi cfl cflng chdng gific ngoai xfim, md mang ddt dai, bd coi Dai Nam nhit thing chi vidt ve den Uy Minh VUdng (d nui Qua, xa Bach Dudng, LUdng Sdn): "VUdng la thQ tam cua Lf Thfii Td, tdn lfi Nhfit Quang, dUdc phong Uy Minh VUdng coi phu Nghd An, nhan dan va Man di diu tin phue, nUdc Chiem Thfinh dfing cdng" (80) Nghi An ky tiing ed nhQng md ta sinh dflng vd dai Trang VUdng, am Thanh M i u tren nggn HUdng Tich, niii Hdng Linh, xay dUng vfio thdi T r i n Nui Ban Do d xa K^ Nam, huydn Ky Hoa cdn sU tieh vua T r i n Dud Tflng trdn dUdng binh Chiem da dfing eung nhan ngdi tren mfim vfing cho thuy t h i n Hidn tren mii cdn den thd "Chd thfing phu nhfin" hay cdn ggi lfi ddn Bich Chfiu; ve vQng mii Quy Linh cfl nui Long, Lan, PhUdng, NgUu chiu lai Day chinh lfi ndi vua T r i n Anh Tdng trdn dUdng binh Chidm da ddng quan O bdn cQa Cdn, dQc vua da nam md thfiy T h i n nQ Nghe An ky cung vidt vd Dao Ang hay vung Hdn En cd mii vfiy ba mat, khach di biln gfip gid bao thudng hay cho t h u y l n vfio t n i i n ; vd nggn sudi thieng d day Nam Gidi ndi ghi lgi huyen tich vd ChQ Ddng TQ - Tien Dung len dao gap tidn, tu hanh dfic dao vfi trgi Dinh Phien dUng thdi vua L^ Thai To (81) Viit diin u linh cung vidt vd ddn thd ba mg phu nhfin hg Tri$u, lfi cdng chua nUdc Nam Tdng, trdi dat ddn cQa Cfin Hai dugc cu dfin Ifip din thd TUdng truydn, din thd rfi't h i i n linh "Phfim nhQng thuydn di bl, gfip sflng gid nguy hilm, keu ciu ddu dugc thofit ngn Sau cfic ndi cQa b l ddu Ifip ddn thd, din nfio cQng cd tidng thidng" (82) Khao cQu efic hi^n tUdng vfin hda dd chiing ta thfi'y, eac dQc tin, tdn gifio ludn la dilm tUa tam linh nhidm mfiu eho ngUdi vfi cfic hogt ddng kinh td, vfin hda Mfit khac, lfim fin phfit dgt, ngUdi ta cung cd didu kidn hdn d l tg dn cfic t h i n linh, xfiy dUng, trung tu, tdn tgo cac den midu Do vfiy, "cd t h i ndi, thdi Trin d dau cfl cfic cang lfi d ddy ed ehua thfip - gin nhU dd lfi mdt quy lufit Vi du, d eac cang thi ven biln Nghd - H n h , ehua dUdc xfiy dUng d Hdn NgU (chQa Dao NgU), K^ Hoa, cda Sdt ChQa thfip thdi T r i n khdng chi dflng vai trd hoing dUdng Phfit phfip, truyen ba vfin hoa mfi chac ehfin cdn dflng vai trd nhU nhQng vong gfic tidn tidu eho cac vung cQa ngd hudng bien cua ddt nUdc" (83) Vfio thdi Lf, dfic biet lfi thdi Trin, sau nhQng cdn bao tap cua Uch sQ qua di, "tinh t h i n dfin tdc dUde nfing cao thd ky XIII da t h i i mdt luong sinh mdi cho Phfit gifio" (84) Su ddi cua Thien phfii Tnic Lam la bilu tUdng thieng lieng cua nhQng gifi tri phat triin mdi vd tU tQdng, chii nghia ydu nUdc vfi nhQng tridt lufin gifiu dfim ehfi't nhfin vfin ve cudc ddi, thd sQ Trong sudt nhidu thd ky, nhieu thfich thQc khfic nghidt cua Hch sQ, khflng ft nhQng t h i n g t r i m cua dfin tflc dfi diln trgn vQng bien vien phUdng Nam cua To qudc Vdi cu dan Nghd - H n h , vung ddt que hUdng lfi ndi trao truydn cfic sic thai, dfic trUng vfin hda