PHONG TRAO D A N TOC INDONESIA VA MALAYA TRONG NITA D A U T H E KY XX - M O T S O SO S A N H L^ TUdNG VAN* T rong bfii "Vfin dl dfin tdc vfi phUdng thUc hinh dung vl cdng ddng dfin tdc nhflng chuyin biln cua t h i gidi", tfic gia cho r4ng: kit qua ciia ldn sdng thic tinh cua chu nghia ddn tdc Iln thtl nhfi^t diln d Tfiy Au vfi Bfic My t h i ki XVII, XVIII "lfi sy hinh thfinh cfic nhfi nUdc - dfin tdc hi|n dpi (nation-state)" vfi "lfi thdi k^ ddi cua khfii ni^m "chu nghia dfin tfic" {nationalism)" (1) Tiln trinh tilp theo nhu lai du^c chi bdi Clive J Christie Lich si Ddng Nam A hiin dgi: diing vfio llic d chfiu Au, cfic quoc p a • dfin tdc dang xuit hidn thi ban thfin cfic quSc gia dd lpi dU^c cung cd' thfinh cfic d l chl cd tfnh tofin ciu b^ng vi$c thilt Ifip d tofin bd Ddng Nam A (DNA) cfic thudc dja cua hp chi mdt thdi gian ngfin din ngpc nhidn tCt nfim 1820 din 1900 (2) NhU v^y, chu nghia dfin tdc (CNDT) trUdc t h i ki XX g^n vdi quan nidm vl "de chl" (empire) h\ giai cflTp tu san Idi dyng da trd thfinh cdng cy die lyc dl tranh dopt khdng gian sinh tin Chfnh qufi trinh tfy, "chu nghia dfin tdc" dupc lan truyin din chfiu A vfi DNA cing vdi sy bfinh trUdng cija chii nghia thyc dan, chia nghia d l quSc Phong trfio ' ThS Tmemg Dai.hpc KHXH&NV - DHQGHN dfin tdc d DNA dIu t h i ki XX biing n l dudi tfic ddng ciia sy phfit triln ngfiy cfing cao ^ thiic h i tu tudng dfin tdc chii nghia (DTCN) bfit ngudn tilt mdt sS chiiu kich quan trpng nhu d Nh^t Ban, An Dd, Trung Qudc cull t h i ki XIX dfiu t h i kl XX hay cfic tinh thfin "quyln dfin tdc ty quylt", "ty do", "hda blnh" dupc dl c$p H$ thdng Hda Udc Versailles vfi ChUdng trinh 14 dilm ctia Ting thdng Mi W.Wilson rfi't thu hut sy quan tfim ciia nhfin dfin cfic nUdc thudc dia d DNA, cudc Cfich mpng thfing 10 Nga thfinh c6ng dUa din sy truyin bfi h§ tU tudng Mfic-xft-Lfi-ninnft vfi sy phi biln chii nghia cdng san khu vyc ty th$p ni&n 1920 trd di Trong bfii canh dd, nhfin dfin DNA da nhanh chdng thtJtc tinh, giUdng cao ngpn Cd dfin t^c, tiln hfinh cfic phong trfio DTCN chd'iig chu nghia di quIc, chii nghia thyc dfin, gifinh ddc Iftp vfi binh ding, d tiing nUdc, tiiy theo hofin canh cy thi, cfic phong trfio dfin tdc theo duli cfic dUdng di din ddc l$p h i t sure phong phu Hai qudc gia Indonesia vfi Malaya vin ciing thudc vl 'Hhi gidi Malay" khu vyc DNA bdi cd ciing t^ tien lfi ngudi Malay, cd ngdn ngfl chung lfi tiing Malay .-hong trap dfln t » : Indonesia tit thdi cfic VUdng qudc cl Malacca vfi Srivijaya ciing chia se ban sfic vfin hda Malay vfi cfic phong tyc t§p qufin Malay, cd dpo Hdi lfi tdn giao chung ciia hfiu hit cU dfin (dfic bidt cac viing buon bfin chii ylu), c6 ca'u triic chfnh tri vdi nhilu ndt tUdng ddng Song, nhiing "kiln tpo ddc dofin" cua thyc dfin, "thi gidi Malay" bi chia thfinh Malaya thudc Anh vfi Indonesia thudc Hfi Lan (3) Mfit khfic, cilng thudc vl "thi gidi Hdi gido" ndn ca hai quIc gia Indonesia vfi Malaya cxlng hUdng din mdt siic manh anh hudng mang tfnh t6n gifio tU ben ngofii lfi phong trdo cdi cdch Hdi gido da vfi dang diln Trung D6ng tilt cufii t h i ki XIX Phong trfio don dudng cho cong cudc hi^n dpi hda tu tudng ciia dao Hdi, tilp thu nhflng thfinh tUu khoa hpe vfi tu tudng mdi thdi ki Phye hiXng tpi chfiu Au, tim toi tfl gifio ly ciia dpo Hdi nhflng CO sd thyc hipn "chu quyln nhan dan", "tu ca nhan" dl trd ndn hidn dpi hdn Phong trfio nfiy cdn md budc ngofit vl tinh thfin DTCN ton gifio thi hien qua khuynh hUdng "Dgi Hdi gido" vfi tinh thfin dodn kit Hdi gido (pan-Islamism) toan t h i gidi cupc dfi'u tranh chd'ng chii nghia thyc dan, giai phdng dfin tpc dang diln sdi nii d Iran, Tho Nhi E , Ai Cfip Trong nhflng nfim gifla hai cudc chien tranh t h i gidi, cfin cfl trgn cO sd lich sijt chung ciia vung qufin dao, tu tudng "pan-Malay" lfi tU tudng dofin kit tofin thi ngudi Malay vfi tu tudng "Indonesia RayafMalaya Raya" (Greater Indonesia/Greater Malaya) lfi tu tUdng hinh thfinh mdt qud'e gia ddc Ifip bao triim ca hai thUc the Malaya vfi Indonesia da dupc hinh thfinh vfi thiic diy Dya trdn cfich tilp cfin lich sii vfin hdachi'nh tri, bfii vilt se phfin tfch qufi trinh phat trien phong trfio dfin tdc ciia mSi nudc khoang thdi gian tfl dfiu t h i ki XX din trudc T h i chiln II, ddng thdi dfit chung mdi lign h§ vdi bdi rtft nhilu dilm kit n^i ty nhign gifla hai khu vyc Bfii vilt ciing budc dfiu ndu mdt vfii nh^n x6t cd tfnh chfft so sfinh vl dfic diem, tfnh chfft ciia phong trfio dfin tdc d hai quIc gia Indonesia vfi Malaya Phong trfio dfin t^c d Indonesia Tpi thdi dilm chuyin giao tii t h i ki cii sang t h i ki mdi, nhflng "hat gidng" ciia chu nghia dfin tdc bfit dfiu "nay mfim" trfin manh dtft Indonesia, mfi ngUdi dfiu ti§n gieo mfim chii nghia dfin tpc, thfip sfing Ien ngpn duoc dfi^u tranh cho ty ciia Indonesia lpi lfi mot phy nfl tre ngudi Java - tiiu thu Raden A Kartini (4), gai quan Nhiep chfnh xfl Japara Dupc tilp thu nin giao dye phUdng Tfiy tfl rfi't sdm va dUOc tilp xflc vdi cac trfio lUu tU tudng chau Au thdi cfln dpi, Kartini da dUa tU tudng khai sang din vdi ngUdi dan Indonesia, dfic biet la khat vong vl nhflng cd hgi ldn hdn cho phu nfl Hdi giao Tu tudng cua Kartini md mot chUOng mdi tinh thfin dan tdc cua ngUdi ban dia Indonesia, bfit dfiu tfl phong trfio thiic dfiy sU tien bo vfin hda - xa hpi Indonesia, tien tdi thfinh Ifip mot to chflc chfnh tri nhUng v5n Ifi^y vfin h6a Ifim cd sd hfinh ddng: Boedi Oetomo • BO (Nd lUc vinh quang) Cac nhfi lanh dpo BO, gdm nhflng tri thflc tre Java tilp thu nin giao dye eiia Hfi Lan, dfit nhipm vu "tim kilm nhflng ylu t l hinh thfinh nen mot dan toe, mpt quoc gia" - theo nghia dd, vSn h6a dupc xem nhu lfi mdt thfinh t l nin tang vfi dya trdn "sy hyp nhfi't gifla cac gifi tri chfiu Au vfi eae gia tr; Java", eae trf thflc tre hy vong s€ thuc dfiy nin vfin hda mdi ciia Indonesia (5) Ddy thUc chdt Id diidng xdc dinh bdn sac van hda ddn tdc Indonesia dUa trin nin tdng hiin dgi hda Sau sy khdi dfiu dd, phong trfio dan tpc Indonesia co thdm sy Rghian cihi ljch siSr atf 9.2012 gdp m$t ciia nhflng ngUdi phi bfin dja tfl nfim 1912 vdi t l chflc Indies Party (6) M$c dfl chi tdn tpi dupc nfim sau ngfiy thfinh l§p nhUng mflc dd anh hudng ciia Dang rtft quan trpng bdi cfic myc tifiu: "Ifim thfle d^y chii nghia ydu nUdc cila tfi't ca mpi ngudi dfin Indonesia ddi vdi vflng dfi't dfi nudi dudng hp, hpp tfic vdi ngUdi ban dja dya trdn nguyen tfie binh ding vl chfnh trj; mang lpi cho dfi't nUdc Indonesia sy thjnh vUpng; vfi chufin bj cho mQt quIc gia dfin t6c ddc l$p" (7) Dudng nhu, dfly lfi lfin dfiu tien myc tidu ddc ldp cho Indonesia dUpc dfit Dilu dfing ndi lfi, myc ticu dd dupe dUa bdi nhflng ngUdi nh$p cU lpi