CHK«I SACH GIAO DIJC T l l d l I^GUYfilV: Tifi'p CAN Tir DANII HIEIJ PHO BANG D T H I HiroNG T H A O ' T rong lich sfl gifio due khoa cfl cua Vidt Nam thdi cd trung dgi, Phd bang la danh higu nhfi't chi xufi't hign dudi thdi Nguy§n - giai doan cufil cflng cua nen giao due Nho hpe Viet Nam Trong kJ thi Hgi, Phd bang lfi hoc vi dfinh cho nhflng ngudi cd ktft qua thi thtfp hdn Titfn si (1) vfi thdng thudng d u ^ btf nhiem chflc vu thfi'p hdn nhiing ngfldi dd Titfn si Bdi vitft nfiy chpn danh higu Phd hang difdi thdi Nguyen Ifim dfii tUdng nghien cflu d l tim hilu nguydn nhan vi nha NguySn dfit them danh higu Phd bang Ben canh dd, trgn cd sd nghien cflu nhflng thay doi each thflc tuyin lua, ban fin dien vfi vigc bo dung Phd bang gifl cac vi tri bd may chinh quydn, bfii vitft se IJ giai phdn nao quan diem, chinh saeh giao due eua nhfi Nguyen, dgc bigt la giai dogn tfl niia cuoi nhfi Nguyin trd di Mot cai nhin hd thtfng ve hpe vi Phd bang suot gtfn mot thtf ky (tfl dtfu the ky XIX dtfn dtfu thtf ky XX) se iam rd hdn chfnh sach "ndi long" khoa cfl cua nha Nguyen d l dfip flng nhu ctfu tuyin lUa va sfl dung nhfin sU cho bd may chfnh quydn trai dfii trdn tofin lanh thd tfl Bic dtfn Nam Phd b a n g - Svf r a ddi va nhflng tien d e cua nd Sau thfinh Ifip, trieu Nguyen doi mfit vdi nhu ciu cfi'p thitft nhanh chdng xay dflng dtft nudc thong nhfi't vfi mot nhieu bien phap nham xfiy dUng va cung ctf da't nudc mfi nha Nguyen thUc hien lfi phat trien giao due Nho hpe, tuyin Ifla nhfin tai bd sung cho bd may cua trieu dinh Nhan thfi'y viec khoa cfl tuyen chpn nhfin tai lfi cdn thitft nen chi nam sau len ngdi, nfim 1807, Gia Long da cho td' chflc khoa thi Hudng d i u tien de tuyen lUa nhan tfii, nhung kJ thi nfiy mdi chi ttf chflc cho cac trudng thi tfl Nghe An trd Bfic Vi lfi vi vua dtfu tien cua tridu Nguyen, phai ddn nhieu tfim sfle cho vigc xfiy dung dfi't nUdc tren cae iTnh vi^c kinh te', nong nghiep, an ninh, qutfc phdng , nen dudi thdi vua Gia Long cac hogt dpng hdn quan dtfn giao due dien cdn rdi rac, khoang cfich gifla cac kJ thi Hfldng la nfim mdt Itfn vfi chfla cd ky thi Hdi nfio dupc td chflc Thdi Minh Mang, khoa cfl trd nen quy cu hdn Dinh Ig thi HUdng dUdc quy chudn nfim ldn, cfl nfim trUdc thi HUdng 'ThS Khoa Lich sfl - Trfldng DHKHXH&NV - DHQG HN Rghlto cflu Ljch sd- stf 7.2012 (2) thi nfim sau thi Hgi (3) vfi ducjc tri sutft lich sfl khoa cfl thdi Nguydn Nfim 1822, ddi vua Minh Mang nfim thfl 3, khoa thi Hgi vfi thi Dinh ddu tidn eua nhfi Nguyin dflpc ttf chflc, Itfy dd ngfldi Tfl nfim 1829, d l md rgng thfim Ifldng ngfldi Ifi'y do, hdn cgnh danh higu Titfn si, vua Minh Mgng dfi Itfy thdm danh higu Pho bdng cho nhflng ngudi dd thi Hdi (4) Phd chudn Itfy danh higu Phd bdng cua Minh Mgng dfla trdn dtf nghj cua Bg L§ cho r4ng "ngofii nhflng quyln trflng cfich, l f l vfin quyln nao ddy du, khdng bing ngUdi cd tgn chfnh bang, nhUng cflng cd thyc hpe thi xin vfio Phd bang" d l "khfing d l sdt nhfin tfii" (5) 'VI vfiy, lich sfl khoa cfl thdi Nguydn, nfira 1829 lfi khoa thi ddu tidn nhfi Nguydn lfi'y Phd bang Bfin cgnh Titfn si, khoa nfiy lfi'y thfim Phd bang (6) dfla tong so ngfldi cfla khoa thi nfiy len dtfn 14 ngUdi De hieu rd hdn ve danh higu Phd bang cua thdi Nguyen, chflng ta cdn xem xit them ve danh higu nfiy d Trung Qufic, ndi rafi nen giao due khoa cfl Nho hpe cua Vi^t Nam chiu nhieu anh hudng Theo A.B Woodside, d Trung Qutfc, Phu bdng Ifi danh hi$u cd tfl thdi Thanh, dfl0e tritfu dinh fip dung doi vdi nhflng trfldng thi Hfldng ho$c nhi2ng dia phfldng mfi cd stf lfl