tQ nhidu dia phQdng ddng 20 thdi lfi khflng gian hdp luy^n cic gifi trj vfin hfla dfin tdc vdi vfin hfla khu vi^c M^t sd nhfi nghidn cQu thudng hay nhdn mgnh ddn tfnh ehfi't dfic thQ, "thuin khidt" ciia khdng gian vfin hda Ngh§ - H n h vdi sdng Lam - nQi Hdng, Hofinh Sdn - Nam Gidi NhUng thi;(c td, b i n g nhan quan lich sit vfi quan dilm Khu v{tc hqc (Area studies), chQng ta cd t h i hUdng tdi mOt cfich tidp cftn da di§n vfi cQng thi^c td hdn vd tfnh lUdng nguydn, da nguydn; dan xen vfi chdng Idp cua khflng gian van hda nfiy (86) Nhu dfi trinh bfiy d trdn, thdi Lf • T r i n , nhQng ngUdi dQng d i u chfnh t h i qufin chii thudng xuydn di kinh 1^ phUdng Nam Trong mgt cude t u i n du nhU vfiy, vua T r i n Du$ Tflng da kdt hfln vdi hfi T r i n Thj Hfio, gfii thd hfio T r i n Cflng Thidu d Thd Hofing, Hudng Khe Vfio thdi Lf, dfic bi^t lfi thdi Trin, dfi'u fi'n Thfing Long dfi d l lgi sfiu dfim tren nhidu midn dfi't xQ Ngh§ Todn thii tQng vidt: "Trin Qude Khang tQng cai tri Diln Chau, chgn gfii dgp chfiu lfim vd le, nfing h i u , ndn cfic thQ nhU Hu$ Nghia, Qufl'c Trinh ddu cfic bfi Diln Chfiu sinh V l sau, chQc tri chfiu Diln Chfiu ddu c h i u Qudc Khang lfim ca Ddn ddng gidng thieu ngUdi nfli doi, mdi dQng ngudi chau lfim chQcfi'y"(86) Lich sQ nhfi T r i n cung ghi lgi m$t sd qu^ tgc nhu T r i n Nhfit Dufit, T r i n Quang Khai cfl vdn tri thQe vfi vfin hda sfiu r^ng vd cfic qudc gia lang gieng khu vijc Cfic vi dd ddu cd t h i thfi'u h i i u phong tyc, thfinh thgo tidng ndi cfic "phien" Vdi Thugng tudng T r i n Quang Khai, h^n dng da hgc ngfln ngQ cua cac qudc gia lang gidng dugc cQ vd trfi'n nhfim nhidu viing dfi't dfl cfl Ngh$ An? (87) Do vfiy, khflng phai khflng cfl 1^ cho ring: "Phong ti;ic Ngh§ An t h u i n hfiu, vdn nhd d su tdt dgp cua khf c h i t eon ngudi nhUng ciing chinh t h i cua tridu (finh tgo ndn" (88) Itghi^n curu Ljch sii' s61.2013 CQng vdi cac ddng di cU tU nhidn, quan h§ hfln nhfin, trao ddi, buon b i n gifla cU dfin vQng bidn gidi, cac bUdc thfing t r i m cua quan h$ khu vUc, dfic bi§t lfi sau cfic cudc chidn tranh, Dgi Vidt da trd thfinh dia bfin djnh cQ cua nhidu Idp cU dfin ngogi qudc Todn thii cho bidt, chi ridng cu$c xung ddt Vi§t - Chfim n i m 1044, nhfi Lf da b i t hdn 5.000 tQ binh, vua Lf Thfii Tdng da "Xudng chidu cho cfic tQ binh ddu dugc nhfin ngUdi ciing bd tdc, cho d tQ trdn Vinh Khang ddn Dfing Chfiu (nay lfi Quy Hda), dfit hUdng tfp phdng theo tdn ggi cu cua Chidm Thfinh" (89) Nfim 1045, vua LJ Thfii Tdng cho chd xe Thfii Binh Ifi^y vfing trang sQc "Bdng la nga" tQc lfi cai bfinh voi cua Chidm Thfinh dflng voi d l kdo Nfim 1046, vua Lf Thfinh Tong cdn di^ng cung ridng cho cfic eung nfl Chidm Thfinh (90) Nfim 1060, nhfi vua cdn "thfin phiSn dich nhgc khuc vfi tidt cd fim cua Chifim Thfinh, sai nhgc cdng ca hfit^' (91) Thdi L^ Cao Tdng, ddm nfio nhfi vua "cung sai nhgc cflng gay dfin Bfi lo, h a t khQc hfit