cfing kfeh thfch mpnh mS ^ thfle dfin tdc ciia cfic trf thflc ban dia Tu tudng vl sy thinh VUpng vfi nin dpc l§p eho dit nUdc Indonesia dl lpi nhilu fim hudng phong trfio DTCN ciia Indonesia d giai doan sau Cung thfip ki dfiu tiSn ciia t h i ki XX, dpo Hdi d Indonesia dfi xufi't hidn vdi m6t dipn mao hofin tofin mdi tren tinh thfin dofin kit Hdi gifio (pan-Islamism) da ddng vai trd Ifi cd sd de tap hdp qudn chiing dd'u tranh chdng chu nghia thUc ddn Tinh thfin doan kit Hoi giao dUa din cho ngUdi Indonesia sfle mpnh gfin kit xa hdi chUa tflng cd ljch sii T6n gifio vfi'n da dUpc coi lfi thfinh tfi* cd sfle tfip hpp mpnh nhit, dfic bi|t ton gifio dd lfi dpo Hdi thi lpi cfing trd n6n ed ^ nghia hon nhilu dfii vdi Indonesia bdi vi hfiu h i t ngudi Indonesia lfi tfn dd Hdi giao Phong trfio Serakat Islam SI (Hdi Lien hiip Hoi gido) duyc thfinh l§p nfim 1911 dfi dd trd thdnh phong trdo nhdn ddn rdng ldn ddu tiin vd cung Id nhdt d Indonesia Ngofii nhflng myc tieu tdn giao chiu anh hudng eiia tinh thfin cai each Hdi giao b Trung Dong, SI cung cfing khai tu tudng ehfnh trj: "iing hd sfl th^ng nhfCt ch^t che ciia tfft cS mpi ngUdi dfln Indonesia di tpo thfinh mdt dfin tde" dfi'u tranh "dpt dUpc quyln ty trj ho$c ft nhtft lfi quyln dUpc cd tiing ndi cfic vfi'n dl eiia drft nUdc" (8) Hdi ddng Nhdn ddn (Volksraad) dUpc thfinh Ifip lfi thfinh qua ciia cudc dfi'u tranh dd vfi dUpc xem nhU lfi bude di dfiu ti6n tiln tdi c h l dd ty trj Tuy nhiln, tfl nfim 1919, SI bfit dfiu phai dfii phd vdi nhilu thfich thflc mdt mflt chfnh chfnh sfich tfing cudng dfin fip ciia chfnh quyln, mjjlt khfic bd ph$n lanh dpo ciia SI cd sy chia r€ Ba nhdm dUpc hinh thfinh tfl sy ehia rS cua SI lfi: Nhdm ciia lanh ty Tjokroaminoto t$p hpp gidi quan ehfle d cfic dja phUdng; nhdm cua Haji Agus Salim ti3u bilu cho lyc lUpng Hdi gifio; vfi nhfim ciia cfic nhfi xa hdi chii nghia Hendrik Sneevliet dflng dfiu Moi nhfim sy cpnh tranh diu khfing djnh vai trd chfnh trj eiia minh: Trong Tjokroaminoto ehuyin sang thfl dieh vdi chfnh phii Hfi Lan vfi phai chju nhilu tin th^t ldn thi nhfim Hdi gifio lpi quay sang thfinh Ifip td chic Muhammadiyah theo duli chii trUdng cai efieh dpo Hfii vfi lya chpn "nguydn tfic phi chfnh trj" mdt efieh efi ehu ^ (9) Ngay tfl nhflng ngfiy dfiu thfinh l$p, Muhammadiyah da chflng td nd khdng ehi lfi td' chflc cua ngUdi Java mfi lfi ciia ngUdi Hdi gifio tofin Indonesia Tfnh dfin tdc vUpt trdi dd k i t hpp vdi nhflng ndi dung hopt ddng mang tfnh xa hdi lfi nguydn nhfin thfinh cdng ctia Muhammadiyah; Nhdm cfic nhfi xa hdi chii nghia cflng tuyfin bfi thfinh l$p Dang Cdng san Ddng An, sau nfiy dUpc gpi lfi Ddng Cdng sdn Indonesia (PKI) vfio ngfiy 23-5-1920 Trong Dpi hdi thfinh l^p Dang, PKI tuydn bfi" "chii nghia cdng san ddi l$p vdi ca chu nghia dpi Hoi gifio vfi sfl thfi'ng trj cua phUdng Tay" (10) Khfing chi chdng Hdi gifio, PKI cfin tuyfin bd" "chdng Phong trto dto >0c d Indonesia tfit ca moi thfl tu ban ehii nghia" D I thyc hidn chuydn chfnh vo san, PKI mufi'n giai quyfi't tfi't ca moi vfi'n dl b&ng mdt ddn: tieu didt phong kiln, giai phfing dfit nUdc khdi thyc dan Hfi Lan, dfip tan d l qufic, Ifit ehfnh phii phan ddng, toan phu ndng, tofin tu san dfin tfie (11) PhUdng cham chfnh trj cyc doan dd da d^t PKI khdi khfii qufin chung rdng ldn, dfiy lUc lUdng dfin tpc dfii Ifip vdi dang vfi chfi'ng lpi dang Khdi nghia Sumatra (1926 - 1927) thfi't bai dfi chfi'm dflt vai trd lanh dpo eua Dang dfil vdi phong trfio dfi'u tranh giai phfing dSn tdc Indonesia Nhfim Muhammadiyah tinh hinh dd da sfl dung tdn giao Ifim cfing cu ehdng lai chii nghia cfing san, nhfim nfiy cung thi hfinh chinh sfich bfi't hdp tac vdi ehfnh quyln thyc dan vfi Ifi bd phfin chu ylu cua chu nghia dfin tpc Indonesia Tpi Dai hdi tofin qud'e lfin thfl 19 cua Muhammadijah dUpc to chflc Minangkabau thang 5-1930, mfit dang ehfnh tri cua ngUdi ban dia lfin dfiu tien xufit hien Tay Sumatra: Persatuan Muslimin Indonesia PERMI Nhflng ngudi sang Ifip va lanh dpo xufit chung nhfit ciia PERMI diu lfi nhflng sinh vien trd vi tfl Dai hoc Azhar, Ai Cfip PERMI cdng khai tuyfin bfi' lfi mpt t l chflc chinh trj cfip tiln, chii trUdng bfit hdp tae vi tu cho Indonesia Bj sfl dfin ap ciia thUe dfin Hfi Lan, PERMI rfit khfi khfin nhflng hfinh dpng chinh trj nhUng vfin tilp tyc tfch eye cfic hopt dpng vfin hfia, gifio dye, tao dfi phat trien quan cho Sumatra vfi cho ngUdi Hdi giao Indonesia nfii chung tren chfing dUdng dfii tiln tdi nin dpc Ifip hofin toan •y tudng vl Indonesia thdng nhdt dU^c theo duli d dfit nUdc Indonesia tfl nfla sau th^p nifin 1920 tren thyc t l khdi phfit tfl cfing ddng sinh vifin Indonesia dang hpe tfip tai Hfi Lan Gifla hfing tridu ngUdi Hfi Lan, nhflng sinh vidn ft di din tfl Java, Bandung, Batavia hay tfl Menangkabau , diu ty nhin nh§n minh lfi ngUcti Indonesia Dd lfi 1^ khiln hp di din quylt dinh thfinh l§p Hiip hdi sinh viin Ddng An nfim 1908, nfim 1922 dU^c dfii tfin thfinh Hiip hdi sinh viin Indonesia Tfin gpi dfi tU nfi da mang ^ nghia vl mfit ban sfic chung Indonesia (tuy mdi chi d phpm vi hpp) Din nfim 1925, quylt djnh tfii cfi'u true t l chflc nfiy thfinh Hiip hdi ngUdi Indonesia vfin ton tai Hiip hdi Sinh viin Indonesia dUpc coi lfi mdt tuyen bfi dflt khofit vl sy hinh thfinh mdt ban sfic Indonesia thong nhfi^t vfi quan trpng lfi cfic t l chflc nfiy hUdng tdi muc tifiu ddc ldp hodn todn cho dfit nUdc (12) Thang 101928, Hiep hgi sinh viin Indonesia dUa J tudng "Mdt qud'e gia - Indonesia; Mgt ddn tdc • ngUdi Indonesia; Mot ngon ngii • tiing Indonesia" Ifim cO sd cho dofin kit dan tflc vfi thdng nhfit dan tpc Thufit ngfl "Indonesia" tfl dd bfit dfiu dupc sfl dung rdng rai tai que nhfi, nhUng cung phai mfit nhieu nfim sau dfi, hfim J dfiy du nhfit cua tfl nfiy ca vl chinh tri vfi vfin hfia mdi thflc sy thfim thfiu vfio dfin chung - tU tudng eua moi ngUdi dUpc tilp thu nen gifio dye hien dpi diu ty xem minh lfi ngUdi Indonesia Mot lfin sfing lan rpng cdng dongvdi vi$e thfinh Ifip hfing trfim to chflc mdi vdi ten gpi ed tfl "Indonesia"; cae to chflc cu Cling tiln hanh doi ten dl cfi tfl "Indonesia" ten goi eiia minh (13) Tai Bangdung vfio nfim 1925, cfic Cdu lgc bd hgc tdp • {Study Clubs) tUOng ty nhU cfic hidp hpi sinh vifin d Hfi Lan da dUpc Ifip dudi sy dfin dfit cua Achmed Sukarno Dfiy lfi mfii trUdng dl gidi tri thflc tre Indonesia lfi thfinh vien eua rfit nhieu nhdm toe ngUdi dUpe gfin bd vdi hdn Sukarno vfi cfic cpng sU da dUa If 15 Rghl6n cuu Iilch atf 9.2012 thuylt phye vl vi|c cfin thilt pAdi ddnh s(/ tdp trung cao hcfn cho nin d^c ldp cua Indonesia, nhUng mudn ddnh cho nd mdt Uu tan tdi da thi trUdc hit phdi gidm bdt si^ khde bi^t giia cdc tdc ngUifi, cdc tdn gido vd cdc nin vdn hda Do dd, nhfi'n mpnh myc tidu: Indonesia phfii gifinh duye ddc l$p mfit cfich nhanh nhfit cd thi, dng cQng dfic bi|t luu f: "Dilu nfiy ddi hdi chflng ta khfing nfin phfin dfiu dpt dupe nin ddc l$p bfing phUdng tidn cai thidn dilu ki^n sfing tdi t | ciia dfi't nUdc chflng ta, mfi chflng ta phai phfin dfiu dpt dupc nin dfic l$p dl mfi cai thi|n nhflng dilu kiln sd'ng dd" (14) Thfing 7-1927, nhfim tri thflc Sukarno dflng dfiu tuyfin bfi thfinh Ifip Ddng Ddn tdc Indonesia (Partai Nasional Indonesia PNI) Sukarno Ifim Chu tjeh Dang Dang nfiy dpi didn cho mdt dudng lfii chfnh trj mdi, ed tfnh chfit vUpt qua vfi bao trflm so vdi cfic to ehfle dofin thi trUdc dfly d Indonesia: Trude hit, mfic du lfi dang giai cfip tu san thfinh Ifip nhUng thfinh vifin ciia dang gfim nhilu thfinh phfin rdng rai: nong dan, cdng nhfln, thp thii cfing, ddng dao nhfit lfi tfing ldp trung vfi tiiu tU san tri thflc; Cd s6 tu tudng vfi CUdng linh eiia PNI Ifi Hgc thuyit Marhaenism Sukarno sopn thao tfl nfim 1926 Hpe thuylt thi hidn xu hudng eh^ng thyc dfin, khfing djnh eon dudng di tdi dpe l^p dfln tdc lfi chinh sfich bfit hyp tfic vdi thye dfin tfi^t ca cfic linh vyc kinh t^, chfnh tri, xa hdi, thyc hidn dofin kit tfit ea cfic lyc lUpng mfit mfit trfin chung thfi'ng nhfit (15) Cufii nflm 1927, Sukarno dfi mang tU tudng dodn kit vfio sfing kiln thfinh l§p t l chflc lifin hi$p ed ^ nghia nhu mOt m$t tr$n dfin tdc thfi'ng nhfit dl t$p hpp cfic t l chflc dang dfiu tranh cho nin ddc Ifip cua dfit nUdc: Liin hi^p cdc td chic chinh tri cua nhdn ddn Indonesia Cfi thi thtfy cdt loi tU tudng dAn tdc cua Sukarno Id dodn kit todn ddn tdc, chdng chi nghia thi^c ddn, tiin tdi muc tiiu xdy dj/ng qudc gia-ddn t^c thdng nhdt T h i chiln II bflng n l dflt cfic dfln tdc trUfic sy de dpa tryc tilp cua chii nghia phfit xit, phong trfio dfin tdc Indonesia cd nhilu chuyin biln giai dopn nfiy TrUdc h i t lfi vide diiu chinh mdi quan h$ giia chi nghia ddn tdc vd chu nghia Hdi gido xufit phfit tfl thyc t l khfi khfin ea tranh lufin quan dilm lfin hfinh ddng chfnh trj thflc tiln Rfit nhilu nhfi lfinh dpo Hdi gifio phan dfii vide qufi nhfin mpnh din chii nghia dfin tdc cd thi Ifim tan vfi sy thfi'ng nhfit nfing ddng ciia dao Hdi, nguy hpi din cfic myc tifiu tinh thfin cua dao Hdi Trong dfi, nhflng ngUdi theo ehu nghia dfin tfic nhu Sukarno lpi cho rflng, nlu qufi nhfin mpnh vfio cfic myc tifiu cua Hdi gifio vfi trung thfinh vdi dpo Hdi, phong trfio cd thi sS mfit di lyc luyng lfi nhflng ngudi Indonesia ngopi dpo hofic cfic tfn dd Hdi gifio md dpo khfing tridt dl Do dd, tim kiem sU hdi hba giia chu nghia ddn tdc vd chu nghia Hdi gido thyc ay rfit cfin thilt bdi canh ciia Indonesia vfi bfii hoc thfit bai eiia Dang Cdng san Indonesia vfin cdn dd Kit qua lfi sy xufit hidn ddn d^p cfic to chflc chfnh trj ldn bilu thj cho tinh thfin thong nhfit dfin tdc nhU Liin dodn cdc ddng ddn tdc Indonesia - GAPI (nfim 1939) - mdt tl chflc ciia hfiu h i t cfic dang t h i tyc Ufin minh vdi cfic dang Hdi gifio, Hdi ddng Nhdn ddn Indonesia (nfim 1941) - mdt hinh thflc mdi ciia m$t tr^n dfin t^c thfi'ng nhfit cd sfl tham gia ciia GAPI, Liin dodn cdc td chic Hdi gido Indonesia • MIAI Dudi sy lanh dpo cua Sukarno, Hdi ddng nhdn ddn Indonesia tilp tyc dfiu tranh yeu cfiu chfnh phii Hfi Lan thao lu^n vfin d l ddc Ifip ciia Indonesia Din dfiy, khia canh chinh tri cua bdn s^ ddn tdc thdng nhdt Indonesia dd dUdc hong h-io ddn tQc i Indonesia khing dinh Cflng vdi qufi trinh dfi, khfa cpnh vfin hfia eung dupe tfii tpo mpnh mfi Qua trinh xfiy dyng nin vfin hda dfin tQe Indonesia vdi bilu tupng chfnh lfi ngfin ngfl quo'c gia dUdc tiln hfinh xufit phfit tfl jr tudng trUde dfi vl "Mdt qudc gia Indonesia; Mdt ddn tdc - ngUdi Indonesia; Mgt ngdn ngi - tiing Indonesia" Tpi Dpi hpi Nhfin dfln Indonesia thang 12-1939, Nghi quylt vl vi^c Ifi'y tiing Indonesia (Bahasa Indonesia) Ifim ngdn ngfl qufi'c gia dfi ehfnh thflc du^e thfing qua Tifi'ng Indonesia thyc chfit dupe khai sinh tfl tiing Malay (Bahasa Malay) nfin cflng cd thi hilu, ngfin ngfl Malay sfi trd thfinh ngfln ngfl chung cua tofin qufin dao Ngudi ta cho rfing, d vfio thdi dilm dd, chfnh vide tiing Malay chi lfi tiing mp de ciia mot sfi'ft ngUdi song rai rac tren qufin dao lai trd mfit lpi t h i chfnh tri to ldn bdi vi nd khdng thudc vi cd Theo mot nghia khfic thi eung cd t h i eho rling tiing Malay thudc vi tdt cd mgi ngUdi vi nfi lfi ngdn ngfl chung tfl thdi cfic vUdng qufi'c Malacca vfi Srivijaya, da tflng lfi ngdn ngfl ehung eua hopt ddng thuong mai vfi hopt dfing truyen gifio dao Hdi nhilu the ki trfin toan qufin dao vfi lfi ngfin ngfl duyc cfic tpe ngUdi sau nfiy lya chpn bdi sfl thfing dung vfi tidn Idi eiia nd (16) Nhu vfiy, viic dn dinh dUdc mdt ngdn ngU chung cho ddt nUdc Indonesia da ddn tdc, da vdn hda, da ngdn ngi, da tdn gido, lgi bi phdn tdn vi dia ly Id bUdc di vd cung quan trgng viic xdy dUng mgt bdn sac vdn hda ddn tdc thdng nhdt • yiu td ddng vai trb quyit dinh tiin trtnh tdp hdp ddn tdc ddu tranh cho nin ddc ldp hodn todn cua Indonesia Vl vfin dl nfiy, Clive Christie ciing chi r^ng hfil canh ciia Indonesia, chu nghia ddn tdc mdi budc phdi ddc biit nhdn mgnh vdo yiu td dodn kit han bdt k^ diiu gi khac Dfiy lfi dilm khfic bi|t cfin ban ciia Indonesia so vdi mdt sfi qufic gia thudc dja khu vyc bdi: nlu "cfic qufic gia tiln thudc dja Miln Di^n vfi Vidt Nam diu du mpnh di eung cfip eho cfic phong trfio chfing thyc dfln d dfi mfit ^ thflc rfi rdt vl ban sfic" thi "d Dfing An, chu nghia dfin tdc Indonesia phai dupc tao dl xfiy dyng mfit ban sfic dfln tdc thfing nhfit trfin cfic dao thudc d l chl Hfi Lan d phUdng Dfing" (17) Trong nhflng nfim gifla hai eufie ehiln tranh t h i gidi, chii nghia dfin tfic Indonesia dfl vfin dpng theo hUdng lya chpn mdt bdn sde ddn tdc thd'ng nhdt trfin eflc khfa cpnh vfin hfia vfi ehinh trj cho tofin Indonesia Sy lya chpn dung dfin dd dfing vai trd quylt djnh vific dUa Indonesia di tfii dpe Ifip hofin tofin Phong trfio dan toe d Malaya Cufil t h i ky XIX dfiu t h i ky XX, trUdc nhflng can thi^p ngfiy cfing ldn dfii vdi cfic gifi trj xa hpi Malaya cua thye dfin Anh, ngUdi dfin Malay da thi hien tinh thfin phan khang doi vdi nhfi chflc trach Mpt sfi cude noi dfiy dfi khiln thye dan Anh phai lo ngai vl tinh p h i biln ciia nd se cfi thi lan tofin bfin dao nhu cufic noi dfiy d Naning hfii dfiu nhflng nfim 1830, d Perak hai nfim 1875 - 1876, d Pahang nhflng nfim 1890, hay cupc nii dfiy ciia ndng dfin "To'Janggut" Kelantan nfim 1915 (18) Nhin chung, nhflng cufic noi dfiy nhU t h i cung da ft nhilu mang tinh thfin dan tfic nhUng mdi ehi dflng lai d sU phan flng mang tfnh "ban nfing", the hifin thai dfi