theo di$u Chidm Thfinh, tidng nghe ofin tham thidt, ta hQu nghe hfit ddu rdi nUdc mit" (92) Cung c i n phai ndi thdm ring, vfio thdi T r i n Dvi Tflng (cq: 1341-1369) Kinh thfinh Thfing Long cdn chQng kidn mflt hi$n tugng Hfi L6i Lfli cfl nUdc da ngim den, ve dgp dj thudng, cd tfii ca hfit, d i n du da md hofie nhfi vua ddng thdi lfim nao ldng bidt bao vUdng phi, cflng chua (93) Ddn thdi T r i n , vfin hda cua cic qudc gia Ifing gidng da cd nhidu anh hudng mgnh mS ddn Dgi Vi^t Nfim 1374, vua T r i n Du§ Tflng phai "Xudng chieu cho qufin vfi dfin khflng dugc mfic ao, chai d i u theo ngUdi phUdng Bfic vfi b i t chUdc tieng ndi ciia cfic nudc Chidm, Lfio" (94) Vfio d i u t h d k y XV, sau khang chidn chd'ng Minh, h i n Ifi nhflng anh hudng vfin hda cua cic qudc gia Ifing gidng ddn Dgi Vidt v i n hdt sQc manh mS C6e ftuung c&ng vQng Rghg-'nnh Nguyin Trai tijfng canh bio: "NgUdi nUdc khflng dUde b i t chUdc ngdn ngQ vfi y phi;ic ciia cfic nudc Ngfl, Chiflm, Lfio, Xifim, Chfin Lgp d l lfim logn phong tgc nUdc^ (95) Hi^n nay, d Ngh0 - H n h edn cfl nhidu ngfli chQa, ddn midu luu gifl nhflng ddu tfch cua vfin hfla Chfimpa, Lfio (96) Doc theo cfic vung ven biln, dfic bift nhu cfic vQng cQa b i l n Nam Gidi, Kf La v i n cdn nhidu Idp cU dfin gde Bd Ld sinh sdng Biln lfi mdi trudng sdng ddng thdi tgo ndn dang ndt vfin hfla cua ridng hg Trong lich sii, cu dfin Bd Lfl da tQ cfic qudc gia hai dao tdi, tQ Chfimpa sang, hg cd tfii lfim m u ^ , dfinh cfi, di biln Trai bao ddi, ngQdi Bd Ld da giao hfla gidng mfiu, sinh hoat kinh td, vfin hda vdi ngudi Vidt vfl thyc sQ da g i n bd vdi c0ng ddng eac dfin t^ic Vi$t Nam Dd lfi sU thUc Uch sQ vfi sQ thuc ljch sQ dd deu cfl si^ tham gia, ddng gdp cflng sQc ddng thdi t h i hi$n tinh t h i n khoan dung, sing tao vfin hda ciia cU dfin Ngh$ - H n h Bing nhidu nguon tU H§u, cfl t h i k h i n g djnh ring, vfio thdi Ly - T r i n (vfi ea cfic tridu dgi sau dd), dd co mgt ddng chdy vdn hoa tii chdu tho sdng HSng, Kinh dd Thang Long trdn vi xi/ Nghi Ddng chay vfin hda dd da hdp luy$n vdi cac gia tri vfin hda ban dia, van hfla khu vUc di tao n i n nhQng sfic thfii vfin hda ridng, diln hinh ciia mflt truydn thdng vfi khdng gian vfin hda Nghg Hnh Ket lugn Kdt qua nghien cQu cho thfiy, nhidu thd ky ehinh quyen trung Udng ludn cd f thQc sfiu sac viec bao v$ cUdng VUc lanh thd, md rdng anh hudng ben ngofii Lfi vQng bien viin phia nam, Dien Chau - Hoan Chau (Nghd An) lufln danh dUdc sQ quan tam cao cua chinh quyen Thfing Long Ld dia bdn tien tUu, gidu tiim ndng kinh tiding thdi Id mdt nhiing diim hdi litu cua cdc tuyen giao thiiOng 21 niidc, quic ti, thdi Ly - Trdn vitng Ngh^ • Tinh da trd thdnh trung tdm kinh te ldn, thfnh d^t Trung tfim dd dUdc tgo thfinh bdi nhidu nhfin td nhUng cfl vai trd hdt sQc quan trgng ciia cfic tuydn giao thUdng dugc thidt Ifip trdn vQng dfi't Nghd • H n h , Cfic tuydn giao thUdng dd, mfi trgng tfim