bfit man trUdc nhflng thay dii dang diln vfi nhfim eai thidn hofin eanh sd'ng trUdc mfit hdn Ifi hudng tdi cac myc tieu tai efl'u trflc xfi hpi Sang dfiu t h i ky XX cho din trUfic T h i chiln II, ngUdi Anh giai doan thfing trj nfiy da chflng kiln "sy xufit hi^n ciia chii nghia dfin tpc Malaya non tre" (19) vdi sU noi Ifin cua ba nhdm itu tu mdi 44 xfi hdi Malaya gfin vdi ba mdi trudng vfin hda gifio dye rifing bi^t dUpc qui djnh bdi ngudn gfic xufi't thfin: Nhfim thfl nhfit ciia nhflng tri thflc phfin ldn xufi't thfin tfl giai cfip nfing dfin dupc dfio tpo bdi hd thing gifio dye Hdi gifio; Nhdm thfl hai cua nhflng tri thflc thufic tfing ldp trfin xfi hdi Malaya truyin thfing dupc dfio tpo bdi nin gifio dye Anh; vfi Nhfim thfl ba ciia nhflng tri thflc ndng dfin trUdng thfinh ldn tfl nin gifio dye ban dja (20) Xfit vl mfit thdi gian, phong trfio dun tfic ciia nhfim tri thflc Hii gifio dupc khdi dfing sdm nhfit ba nhfim trfin vfi dupe khoi ngudn bdi nhflng sinh vifin Malay dang hpe tfip tpi trudng Dpi hpe Azhar Tpi dfly, cfic sinh vien Malay nhU bj nim vfio "chao dfiu Trung Dfing" dang sye sfii tinh thfin dfin tfic chii nghia chfi'ng lpi sy thong trj eua phUdng Tay vfi tinh thfin eai each Hdi gifio lan rpng khfip Trung Dong kfiu gpi dofin kit Hdi giao tofin t h i gidi cufic dfi'u tranh nfiy (21) Trong mfii trUdng dfi, eae sinh vifin Malay da tilp thu dl rdi thong qua bfio ehf, truyen vl Malaya ^ thfle hd tu tudng tfin gifio-chfnh trj mdi vfi cfic J tudng eai cfich xa hpi Cflng luc dd, cfic tri thfle tfin giao Malay eung dUpc kilm nghidm trfin thye t l bfing cfic phong trfio eai cfich ton giao da vfi dang diSn Indonesia dudi sy dfin dfit ciia SI vfi Muhammadiyah Nhflng trai nghidm d Trung Ddng giflp hp cfi dupc nhflng nh$n thflc sfiu sfic vl Unh hinh thuc tien ciia dtft nUdc: Dudi chfnh sach cai tri ciia thyc dfln Anh, efing ddng Malay Hdi gifio cd Uu t h i vl chfnh trj song lpi lfi cpng ddng ylu kdm nhfit vl kinh t^ Trong eufie ddi mfit vdi nhflng anh hudng eua phUdng Tfiy vfi d$c tfnh nflng ddng cua ngudi Hoa nh$p eU, dpo Hdi dfl khdng tpo nfin sfle mpnh dl giup ngfldi Malay vUpt lfin, ngUpc lpi xung lyc cua nd Hghian cflu Ljch aiir stf 9.2012 dang ylu dfin vfi dpo Hdi vfin chi dflng vai trd an iii vl mfit tinh thfin, tfim tri ciia ngUdi Malay ngfiy cfing tri trd cflng vdi tinh thfin hi sinh ciia dpo Hoi Tfl nhflng phfin tfeh dd, cdi thi^n s{/ tri tr$ cua cdng ddng Malay Id hit sic cdn thiit nhUng khdng phai bdt ddu ti khia cgnh kinh timd phdi bdt ddu trudc hit ti tdn gido, bdi chfnh sy thilu hilu biit nghifim vl nhflng nguyfin 1^ chfin ehfnh ciia dpo Hdi ca vi gifio 1^ lfin thyc hfinh lfi nguyfin nhfin khiln cho ngUdi Malay dfin dfin trd nfin bao thii, lpc hfiu Phong trfio cai efieh tfin gifio d Malaya dupc bat dfiu bdi Syed Sheikh Al-Hadi, mdt sinh vifin Malay xufit sfic vfla trd vl tfl Ai C$p Dl giflp ngudi Malay quan tflm hdn din nhflng thay dfii cfi anh hudng sflu rdng ciia thdi dpi, sau trd vl tfl Cairo nflm 1904, Syed Sheikh Al-Hadi da thfinh lap td bfio Al-Imam (NgUdi Dfin dudng) vfio nfim 1906 Day lfi td bao bfing tiing Malay dfiu tien chfla dflng tinh thfin doi mdi cd sd ehfnh trj, tfin giao eua dfit nudc vfi dii mdi xa hfii Malaya Cflng nhilu td bfio tdn giao khfic dupe thfinh Iflp nhflng nfim sau dd nhu Neracha, Warta Malaya vfi Saudara , cfic nhfi cai each tfin gifio da bfiy td khfit vpng ehfiy bdng phai dua Hoi gifio ban dja thofit khoi anh hudng cua nhflng tye 1$ dang can trd sy phfit triln ciia nd, gifinh lpi nhflng tiln bd vl tU tudng vfi khoa hoc mfi nfi da cd tfl thdi k^ trung co, trfin ed ed dfi "Ifim cho dao Hfii trd thfinh mdt edng cu thfch nghi duyc vdi nhflng thach thflc vl kinh t l - xa hdi sy thong trj ciia ngoai kilu" (22) Vi vfly, nhflng tu tudng mdi ciia dpo Hdi dupc truyfi'n bfi d Malaya nhfin mpnh sy trd vl vdi Kinh Koran, phai nghifin cflu, xem xfit nhflng biln dfing kinh tl*, chfnh trj, xa hfii ciia t h i gidi hi$n dpi finh sfing cua chfin Ijr dao Hdi, vfi Phong h-ao dfln ^de & Indonesia trfin tfi't ca, nd hfii thuc sfl gfin kit nfing ddng ciia moi ea nhfin vfio tUdng lai cao hdn ciia dja vj kinh tl, xa hfii ciia cfing ddng Malay D I tfing eUdng sy hilu biit dflng dfln vl dao Hdi vfi md rfing anh hfldng eua tdn giao nfiy xa hdi, cfic trf thflc tfin giao nhfin manh tfim quan trpng dfic bi^t cua phat triln giao dye tfin gido Mpt khfie, ciing trfin ed sd cua nhfin thflc: " gifio dye rfit cfin thiet dl efi dUpc ty do" mfi " tu lfi ehia khfia dl tifi'n bfi, khfing cd ty do, chiing ta khong the mong tifi'n bp" (23), hp tan thfinh dfiy manh gifio dye dl dat dUpc ty vfi tiln bfi, cae hinh thfle giao due khac ke ca giao due theo kilu Anh cung khfing bi phu nhfin cho dfl kfi't qua cua nin giao due lufin bj nghi ngd Syed Sheikh Al-Hadi va nhflng ngUdi iing hfl quan dilm cai each cua fing da tfip hpp nhfim Kaum Muda dupe goi lfi phai Tre de phfin bipt vdi phai Gifi Kaum Tiia la nhfim nhflng ngUdi theo trUdng phai Hoi giao chfnh thdng gdm gidi quye'n uy truyin thfi'ng vfi nhflng tri thflc ton giao cac vflng ndng thfin Tren thyc tl, Kaum Muda gfip phai rfi't nhieu trd ngpi viec truyin ba nhflng tU tudng tiln bfi bdi vi hp khdng chi phai doi mfit vdi lUe lupng bao thii cua xa hfii Malaya mfi edn dung phai sU phan flng quye't lidt cua gidi quyln uy truyin thdng (dfing kl nhfit la ddi ngfl eae Sultan) dang dUdc sfl bao trd eua ehinh quye'n Anh, quan trpng hdn la lyc lupng dfing dao dfing sau cac Sultan nhflng ngudi Malay mp dao - di theo Sultan nhu di theo "cai bflng eua ThUdng d l tren trai dfit" Cufic dp sfle nhU vfiy vl cd ban lfi khfing can sfle song nfi da bieu thi eho no lyc hidn dpi hfia xa hfii Hfii gifio Malay Sy thflc dfiy doi mdi nhfln thflc vl dpo Hdi cflng gfip phfin Ifim cho ngudi Malay quan tam hdn din cae vfin dl chinh trj ciia dfi't nUdc Dfl chua cfl phong trfio nfio dupe t l ehfle bfii ban dudi sy dfin dUdng cua nhdm tri thfle tfin gifio ngofii hoat ddng bfio chf dupc xem Ifi dl nhfin thfi'y nhfit, nhUng qua dd ngudi Malay ngfiy cfing nhfin thflc nghifim tuc hdn vl ban thfin vfi vl nhflng gi dang xay xung quanh hp, ^ thfle vl sy dofin ke't, thfi'ng nhfi't cfing ddng Malay dang tfing dfin len theo chilu hudng ciia tinh thfin dofin kfi't Hdi gifio bfit nguon tfl Ai C§p vfi Thfi' Nhi Ki Dfi'u fin rfi ndt nhfit vl sU gflp mfit vfio phong trfio dfin tfic eiia nhdm tri thflc thufic tfing ldp trfin xa hpi Malaya truyin thdng vfi tfing ldp tU san mdi dUpc dao tao bdi nin gifio due Anh lfi sfl thfinh Ifip to ehfle chinh trj dfiu tifin cua ngudi Malay: Hiip hdi ngudi Malay d Singapore (Kesatuan Malay Singapura - KMS) vfio nfim 1926 SU thdnh lap KMS Id kit qud cda sUphdt triin y thic chinh tri cda ngUifi Malay, the hiin mdi quan tdm ngdy cdng tdng ddi vdi vdn di chinh tri cua ddt nUdc Tfl dfiu thfip nien 1920, thuc trang xa hdi Malaya dUde cae tri thflc phan tfch mdt each triet dl: Malaya tfl mot xa hpi tUdng ddi thuan nhfit vl sfic tpc vdi tuyfit dpi da so^ lfi ngudi Malay, dUdi ehinh saeh nhfip khfiu lao dfing ciia Anh da trd thfinh mpt xa hpi da cfing ddng vdi sfl gop mfit ciia ngUdi Hoa vfi ngudi An Dp Tfl cho lfi qufi'c gia chi eua ngudi Malay thi gid day Malaya khong the khfing tfnh den Iflc lUpng ngudi nhfip cU, nhfi't lfi lye lUpng nfiy d nhflng thdi dilm da chilm non nfla tfi'ng dfln so cua ca nUde (24), dfic bipt lfi cupe dilu tra dfin so nfim 1931 cho thfi'y: 'lfin dfiu tifin d Malaya thufic Anh cd so ngUdi Hoa (1.709.392 ngudi) nhifi'u hdn ngUdi Malay (1.644.173 ngUdi)" (25) Nguy hilm hdn chinh nhflng edng ddng nhfip eU (chu ylu lfi ngUdi Hoa) lpi dang chilm cho ciia cU dan ban dja 46 vdi mdt ty Id ldn cfic hopt dfing kinh t l ed ban eiia dfi't nUde nhU khai thfic, thUdng mpi budn bfin, thfiu khofin, thfim chf lfi nhflng cfing vi|c gian ddn nhflng ngudi dupe coi lfi dfln b&n dja lpi chl lfi nhflng ngudi Ifim nghi nfing thufin tfly vfi gfin bd chfit chfi vdi khu vflc ndng thdn (26) Nhu vfiy, khfic vdi dd' npO tri thflc tdn gifio, tinh cam dfln tfic duyc kfeh thfch bdi cfic nhfin t l tfl bfin ngofii vfi nhfin mpnh khfa cpnh tfin gifio efieh gi&i quylt vfin dl thi vdi dfii ngfl tri thflc dupc dfio tpo bdi nin gifio dye Anh, chfnh tinh hinh ngfiy cfing khd khfin ciia cdng ddng Malay vfi eiia dfi't nUde da thflc dfiy ^ thflc ehfnh trj hp Vfi, mfic dfl vfin xem dao Hdi lfi dpng lye quan trpng dfii vdi ngudi Malay Hdi gifio nhUng hp khdng xem cai cfich tfin gifio lfi lfii thofit nhfit cho xa hpi Malaya Dfii di^n vdi mfii hilm hpa tfl vide gia tfing nhanh chfing ca vl sllupng cU dfin lfin sfle mpnh kinh t l eiia cfing dfing ngUdi Hoa nhfip cU, nhfim tri thflc nfiy budc phai trd nen t h i tue hdn cfic nd lyc di tim ngfuyen nhfln vfi giai phfip Hp ngfiy efing nhfin rfing, ngudi Anh khdng h i bao v$ ngudi Malay vdi tU cfich lfi ngUdi ban dia nhu Hi^p Udc Pangkor vfi cac hidp fldc bao hfi khfic mfi ngudi Anh da kf vdi tilfng bang trUdc dd Do vfiy, chi cd nS luc cua bdn thdn mdi gidp hg tu bdo v^ minh Trong bfii canh dd, gidi tri thflc qu^ tdc vfi tu san mdi cho rfing, hg cdn phdi ndm ldy nggn cd chink tri d Malaya, niu khdng, si chdng cd gi bdo ddm dupc vj, tri vd quyin lpi ctia hg d ddt nUdc dang trdn ngdp ngUdi Hoa ndy Trdn thyc tl, sau chfnh quyln Anh tuyen bd thye thi chfnh sfich phfin quyln (Decentralization), da cfi mfit thda thufin gifla cfic nhfi lanh dpo efing ddng Malay vfi ehfnh quyln Anh vi vi^c s6 bao dam toi da quyln lpi chfnh tri dfinh cho ngudi Malay ban dja Tfl sU thda thufin dfi, nfim 1924, Hghian eiiru l|ch s{ir stf 9.2012 Mohamad Yunos Bin Abdullah dfi trd thfinh ngudi Malay dfiu tifin dU^c bfiu vfio Hfii ding Lfip phfip Khu djnh eU Eo biln (Straits Settiements) (27) Sau nfim, chfnh dng dfi dflng thfinh Ifip t l ehfle ehfnh trj dfiu tifin cua ngUdi Malay: Hi^p hdi ngudi Malay d Singapore Cfic myc tifiu ciia KMS Ifl khuyin khfch sfl tiln bfi ciia ngudi Malay cfic linh vyc chfnh trj, kinh tl, xfi hdi; chii dfing bfiy td quan dilm eiia ngUdi Malay dfii vdi chfnh quyln vfi thflc dfiy nifin Malay quan tfim hdn din gifio dye dpi hpe Hp cflng ddi hdi thfim rfing nin hfinh chfnh eua dfit nUfic, khfing mfit ngudi Hoa nfio dupc dfit vfio vj tri cai trj ngudi Malay Dfip lpi nhflng phan flng mpnh mfi tfl phfa ngudi Malay, cfing dfing ngudi Hoa tpi Khu djnh eU Eo biln cflng lfin tiing bao vf quyln lpi eiia minh Hp dl nghj xfly dflng "mdt nUdc Malaya mdT, dfi nhflng cfing dfin khfing phai ngUdi Malay efin phai dupe dfil xfl cfing bfing nhU ngudi Malay, ft nhfi't lfi vi phfin ddng gflp ciia hp doi vdi nen kinh tl^ dfit nudc Hp cung v$n ddng mdt chiln djch ddi chfnh quyln Anh phai xda bo "hfing rfio chung chiing tfic" bfi mfiy vifin chflc, ddi chia se mdt cfich rdng rai hon CO cfiu vi$c Ifim chinh phii eung nhU bd mfiy hfinh ehfnh cfic cfip TrUdc nhflng ii xufi't dfi, ngUdi Malay nh$n thfiy hp khfing nhflng dang bj dfiy khdi ngfii nhfl ciia chfnh minh trfin ca phUdng di$n kinh t^ lfin chfnh tri f"^ cdn cd nguy cO sfi bj ngudi Hoa thfi'ng trj trfin ehfnh manh dfit qui hUdng minh Vi vfiy, nhflng nfim 1930, mfit lfin sdng chfing ngUdi Hoa tilp tyc dfing len mpnh mfl trfin tofin bfln dao Nfim 1937, cfic chi nhanh cda KMS dupc thfinh lAp d Malacca vfi Penang Hai nflm sau, cfic hi|p hdi ngUdi Malay duyc thfinh Ifip b tfCt ca cac bang cfi ngfldi Malay sinh sd'ng nhu Pahang, Selangor, Phong Irfto dfln K^ & Indonesia Negri Sembilan, tinh Wellesley Thfing 81939, efie hifip hfii da t l ehfle Dpi hfii d Kuala Lumpur cflng tuyfin b l hfinh dfing chong lpi mpi sy de dpa eua ngUdi Hoa dfil vdi quyln vfi dpe quyln ciia ngUdi Malay Khfiu hidu mang tfnh chfit tfip hpp ngudi Malay duyc dUa sau dd: "Nudc Malaya thudc vi ngUdi Malay" Khfiu hidu nfiy khing dinh ngUdi Malay lfi mdt efing dong, mfit dfin tde, hon nfla lpi lfi dfin tfie ban dja trfin dfit nUdc Malaya Vdi tu cfich dd, ngudi Malay ndi chung coi ngUdi Hoa vfi ngudi An lfi ngogi kiiu, efin ngUdi Malay Hdi gifio thi coi ngUdi Hoa ehu ylu theo Phat gifio, Khong gifio vfi ngUdi An chu ylu theo Hindu giao lfi nhflng ke ngogi dgo Nhu vfiy, dfl ehua thUc sy mau thufin sflu sfle nhUng tinh cdm ddn tgc chu nghia cua ngUdi Malay thdi ky ndy chdc chdn dd mang tinh sde tgc Nhflng tri thfle qu^ tfic Malay dupe dfio tpo hdi nin giao due Anh, nhflng vien ehfle Malay chinh quyln thupc dia vdn thufic gidi quyln uy xa hfii Malaya truyen thong thay vi hUdng phong trfio dan tpe di theo dudng chong thyc dfin, gifinh dpc Ifip cho dfi't nUdc nhU mfit sfi' qudc gia khu vyc da vfi dang tiln hfinh thi hp Iai hUdng phong trdo vdo muc tiiu chd'ng ngi/bi Hoa mdt cdch quyit liit Dfly ehfnh lfi dfle dilm tieu bilu nhfit cua phong trfio dfln tfic dUdi sy dfin dudng ciia nhflm thfl hai cho din trflde T h i chiln II bflng no Phong trfio dan toe dfldi sfl lanh dpo eua nhom thfl ba cflng dupe truyin cam hflng chinh tri tfl phong trfio ainh vifin ciia trudng Dai hpe Azhar (28) Bfio chf dflpc truyin vl Malaya tfl Cairo, dfic bipt lfi Tap chf Seruan Azhar da dfing vai trd chinh tri hda quan trpng dot vdi mdt bp phfln ldn sinh vien vfi vifin Malay nhiing nfim 1920, truyin den cho ngUdi Malay tinh thfin chfi'ng chii nghia thyc dan mpnh mfi thfing qua Idi kfiu gpi dofin kit, hpp tfic cua tfit ca mpi ngUdi dfln dfi'u tranh xda bd hofin tofin nhflng anh hudng tfl bfin ngofii, giai phdng dfit nfldc vfi ngUdi dfin thofit khdi gfing xiing ciia thflc dfin Bfin cpnh dd, cfic sinh vifin Malay cdn bj Idi cufi'n