lfi cfic cang biln - cQa sflng, da tgo nen nhQng trg dilm tfl gific kinh td ddi ngogi ciia qudc gia Dgi Vidt ddng thdi lfi d i u mfli quan trgng h$ thdng giao thUdng khu vi^c Su hi$n di$n cua mgt h$ thdng cfic cang biln - cQa sflng, cfic tuydn giao thUdng n0i thuy, cfic tuydn dUdng vUgt nui ddn nhiing qude gia Ifing gidng t i t ca lfi nhQng dfi'u tich lich sii d l cfl t h i phfic dQng lgi quy md, t i m mQc hogt dflng, vai trd ciia m^t trung tfim kinh td ldn SQ xufi't hidn vdi mQc dd cao thdng tin cfic ngudn sii Udu, trQ mfit eua cfic dia danh, kdt qua ciia cfic cudc thfim sfit, khai qufit khao cd hgc lfi nhQng chi bfio quan vd Hch sii phat trien cua mgt trung tfim kinh td d ^ ngogi trgng ydu eua qude gia Dgi Vi$t TrUdc nay, nghi ve Ngh0 - H n h , nhieu ngUdi thUdng cho ring, day lfi mgt vung dfi't nghdo Vdi didu ki$n thidn nhidn khfic nghi$t, dfi't dde, chfiu thd hgp, cU dfin chu ydu canh tfic moi trUdng ndng nghidp vQng khd Nhung qua cfic ngudn sii li$u, cfl thd hinh dung vd sQ phdn thjnh cua mdt vQng Diln Chau, Hoan Chfiu xUa vdi nhiing hogt d§ng giao thUdng nUdc, qudc td soi dgng Vdi mgt he thdng cfic cang biln - cQa song, efie cang Cfin Hai, Hfli Thdng, cQa Sflt (Nam Gidi), K^ La da ndi ldn nhu lfi cac thUdng cang trung tfim, gifl vai tro dilu phdi, lien kdt vung, lien vQng Vi thi dia chiin liipc vd tiim ndng ci^a Nghe • Tinh dd dem lgi sj/ phSn vinh cho khu VUc ndy Bin canh do, sU quan tdm vd chinh sdch cua chinh quyin Thdng Long dd 22 tiip s^ vd nhdn lin cdc tiim n&ng cua Nghe • Tinh Thdi Lf - T r i n , Ngh$ - H n h khflng chi lfi vQng dfi't kidn trung cfic cudc khfing chidn chdng ngogi xfim mfi cdn lfi dja bfin chidn lugc phfit triin kinh td ddi ngoai, md r$ng cUdng vi^c Ifinh thd, thiic d i y giao luu vftn hda Cfic thUdng cang, tuydn giao thUdng dfi tgo ndn m$t p h i n didn mgo cho Ngh$ - H n h mfi tiflu bilu lfi "Nin vdn hod cdng thi sdng Lam" NhQng dfi'u tich ciia vQng vfin hofi sdng C i - sdng La, Hofinh Sdn - Nam Gidi vQa mang dfim sic thfii vfin hofi, kinh td xQ Ngh§ vfla bilu dgt qufi trinh, dfic trUng tidp giao kinh td, vfin hfla cua Dai Vi§t - Ngh§ H n h sudt dfim dfii lich sQ (97) - Vd ydu td xfi hfli, giao thUdng diln trdn vQng d i t NghS - H n h lfi nhQng hogt dgng mang tinh da chidu, vdi nhidu ngudn hfing, nhidu thfinh p h i n xa h^i tham gia Tuy chua cd nhidu b i n g chQng xfic thUc d l khfing dinh vd sU xudt hi^n cua cfic to chQc bufln ban ldn ciing nhU sU dieu phdi cua gidi cim quydn, thUdng nhfin ehuyen nghidp, cfl thd lUc cae hogt d^ng kinh td nhUng qua nhQng phfin tich d tren, vai trd vfi nhiing hoat ddng cua hg lfi mOt kha nftng thUe td Hidn tugng gifiu cfl nhU T r i n Qudc Khang vfi gia t^c da dUgc lich sQ ghi nhfin (98) Uy lUc cua nhQng thd li^c cfit cQ nhu Nguyin Ndn - Phan Ma Lfli cung da mgt thdi lfim rung chuyin ddi sdng chfnh tri ciia Kinh dd Thfing Long Dilu chic chfin lfi, d cfic cang cQa sdng, ndi d