bdi Idi hidu tridu "pan Malay" cua Seruan Azhar: "Thanh nifin- Malay xfly dyng mfit lifin minh dofin kit vdi Indonesia" nOi khdng chi ed phong trfio dfin tfic dang diln hit sfle sfii nii mfi quan trpng hdn Malaya, Indonesia lfi mfit "Thigidi thdng nhdt" (29) vi " cU dfin d Indonesia vfi cU dfin trfin bfin dao lfi mfit efing ddng, mpt dfln tfic, vdi cflng mfit phong tue tfip quan, mpt loi sfing vfi hdn nfla lfi cflng theo mpt tfin giao " (30) Khi trd vl Malaya, hfiu hit cac sinh vien diu tham gia vfio phong trfio dfln tpc dang dupe khdi dfing bdi dpi ngfl sinh vifin ciia TrUifng Cao ddng SU phgm Sultan Idris (The Sultan Idris Training College SITC) d Tanjong Malim Cung tai ngfii trUdng nfiy, nhflng anh hudng trUc tilp vfl gifin tilp eiia phong trfio dfln tpc ehu nghia eua ngUdi Indonesia da dUa lai ngudn cam hflng ehinh tri manh lift cho cac sinh vien Malay Trong thflp nien 1920, y thflc dfin tfic eiia ngfldi Malay dUOc dfiy lfin mpt bUfic bdi tac dpng ciia cudc nii dfiy chfi'ng thfle dfln Hfl Lan dudi sy lanh dpo ciia Ddng Cdng sdn Indonesia cho dfl eupc khdi nghia dang nfiy lfinh dpo bj thfit bai va sy ddi sau ciia Ddng Ddn tdc Indonesia (PNI) vflo nfim 1927 lpi mang din mpt kfinh anh hudng khfic dfil vdi cac tri thflc tre Malay Dilu mfi hp quan tflm khdng phai dUdng vfi san hay dan chii tu san mfi ehfnh lfi ly tudng gidnh ddc lgp cho dfit nUdc Bj hfip dfin bdi efie ndi dung chfing thyc dan, chfi'ng phong kiln chflong trinh hfinh dpng eiia PNI, mpt nhflm sinh vifin SITC tieu hilu nhU Ibrahim Yaacob, Hassan Manan, Abdul 48 Karim Rashid vfi laa Mohd bin Mahmud dfi nga theo 1^ tudng ciia cfic nhfl dfln tdc chii nghia Indonesia, tinh nguy|n gia nhfip PNI (31) HI qua LrUc tilp eua nhiJng finh hudng chfnh trj dd dfi dfin din sy xufit hifin vfio nflm 1929, 1930 d SITC ba t l chflc chfnh trj eiia sinh vifin lfi Liin minh Sinh viin (Ikatan Pemuda Pelajar - Alliance of the Young Student), Liin minh sinh viin vitng bdn ddo vd viing Borneo (Ikatan Semenanjung-Borneo Alliance of the Peninsula-Borneo) vfi t l ehfle Thanh niin Malay (the Delia Malaya Youth of Malaya) (32) Ca ba t l chflc duu mfit thii linh sinh vifin Ifi Ibrahim Yaacob (33) t l chflc vfi lanh dpo Thfing qua phUdng tign bfio chf ban dja vfi diSn dfin vfln hoc, Ibrahim Yaacob vfi nhflng cfing sfl cua ong dfi thfip lfin J thflc chfnh trj eua ngudi Malay ngpn Ifla bfi't man dfii vdi chfnh sfich cai tri ciia Anh Malaya Hp cflng tfin cdng vfio tfit ca nhflng phfin tii than Anh bfing each phe phfin gidi quJ tpc truyin thong, bao gom ca cfic Sultan vfi nhflng vifin chflc Malay da hpp tfic vdi chfnh quyln Anh, quay Iflng lpi vdi cdng ddng thay vi lfinh dpo cpng ddng tien lfin Hp dfic bifit nhfin mpnh tinh trpng lac hflu ciia ngudi Malay chfnh lfi hd qua tfl chfnh sflch cai trj thflc dfln cua Anh vfi vi sU hidn didn ciia ngUdi Hoa Sy "sdi mdn" cfic quyln cua ngUdi Malay vfi dja vj bj de dpa nghiem trpng cua ngUdi ban dja bdi cfic edng dong khdng phai Malay, nhfit lfi edng ddng ngUdi Hoa lfi nhflng vfin dl dupc thao lufin hit sfle nghiem tflc Do vfiy, moi mfit ngUdi Malay dUdc khuyin khfch tu lye phfit triln, ty nang cao kiln thflc di eai thi§n tinh hinh ciia ban thfin Mpt khfic, tfli thilt xa hfii Malaya tiln thudc dja (tflc thi gidi Malay bao gom ca Indonesia) dUpc xem lfi mpt giai phap cho nhflng khd khfin hifin tpi ciia dfit nUde Vdi nie'm tin manh mfi rfing ban dao Rghlfln cflu Uch si stf 9.2012 Malaya lfi mfit bfi phfin cfi'u thfinh eua qufin dfio Indonesia xdt vl mfit dja 1^, ngudi Malay cflng vdi ngUdi Indonesia diu cd ehung ngudn gfic Malay x6t vl mfit nhfln chung hpe, nhdm sinh vifin SITC dudi sy Iflnh dao ciia Ibrahim Yaacob rfit tfin thfinh St tudng thfi'ng nhfit ngUdi Malay trfin tofin qufin dao (Pan-Malay) vfl sy thfi'ng nhfi't nfiy sfi lfi cd sd eho mfit qufic gia dfic Ifip "Malaya Raya" hay "Indonesia Raya" dfi dupe khdi phfit tfl eflc sinh vien Malaya vfi Indonesia d Dpi hpe Azhar, Ai Cfip (34) Qua hopt ddng bfio chf, hp da hudng ngudi dfin Malay di theo ly tudng nfiy bdi ho tin rfing, mfit thyc thi vfln hda - chfnh trj rfing Idn hdn, nhflng ngudi khfing phai Malay sfi khfing cdn lfin fit duyc ngUdi Malay Ibrahim Yaacob dg vilt nhU sau: "Ro rfing 14, nhflng ngUdi Malay sinh sd'ng trfin bfin dao nfiy chua hilu hit ^ nifm vi dfln t ^ vfi ehii nghia dfin tdc Tofin bfi bfln dao nfiy eung nhu qufin dao Indonesia diu thufic ve to tifin ciia ehung ta - ngUdi Malay Ban sfic dfln tdc thyc sy ciia chflng ta lfi Malay Tofin bp qufin dao Indonesia cung cfl chung nhihig phong tyc tflp qufin gifi'ng vdi bfln dao Malay Vfiy cfii gi dfi khiln chung ta bi tach bidt? Dieu dd thflt ddn gian, dfl lfi sfi'phfin dfi dfit sy thing nhfit cua chung ta dUdi flch thing trj ciia hai t h i lyc thyc dfin: Hfi Lan b qufin dao Indonesia vfi Anh d Malaya Nhung chflng ta khfing nfin nhflpng bp dfiu cd phai ehju nhiing edn bao tfip, chflng ta cung khdng t h i bj vd vyn dfiu cfl phai chju sy thifiu ddt ciia m§t trdi" (35) Khuynh hudng chfnh trj cua nhflm tri thflc cfip tiln trd nfin tri^t dl hdn sau Ibrahim Yaacob vfi nhflng thfinh vifin nhdm quylt djnh thfinh l$p mpt to chflc Ifiy tfin lfi Hi^p hdi Thanh niin Malay (Kesatuan Melayu Muda - KMM hay The Union of Malay Youths) b Kuala Lumpur vio thfing 3-1937 Muc tifiu chinh tii cfing Phong h-Ao d^n tfie Indonesia khai ciia KMM lfi ddu tranh chd'ng chu nghia thUc ddn, ddi ddc ldp cho Malaya s(/ thd'ng nhdt vdi Indonesia Bfin canh dd, mdt myc tifiu khfing kfim phfin quan trpng mfi KMM dfit lfi phai "chdm dit tinh trgng ngUbi Malay hi cdc chung tgc khde lpi dung vd bdc Idt" (36) Sfl xufi't hien ciia trfio lUu cfi'p tifi'n nfiy da gflp phfin Ifim phong phu them phong trfio dfin tfic chu nghia eua ngUdi Malay von hinh thfinh mufin vfi khfing thyc sy manh mS so vdi mflt sfi" qufi'c gia khu vye Trong s l b a trfio lUu dupc dfin dfit bdi ba nhfim Uu tfl xa hpi Malaya thi dudng lfii dfiu tranh cua nhfim trf thflc cfi'p tiln Malay mang nhieu quan dilm cfich mang hdn ca Tfl thdi diem nfiy, cac quan diem ehfnh trj khfic ve tUdng lai eiia Malaya dfii ngfl tri thflc tre Malay bj chia thfinh hai phai: KMM vfi cfic nhflm ehinh tri cfip tiln cua nhflng ngUdi thupe tfing Idp dUdi phfin cfit vdi KMS va cac nhom chinh tri ciia gidi quy tpc than Anh KMM cfi ^ nghia quan trpng edn bdi mfit khfa canh khac, nfl dupc thdnh lap vi ly tudng chi khdng phdi ui sU cdn thiit phdi cd nhU to chic KMS Chinh vi le dd nen The chien II bung no, hfiu h i t eae to chflc eiia ngUdi Malay eae bang dfi'u lfin lUpt tan thi KMM lai nhanh ehdng cfi sU dilu chinh de roi lUa chpn eon dudng hpp tae vdi Nhflt, tilp tyc theo dufi'i myc tieu gifinh dfic lap ciia minh N h ^ xet - Cfl mfit sy chia se chung la cac phong trfio dan tfie eua ngUdi Indonesia vfi ngUdi Malay dfi'u bfit dfiu gfin nhu ddng thdi vdi qua trinh can thifip eiia thyc dfin phUdng Tfiy vao cac gia tri vfin hda-xa hpi ban dja Tuy nhifin, ngUdi Indonesia dd cd td'c trUdng thdnh vi y thic chinh tri vd cd hogt dgng mang tinh chinh tri sdm hdn, triet de hdn so vdi ngUdi Malaya Dilu nfiy dUdc cho Ifi phy thupe rfi't ldn vfio gidi lfinh dpo phong trfio Trong lanh dao phong trfio dfln tfie cua ngudi Malay cho din trUdc nfim 1937 chu yfi'u lfi nhUng tri thic thudc tdng ldp trin thi cflc nhfi lanh dpo ciia Indonesia phfin ldn lfi tfl tdng ldp trung lUu mdi hodc thdm chi ti ndng ddn (37), Vi khdng cfi sU thay doi tri^t dl trfit tu xa hdi d Malaya nfin qufin chung Malay, nhU thdi dpi cfl, nhin ehung vfin "vflng vflng" theo sau eflc nhfi lanh dpo cpng ddng Mot cfic nhfi lanh dpo cpng ddng khfing lya chpn efieh thflc phan dfii chfnh quyen, thi ngudi dfin Malay cung rfi't tin dfl lfi sU lua chpn sfing sudt NhQng vfin de nfiy hofin tofin doi Iflp vfii Indonesia: cac nhfl dfln tpc chii nghia cua Malaya sfle bao vfi cfiu true xa hfii phong kiln thi cac nhfi dfln tpe chu nghia cua Indonesia Ipi tim mpi each lanh dpo qufin chung thoat khdi trfit tu xa hfii cu Muc tifiu gidnh dgc lap eho dfit nudc dUpc to chflc SI dflt tfl rat sdm, vfi lufin lfi muc tifiu toi cao ciia tfl't ca cac phong trao dien sau du dUdi anh hudng cua trao lUu vfi san hay dfin chu tu san Trong dd, ddc Iflp dan tpe ehUa bao gid la moi quan tam sau sfic ciia ngUdi Malay, trfl phong trfio dfi'u tranh eua nhom tri thflc cfl'p tiln Malay bfit dfiu tfl nfim 1937 Tuy nhifin, chu trUdng chfnh tri ciia nhdm nfiy da khfing hfip dfln dUpc dfing dao ngUdi dfin Malay vdi tinh thfin truye'n thdng chl cha'p nhfln cai mfi efie nha lanh dao cpng ddng chfip nhfin - Vai trd cua ton giao-dao Hdi nfi'n chinh trj Malaya cflng rfi't khae so vdi d Indonesia O Indonesia, ndi dpo Hdi trd thflnh ed sd tflp hpp qufin chflng dfiu tranh chfi'ng chu nghia thflc dan, dUa dfi'n eho ngUdi Indonesia sfle mpnh gfin ke't xa hfii d Malaya, phai thfla nhfln rfing Hdi giao da lfi nhfln tfi md dudng cho chu nghia dfin R g h i e n curu Lich ailr stf 9.2012 '*" cua ngudi M a l a y n h U n g cfing v l s a u vai !o cua nd cflng cfing md n h p t hf trUdc 'nH bdi cfic S u l t a n M a l a y khfing cd ^ t u n g i h d n g t h y e dfin k h i mfi q u y l n lpi ciia hp i hf^i vdi q u y l n lpi ciaa t h u c dfln Thfl '>ni, dpo Hdi t r o n g xa hfii M a l a y a t r u y i n • jidng vfi'n d a thfla nhfin q u y l n Iflc ehfnh trj ''oc Ifip c u a mdi b a n g , dfi rfit khfi d l tpo d sd c h u n g cho t u t u d n g dofin k i t eiia N D T Hfii gifio Cufii cflng vfi c u n g lfi i[;uyfin nhfln q u a n t r p n g nhfit lfi flp Iflc oufl ldn vfi ngfly cfing ldn v l k i n h t l , ehfnh "i tfl phfa cfing d d n g ngUdi Hoa nhfip eU, 'rong hofin c o n h dd, t h a i dd ehfnh trj c u a ' (judi M a l a y da budc p h a i trd nfin t h i tyc ' d n t r o n g vifie t i m lfii thofit T u tudng 'Indonesia Raya"/"Malaya i U y a " duyc d l xufit trUdc h i t bdi nhflng s m h vifin I n d o n e s i a vfi M a l a y trUdng Dpi bpc A z h a r cfin cfl t r e n Iflp lufin: eU dfin ciia vflng Dfing A n t h u p e Hfi L a n vfl M a l a y a thupe A n h lfi m o t dfin tfic trfin n i n t a n g cung n h a u chia s e mfit ngfin ngfl vfl m p t tfin t^iao c h u n g (dpo Hdi), dfi nfin c h u n g song c i n g n h a u t r o n g m p t qudc gia d u y nhfit Trong k h i t u t u d n g Indonesia Raya duye cae s i n h vifin S I T C ehflo dfln n d n g n h i ^ t n g a y tfl nhflng nflm 1920 d a d $ t r a n h u cfiu h e n k i t vdi p h o n g trfio dfin tfic d a n g h i t sfle sfii dfing d I n d o n e s i a d l nhfin lfin sfle m p n h ciia m i n h , t h i p h a i d i n gfin 20 nflm s a u , khfii nifim " I n d o n e s i a R a y a " mdi t h y c s y p h i b i l n d D j a k a r t a Cfich h i n h d u n g v l ndi hfim c u a khfii nidm nfiy rfit khfic n h a u d mSi nfldc N l u q u a n d i l m e u a cfic sinh vidn S I T C v l " I n d o n e s i a Raya"/"Malaya R a y a " cd bfin d i n g nhfit vdi q u a n d i l m vdi ciia cfic s i n h vifin b Ai Cfip trfin khfa c p n h ddn tdc, vdn hda t h i cfic nhfi dfln tfic ehii n g h i a d I n d o n e s i a , nhflng ngfldi d a n g ehufin bj t i l n tdi n i n dfic Ifip, lpi nhfin m p n h khfa c p n h ldnh thd k h a i ni§m (38) S u k a r n o tfin thflnh dUa M a l a y a vfio Ifinh t h i I n d o n e s i a trfin cd sd: Thfl nhfit, bfin d a o M a l a y a c^u thflnh nfin t i n g t h i eua qufin d a o I n d o n e s i a ; Thfl h a i , nhfln dfin M a l a y a sfi t y c a m thfiy m i n h thufic v l dfln tdc I n d o n e s i a ; Thfl ba, a n n i n h ciia I n d o n e s i a sfi bj de dpa n l u k h d n g k i l m soat dupc ca h a i p h f a c u a eo b i l n Malacca N h u vfiy, t h e o eflch h i n h d u n g thfl nhfit, khfii n i | m " I n d o n e s i a R a y a " nhSn m a n h tfl t u d n g dofin k i t tofin t h i ngUdi M a l a y trfin qufin d a o d l tpo t h f i n h sfle m a n h t r o n g eupc dfiu t r a n h c h d n g chii n g h i a t h y c dfln Cdn t h e o efieh h i n h d u n g thfl h a i , khfii nifim " I n d o n e s i a R a y a " lpi nhfin m p n h sfle m p n h ciia qufi'c gia I n d o n e s i a dfic Ifip thfing qua sU rfing ldn v l mfit lfinh t h o vdi I n d o n e s i a Ifl t r u n g tflm eiia sfle m a n h I'y C>lLiTHiCH (1) Trutlng Dgi hgc KHXH&NV, IChoa Ljch s i Mi^l ch^ng dUirng nghiin ciiu lich ad (2001 - 2006), Nxb, Thlgi6i, Hfi N^i 2006, tr 832-851 (2), Clive J Christie, L}ch DUng Nam A hi^n rfpi, Nxb Chfnh trj Quffc gia, H i N$i, 2000, tr 23 (3) Xem them Nicholaa Tarling, Anglo - Dutch lUvalry in the Malay World, 1780-1824 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962 (4) TU tudng mdi ciia Kartini (1879-1004) A\i(fc ph&n finh qua nhiing bflc thu in Letters cf the Javanese Princess by Raden Adjeng Kartini, New York, 1920 (5) Akira Nagszumi, The Dawn of Indonesian Nationalism, Tokyo: Institute of Developing Economies, p 38; vfi Nicholaa Tarling (2004), National'um in Southeast Asia Routledge Curzon, Taylor & Francis, 1972, p 108 Phong trho dto t ^ A Indonesia (61 Thfii ki trU6c Th^ chifi^n II, thu^t ngfl "Qu£n dao An DO" dUflc sir dyng ii chi c&c khu vyc hai dao ciia Ddng Nam A Do d6, Indonesia t h u ^ Hfi Lan d u ^ ggi lfi vilng Ddng An thu^c Hfi Lan (Netherlands East India) Thuflt ngO Indonesia" chi thyc sy dugc diUng m^t cich ph6 bie'n tfl khoang giQa thflp ni€n 1920 trd di (7) D5n theo Akira Nagazumi, sdd, p 89, (8) Nicholas Tarling, sdd, p,109-110 (9) Vl hogt d^ng cua tfl' chflc Muhammadiyah xem them Harry Benda The Crescent and the Rising Sun: Indonesian Islam under