i u ngudn bien gidi, qua mgng lUdi cac chg, gidi cim quydn vfi doanh thUdng Vigt da cfl n h i l u mdi giao tidp vdi cfic thUdng nhfin Trung Hoa, Chfimpa, Ai Lao, Chfin Lgp Cdc hogt ddng kinh tido dd dem lgi nguon thu cho quoc kho, sii gidu sang cho gidi chiic cdm quyin cdng nhii mdt bd phdn cU ddn sd tgi Tuy nhidn, qua nghien cQu cic hoat dflng giao thUdng d Nghd - Tinh cung thdy Rghian eOu I4eh s& stf 1.2013 xufi't hi$n dfl chdnh vfi sU khflng tUdng thfch giQa cie t^c ngudi tham gia vfio hoat ddng kinh td d6i ngogi NhUng, vQdt qua nhflng bfi't ddng vd ngdn ngfl, sU khfic bidt vd thfinh p h i n d i n tdc, s i c tflc vfi thang bfic p h i t triin , vi nhiing mdi lgi kinh td vfi cung vl ngudn sdng, tfi't ca ddu tU nguydn vfi bj cudn hflt vfio "Vdng ludn chuyin hdng hoa Ngh4 - Tinh" Vdng lufin chuyin dd da hogt d^ng, didu tidt theo nhflng quy lufit, cd chd ridng cua thdi dgi bfiy gid Trai qua thd ky, ddn thd ky XV vi nhidu nguydn nhan, cfic thUdng cang vQng Nghd - H n h cfl nhflng b i l u hidn suy thoai nhfi't djnh TrUdc hdt, chu yeu khai thac tidm nfing tU nhidn, khflng dUdc xfiy dUng trdn cd sd ndn kinh td san xu^t thUe sU vQng chic ndn hogt dflng giao thUdng eua Nghd - H n h thidu dn djnh, ben vflng Trong dfl, cfic ngudn lgi tu nhidn, lfim thd san ngfiy cfing hi khai thfic cgn kiet vfi Id thudc vfio thi trudng eung cdp bdn ngofii Su suy giam cua h$ thdng thUdng cang Nghd • H n h da tac dgng khong nho den cfic tuydn thUdng mgi truydn thdng Theo dfl, nhieu ngudn lgi tQ biln, dfic bidt lfi mm quan h$ thQdng mgi vdi Trung Qudc bi hgn chd chfnh sach "cam hdi" cua nhfi Minh, da khidn nhidu thuyen bufln Trung Hoa khdng t h i ddn vQng b i l n Ngh$ - H n h Con dUdng biln trd ndn khflng cdn lfi nhu ciu bflc thidt ddi vdi cfic vUdng tridu va gidi thUdng nhfin khu vQc Them vfio dfl, tQ thd ky XIII, cac VUdng tridu Chfin Lgp cfl xu hudi^ quay trd lgi vdi ndn tang kinh td ndng nghiep, khdng cd nhQng tham vgng manh me md rflng vfi tri mgng lUdi thUdng mgi nhu thdi Suryavarraan I (1O02-1Q49) vfi mdt so VUdng tridu sau dd (99) Mffi quan h§ vdi Chfimpa, Chan Lap d viing Ngh§ - H n h khdng cdn dugc ghi chdp nhilu chfnh sQ Hdn thd nQa, sQ troi d^y Cae thuong cAng vung Rghe-^tah cua dd chd Majapahit (vdi tu cfich lfi m^t cQdng qudc kinh td ldn nhfi't d Ddng Nam A the ky XIV), da lam suy ydu nhidu qudc gia khu vQc nhu Midn Didn, Angkor, Dai Vidt (100) H n h trgng suy thofii cua Chfimpa sau sU kien nfim 1471 vfi dd ehd Angkor diu thd ky XV eung lfi nhiing nguydn nhfin dfin ddn sU suy giam cua h§ thdng giao thUdng khu vi^e Mfit khfic, vdi Nghg - H n h , nhQng didu ki$n thufin ldi cua viing bidn vien Cling khflng cdn nQa Tfi't ca cfic nhfin td nUdc, qudc td dd da chi phfli manh md den efic hogt ddng kinh td dfli ngoai cua Dai Vidt vfi Nghfl - H n h Tuy nhidn, ddn thd ky XVI-XVII, Thdi dgi hofing kim cua hfi thdng giao thUdng chfiu A, cfic thUdng cang vung Nghe - H