the Japanese Occupation, The Hague and Bandung: W van Hoeve, 1958, pp 64-55 (10) D.G.E Hall Lich sH Ddng Nam A Nxb Chfnh tri Quoc gia, Hfi N^i, 1997, tr 1076 (11) D6n theo D5 Thanh Binh, "Cfic duSng cflu nfldc dfl'u tranh giai ph6ng dan t ^ d m^t so nudc chau A" in Vu DflOng Ninh (cb) M^t so chuyin di Lich sd Thi gidi, Nxb D91 hgc Quoc gia, HSN^i, 2001, tr 504 (12), L Suryadinata, Interpreting Indonesian Politics Singapore: Times-Academic, 1998, p.52 (13) Nilm 1930, tfi't c i cac t^ chflc Jong Java, Jong Sumatra, Jong Celebes ciing t$p hgp To chiic Thank niin Indonesia (Jong Indonesia hay Young Indonesia) Theo Harry Benda (1958), Tldd pp 54-55 (14) C.L.M Fenders (1974), The Life and Times of Sukarno London: Sidgwick and Jackson, p 35 (15) Sau nfiy Sukarno dfl mo hinh h6a tfl tfldng Marhaenism dfldi dgng nguySn tfic Pancasila: thShg nhfi't dfin t§c, c6ng bSng xa h^i, din chii, n h i n d i n vfi tin d Thugng d^ (16) D61 vdi ngfl&i H i Lan, c6 IS nhfin thi'y nhilu flu dilm ciia tiing Malay cung nhfl tfnh ti§n di^g cua n6 n i n hg d i sfl d\ing tiing Malay nhfl l i ngSn ngfl h i n h chfnh thfl hai; Ngfldi Hoa vfi phin ldn ngudi lai Au-A, khoang tfl d4u t h i ki XX, cung dfing n6 hoat d$ng thfldng mai; Bfio chi ban dja h i u nhu chi siJI dyng ngfln ngfl Malay (khoang 200 td bio cho din nflm 1925) (17) Clive J Christie, Tldd, tr 36 (18) Xem Khoo Kay Kim, "Before Pasir Salak", Journal of the Historical Society, VII, University of Malaya, 1968/69, pp 40-52 (19) David Joel Steinberg, David P Chandler, Alexander Woodside, In Search of Southeast Asia 1971, p, 336 (20) Nhitng nghiin cflu vl chu nghia din tgc Malaya nhin chung c6 hai cich tilp cin v i 1;^ giai: Mflt li cfich phfin chia thinh giai do^n phat tri^n: (i) giai do^n di'u tranh tdn giao (1906 1926); (ii) giai do^n di'u tranh vl cic m\ic tiiu kinh t l x i hfli (1926 - 1937); (iii) giai doan di'u tranh chfnh tri (1937 - 1948) Hai li each phfin chia theo nh6m cic nhi linh dao phong trio l i san ph^m cua ba dong giao dye khac nhau, d^t di^n cho ba dfldng loi dfi'u tranh Dfiy cung 15 quan diem m i tfic gia bfii vilt lya ehgn (21) Xem them W R RoEf, ^ndonesian and Malay Students in Cairo in the 1920'B." Indoneaia, No 9,1970, pp 73-88 (22) David Joel Steinberg, Tldd, p 325 (23), Abdullah T "What is The Meaning of Freedom?", Seruan Azhar, December, 1926 (24) Cuflc dilu tra dfin stf nfim 1921 cho thfi'y thinh phin d i n so d Malaya (bao gom ca Singapore) theo chung t$c nhfl sau (ddn vj: nghin ngfldi): Ngfldi Malay: 1.696 (54%), ngudi Hoa: 856 (29,4%), ngfldi An 439 (15,1%) Theo Gordon P Means (1970), Malaysian Politics, University of London Press, p 12 (25) Theo Andaya B W, Andaya L i', n History of Malaysia, Macmilan Press Ltd, London, 1982, p 252 (26) Vfio thdi dilm nfim 1921, chi c6 10% cfl d i n thinh thj trin tofin ban dao li ngfldi Malay, tflOng dfldng vdi khoang bo^c 5% tdng aS ngfldi Malay, ngfldi Hoa chilm da eS fip dao d tlTt ca cfic 52 khu da th) ldn v i b6 (Theo David Joel Steinberg,., (1971)Tldd, p 336), (27), Trfldc dflgc b i u vio Hfli dflng Lflp phfip Khu djnh cfl Eo bi^n, Mohamad Yunos Bin Abdullah d i dflgc bd* nhi|m vio Hfli d6ng thfinh phfi* tfl nim 1922, (28) Sinh viln Malay Cairo khflng thyc sy dflng dao, chi cd 27 ngfldi vio nim 1925 trin t^ng stf khoing 80 sinh viin Malay dtfn tfl trUdc dfl v i khoang 200 einh viin Indonesia, Hdu htft cfic sinh viln diu rfi't hing h i i tham gta sinh ho^t cfic nhdm cai cfich Hdi gifio hofic cfic ttf chflc chfnh trjxfi hfli ciia ngfldi Ai Cfip Din theo William R, RofT, The Origins of Malay Nationalism, Second Edition, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University ProBs, 1994, p,88] (29), (30) Trin trang bia stf cua Seruan Azhar (thfing 10-1925) dflgc trang trf qua dja ciu, dd Ding Nam i d vj trf trung tfim v i cic lanh thd Indonesia thuflc H i Lan v i Malaya thuflc Anh bj t i miu den, dgc theo hinh anh dd lfi ddng chQ' "Thigitfi thing nhdt ciia nhdn ddn yiu qui cua chung ta" T h e united world of our beloved people" Din theo W Roff, Tldd, p.77, 73 (31) Yong Mun Cheong, "Indonesia Influence on the Development of Malay Nationalism, 192238" Journal of Historical Society 1970 pp 1-11 (32) Ba ttf chflc niy dugc cho lfi ban aao cua cfic ttf chflc niin d Indonesia nhfl Jong Java (Jong tflc Young), Jong Sumatra, Jong Celebes (33) Ibrahim Yaacob sinh n i m 1911 t^i Pahang Sau hgc h i t giio dye tilu hgc b m^t trfldng lfing flng vio SITC nim 1929, Trong thdi gian hgc t$p d trfldng, kl ca sau ttft nghidp, flng lu8n dflng vai trd li ngfldi Thii Hnh ciia cfic phong trio sinh viin Nfim 1931 sau ttft nghidp, flng lim gifio viin d Bentong, Pahang m^t thdi gian dtfn n i m 1937, flng chuyin sang dgiy Trfldng dio t^o canh s i t (Police Depot School) d Kuala Lumpur Tfl n i m 1939, flng bd R g h t a n cllru Ljch siSr stf 9.2012 nghi dpy hgc v i trd t h i n h n h i bio chuyfin nghidp Ong vilt rtft nhilu bii bfio cho cfic bfio ciia ngfldi Malay nhfl Majelis v i Warta Malaya Liin quan dtfn viflc thfinh l^p ba ttf chflc sinh vifin d SITC, Ibrahim khing djnh, flng vfi nhflng sinh viin khic d SITC chju anh hfldng mpnh mfi bdi Ldi thi cua Thanh niin Indoneaia U mAt Ti chtJtc Thanh niin Indonesia (Jong Indonesia hay Young Indonesia) dflgc dfing trin mflt td bfio bing uIng Indonesia {Peraatuan Indonesia) vio n i m 1928, Theo Cheah (1974), Tldd p.90 v i chu thfch atf 17 (34) Khfil ni^m "Indonesia Raya" dflgc ngudi Indonesia sii dgng phtf biln ngfldi Malay lfi thfch ail di/ng khfii nifm "Malaya Raya' diu vdi cOng mflt y nghia li mflt qu6c gia md rpng gtfm bin dao Malaya, vflng Borneo, Sumatra, Java vfi cfic dao ciia Indonesia Vdi nhiing ngfldi Malay chju anh hfldng m^nh mi tfl Indonesia nhfl Ibahim Yaacob lpi hay sfl di^ng khfii ni^m "Indonesia Raya' ho$c cflng mflt luc sfl dyng ca hai khfii ni^m thay thtf cho (35) Dfin theo Soda Naoki, "Indigenizmg Colonial Knowledge The Formation of Pan-Malay Identity in British Malaya" A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor, Kyoto University, 2008, pp 149-160 (36), William Roff, Tldd p 232 (37) R.V Niel "Development of the Indonesian Elite in the Early Twentieth Century", A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor, Cornell University, 19S4, p 322 (38), Dilu niy dfldc nhin thi'y ro chu trfldng cua Muhammad Yamin, mflt nhflng ngfldi Indonesia nhiflt huytft nhi't vdi d l xui't Indonesia Raya: Nhfi nUdc mdi n i n dong nhfi't vdi Ttf qutfc Indonesia mfi l i n h thtf cua nd da dfldc xfic djnh tfl n h i nfldc Madjapahit thtf ki XIV bao gtfm Sumatra, Java, Madura, Lesser Sundas, Borneo, Celebes, Moluccas, b i n dao Malaya, Timor v i Papua Din theo Angus Mclntyre, Tldd, p 81