n h lgi cfl sU CHU phgc hUng vfi ddng vai trd tieh cue cfic mdi quan hd khu vUc (102) Nhin lgi ddng chay phat triin cua Hch sQ dfin t$c, khao cQu cfic hogt ddng bang giao, giao lUu kinh td, vfin hfla diln trdn ca nude eung nhQ d cfic dia phUdng nhu Ngh§ - H n h , thfit khd cd t h i eho ring, Dgi Vidt lfi mdt qudc gia nflng nghidp hudng ngi vfi trUdc sau eic chinh the quan chu Vidt Nam ehi theo dudi tU ndng nghidp hudng n$i Lich sQ Vidt Nam cin phai dUde tidp cfin, nhin nhfin da di^n hdn d ca t i m VI md vfi vi md Lfi mot thfinh vien cua xa hgi Ddng A, nhQng cuflc chuyen minh ldn Hch sQ Vidt Nam ddu gfin vdi nhQng bUde chuyen chung cua cfic xa hoi khu vUc THICH (68) DUdng nhien, gfim sit khdng phai 1ft m^t Nam til thi'ky IX • XVII, da din, 2002 Tham khao hfing nhfi't cac san p h i m giao thUdng thgm J o h n S Guy: Vietnamese Cfic s i n p h i m khac nhU sttog te, ngfi voi, t r i m Cultural Indentity: Evidence from the Ly and Tran hUctng, hUOng l i | u , td lya rfit kh6 ton Dynasties in; Precious Metal in the later Medival Ceramics and cac di chi khao co hoc Do vfiy, gdm sljt ludn d6ng and Early Modern Worlds, J.F, Richards, Carolina vai tro quan trong vi$c tim hieu cac thUdng Academic Press, 1998 cang, quy md vft tinh ehfi't cua n6, (69) Trinh Cao Tu5ng: Trd lai Ky Ninh; trong: (72) Nguyen Quang Hong, Dfio Tam 'Hnh: Nhiing phdt hien bUdc ddu vi cdc loai tiin co d lUu Mdt chdng di/cmg tim vi qud khU, Nxb Khoa hoc vUc sdng Lam; trong: Nhiing phdt hiin xa hoi, Hfi N6i, 2007, tr 701 Khao cihgc, (70) Thdi Ly Cao T6ng, vua Chfimpa 1ft Bo Tri mdi vi Nxb Khoa hpc xfi hdi, Hfi Ndi, 2000, tr.693-694 (Suryavarmadeva) Ift'y cd bj chii 1ft Vftn Eo Diln (73) Vu Kim Anh: SiAi tap tiin cid Bdo tdng (tiic Ong Dhanapatigrama) i\x6i, da dem vd Nghi An; Hoftng Vfin Khofin: Siiu tap tiin den ngu S cuta bien Co La (K^ La) Mfic dil dfi du^c md thuyin Dfim Di M6ng vfi Do An (do vua Ly' CL( ve) khuyin Hoa: Nhiing cd vdt phdt hiin dxdm Chuyin cfio nhung chu quan, t h i i u phdng bi, cac tUdng An); trong: Nhiing phdt hien mdi vi Khdo co hoc, cim qufin h Ngh€ An 1ft Thanh vfi DiSn da bj trung Nxb Khoa hoc xa hpi, Hfi Npi, 2004, tr 724-726, k l giftc "Qufin Ngh§ An tan vd, c h i t kh6ng ke xiet 727,726-727 BS'Trt tha sUc cudp boc r i i vl", Vi^t sU ky todn thU, T^p 1, sdd, tr 331-332 (71) Trinh Cao TuSng: Nghien ciiu khdo cohgc mgt sithUftng cdng ci vdng biin miin Bdc Viet Can L6c (Hd Tinh); Nguyin Thj Anh (Nghe (74) Nghi An ky cho biit mdt thdng tin: d niii Lam Thfinh, xa Phii Diln, huy^n HUng Nguyen, cl lung chitng mii c6 m i l u Tuyen Nghia, "Cginh mieu c6 m§t cai ao TUdng t r u y i n dd lfi ch5 ngUdi Tfiu Rghjgn ciiruXleh aflr so 1.2P13 giiu cua Tr&u d i m biln d ao i y thinh t h o i n g c6 phdt hi4n mdi vi Khdo cS hgc, Nxb Khoa hpc xa nhang d i n g t i i n dinh d l&ng", Ngh^ An fij?, add, h^i, Hft N^i, 2003, tr.636-637 tr 118-119 (82) L^TdXuyfin: Vi^tdi^n (75) B(fi Nam nhit thing cht, sdd, tr 183-187, u linh, sdd, tr.l32- 133 102-104 (83) Trinh Cao TuSng: Nghiin (76) D^i Vift sic ky todn thU, Tfip 2, sdd, t r l l - m^t si thuong cdng ci ving Nam ta thiky 12 (77) C6 t h i xem TrUdng Hflu Q u ^ h : rudng dit d Vi^t Nam thiky XI-XVIII, tfip (Tfip _ Vi4t Nam, IX- XVII dd Nxb H^i Nhfi vfin, Hfi N^i 2005, ir 290 1982; Nguyin Thj PhUdng Chi: Thdi ip - diin (85) Nguyin Ddng Chi: Dia cht vdn hoa ddn trang thdi Trdn thi'ky XIII-XIV, Nxb Khoa hpc xfi gian Ngh4 Ttnh, h§i, Hfi NOi, 2002; Kinh ti, xa h^i thdi Trdn ThCfa Hy: Vdn hda Vi4t Nam truyin ky Xill-XIV}, (Thi Nxb Gifio dye Vi§t Nam, Hft N^i, 2010 (78) Vi§n Sii hpc: Tim hiiu xa h^i Vi^t cihoc (84) Hft Vfin T i n : Din vdi Lfch sit, vdn Ua Chid0 i, thi ky XI-XV), Nxb Khoa hpc xfi h^i, Hfi N^i, cOu khdo biin miin Bac Viit goc nhin, Nxb Ngh§ An, 1995 Nguyin thing • M6t Nxb Thdng tin vfi T r u y i n thdng, H., 2011 D i n ^ nhfin x6t cua GS D$ng Thai Mai, Nam cu^c song tho^i vdi GS Ninh Viit Giao, GS thdi Ly - Trdn, Nxb, Khoa hpc xfi h$i, Hfi N^i, T r i n QuSc Vupng tQng ghi lgi nhiing khftc bi|t 1981 n h i t dinh tfnh each cila ngUdi Ngb$ An vfi (79) Dfing Duy Bau (Chil bign) ; Lich sU Hd Tinh, sdd, t r l Hft Tinh: "Nghi dfim c h i t "dng di" hdn, Tinh dfim ehfi't "quan" hdn Ngh$ dfim chfit "ndng ddn" hdn, (80) Dai Nam nhit thing chi, sdd, tr.l89 NNC Ttnh dfim c h i t "budn ban" hdn Mfi ndi cho anh Doftn Anh T u i n , Bao tfing Ngh§ An cho biet, cfing biit, dfin Ngh$ Tinh b i i t budn bfin lfim diy, rft't dl vdi tu^ng Mai H i e D l vft L l Khfii, tUpng Uy Minh thfch nghi vdi cd c h l thj tnidng hfim nay" Xem VUdng dupe coi lfi m^t ba tUpng qu^ cila T r i n Qudc Vupng: Hd Tinh tii xa xita vd nhin tH Nghfi An D6 lfi mot tUpng d?p, cd dfing vdc uy Hd N0i; trong: Theo ddng tich svt - Nhiing v&ng nghi cua m§t vj Thfinh Pho tupng iiiifc lfim b i n g dit, g5 t r i m hUdng, cd ni6n d^i khfi sdm Xem: Nhiing Hft N$i, 1996 tr.422 phdt hiin mdi vi Khdo ci hgc, Nxb Khoa hpc xfi h§i, Hfi N$i, 2004, tr 487 (81) Biii DUdng Ljch: Nghi An ky, sdd, tr.93, 148, 152, 160 & 184 D i n Cdn d Ngh§ An dUpc xfiy bdn bd biln, ti§n giao thdng thuy b^ D i n 1ft chflng tfch ljch sd quan trpng, lfi ndi hai vua T r i n Anh Tdng vft L l Thfinh Tdng trfin dudng Nam chinh dft diing chfin "Nhfi ca vu" cila d i n lfi m^t cdng trinh thdn vd tdm thik ngtidi Viit, Nxb Vftn hda, (86) Dfli Vi4t sU ky todn thii, Tfip 2, add, tr.78 (87) NguySn Vftn Kim: Thi iing dit vdn hoa vdi cdc qudc gia khu v^ qua hdnh tr^ng, tdm thiic cda m^t si quy ((5c thdi Trdn; trong: Vi^t Nam thi gidi Ddng A - M$t cdch tiip cdn liin ngdnh vd khu vifi: hgc, Nxb Chinh trj QuSc gia, Hfi N§i, 2011, tr.107-165 kiln tnic, ngh§ thufit d^c dfio D i n nay, dfin gian (88) BiU DUdng Ljch: Ngh^Anky, v i n truyin tyng cfiu ca: " N h i t d i n Cdn, nhi d i n (89) D^i Vi4t sU ky todn thii, Tfip 1, sdd, tr Q u i , tem Bflich Ma tfl Chigu Trung" Bao tfing 267 Trlji Vinh Khang thu$c dja gidi huy$n TUdng Ngh$ An dfi sUu t i m dupc d|io s i c thdi Ld Trung DUdng (Ngh$ An), cdn Dfing Chfiu thu^c cfic dnh Hung t ^ d i n Xem L6 PhUdng Thin: Cdc dt^ sdc vd I4nh chi Ufi din Cdn (Ngh4 An); trong: Nhiing sdd, tr.216 Lfio Cai, Ygn Bfii h i | n Mdt ad* c i c hUdng ip nfiy lign q u a n d I h "Nhiing nhdm t$c ngUdi glc etc thuong cAng vQng Rgh^-Tmh S5 Chfimpa t9i An - Ttnh" da dupc nhft nghidn cflu khfi rd d Nghi Xufin trdn n i n tfing m$t n i n kinh t l ngudi Phfip Hippolyte Le Breton khao cflu Xem c i n g thj da t^o nhilu gifi tr) v^t chfit vfi tinh Hippolyte Le Breton: An - Ttnh ci l{u: (LB Vieux t h i n dtjic s i c b i n bd cua nd vft cfic Iftng n g h i nhU An - Tinh), Nxb Ngh§ An - Trung tfim Vftn hda gCTm Cd Dgm, bfin budn Giang Dlnh; hai lfi vfin Ngdn ngQ Ddng Tfiy, Hft N^i, 2005, tr.191-192 hda c i n g thj Hfi Tinh lfi aU giao thoa ciia cfic n i n (90) D^i Viet sur ky todn thii, Tfip 1, add, vfin hofi khfic nhau: Vi$t - Chfim (cfla Nhupng), tr.267-268 Thdi vua Lf Thfii Tdng, t r ^ n Vi§t - Hoa (Phfl Thgch) vfi c i Vi^t • Nhfit (Trilu binh Chifim nftm 1044, t r i n dudng trd v l , "Khi Khiu) Xem Nghiin cihi khdo dhgc d i n hftnh di$n Ly Nhfin, sai n$i nhfin thj nil gpi cdng civdng My E lfi phi cila S9 D i u sang h i u t h u y i n vua XVII, dfi d i n , 2002 m^t sithiidng biin miin Bdc Vi^t Nam tU thiky IX- My t p h i n ufit khdn x i i t , n g i m l i y chfin q u i n (98) T r i n Quffc Khang lfi em ru§t vua T r i n vfio minh nhay xud'ng sdng c h i t Vua khen lfi T h i i Tdng, tUde Tinh Qutfc d?ii vUdng Nfim t r i n h t i l t , phong lfim Hi$p Chinh Hflu Thi$n 1269, lfim Vpng Giang phifiu ky d^i tudng qufin, phu nhfin" V l sau, thfing 10-1154 vua Chfimpa cd 13 cung nfim nfiy dupe cfl vfto lfim t r i n t h u lfi C h l Bl La Biit dfing gfii, vua Lf Anh DiSn Chfiu Ong da eho xfiy dflng n h i l u phu d$ Tdng dfi t i l p nhfin, Todn thii, Tfip 1, sdd, tr.267 l^ng l i y qufi mflc, sp vua nghi, phai td tUpng &321 PhSit d l thd (91), (92) VietsvtlMc, sdd, tr 93,165 (93) Vi§n Vfin hpc: Truyin Hd Ldi; trong: Tha vdn Ly - 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Sdn, Phpc LS Cling vdi thuyen budn Trung Hoa, cfic N g h | An Xem: Nhiing phdt hi^n mdi vi Khao ci doftn thUdng t h u y i n Nhfit Ban cflng d i n dfiy budn hgc, Nxb Khoa hpc xfi h$i, Hfi Ndi, 1995, tr 288; bfin Tuy nhidn, sfl phpc hUng nfiy cung chi mang 2001, tr 615-816; 2003, tr 458-459 tfnh tUdng dcS, vi d i n the ky XVI-XVII, trung tfim (97) Nhft Khao c^ hpc Trjnh Cao Tudng tflng thUdng m^i D ^ Vif t dft dupe thiit Ifip dn djnh trgn k h i n g dinh: "Vfin hoa c i n g thj Hft Tinh cd hai dfte viing duydn h i i chfiu thd sdng H i n g vdi BU thjnh dilm ldn: m$t lfi sU hinh thfinh m$t sfic thfii vfin dpt cila Vfin Ddn, Hai Ninh, Phd" Hiin vfi trung hoa mang d$c dilm rieng cua xfl Nghf, t h i hi$n tfim Thfing Long n i i tiing