NHUNG LOI iCH CUA NHA MINH TRONG H | T H O N G TRIEU C O N G (QUR TRirdNG HOP DM VifT WJ M^TS^NWdfC D6NG NRM d KH6C) NGUYEN THJ KIEU TRANG' h% sftch phong, tridu cdng Ift Quan mdt hinh thQe dfte bi^t cua quan h§ bang giao giQa Trung Qudc vft cac nUdc lang gidng thdi phong kidn Trong dd, cae vUdng tridu Trung Qude vdi Uu thd vd kinh td, chfnh tri, quan sU, van hda, tU eho minh 1ft "Thien tridu, ThUdng qudc", cd quydn phong tude cho vua cftc nude nhd NgUde lai, de dUde phong vUdng, di thidt Iftp va tri quan h§ vdi Trung Qude, vua eae nQdc nfty phai edu phong vft phai thQe thi cac nghia vu vdi "thien trieu", ma nghia vu quan nha't la phai trieu cdng theo dinh ki Sach phong, trieu cdng ddn ddn trd md thQe chu ydu quan hg giQa Trung Qudc vdi cae nQdc Iftng gidng sudt thdi phong kidn Mo thQe xudt hipn tQ thdi Tay Hftn, khdng ngUng dQpe md rpng thftnh he thdng va tdi thdi Minh (1368-1644) thi dat tdi dinh diem cua sU phat tridn H§ thdng trieu cdng nfty dUpe xfty dQng, trJ va phat trien dUa tren nhidu ed sd, nhUng cd sd co't loi 1ft ldi ich Tuy nhign, danh gift vd tUdng quan Ipi fch, nhidu hpe gia nhU J.KFairbank, S.Y.Teng, Chiang T'ing Fu, Cat Kiem HQng ddu eho rftng phfa dupe ldi la cae nUde trieu cdng chQ khdng phai Trung Qudc Nghi&n cQu quan hd sftch phong, tridu cdng giQa nha Minh vdi Dai Vi$t va nhidu nude Ddng Nam A khae nhu Chftmpa, Ayuthaya, Malacca, Java, chiing tdi th^y nh^n xdt trSn khdng phQ hpp Cd thi, ddi vdi mdt sd nude b xa thi luc ddu nha Minh phai tftng quft hau hinh, chju ton k6m hdn dd mua chupe, loi kdo hp thidt Iftp quan h§ Tuy v^y, quan h% cua nhft Minh vdi cac nude chi tdn tai mot thdi gian ngftn Trong dd, quan h$ sftch phong, tridu cdng giQa nhft Minh vdi Dai Vi§t va cftc nude Iftng gidng gdn gui cua Trung Qudc b Ddng Nam A dupe t n rft^t lau dfti Vft'n dd b dky ehi c6 thd Ift Ipi fch Ro rang la ndu Ipi fch tdng thd cua "thien tridu" mft nho hdn ldi ieh cua "ehU hdu" thi quan h$ nfty khdng the tdn tai nhidu thd ki dupe Tren quan didm dd, bfti vidt mong mud'n phftn tfch ro hdn nhQng Ipi ich chfnh trj, kinh td ed ban cua nhft Minh h§ thdng tridu cd'ng (qua trUdng hdp Dai Vi$t va mdt sd nude Ddng Nam A khac) dd ly giai vi nhft Minh dac bi§t quan tftm tdi vi^c xfty dUng, t n vft phat tridn h% thd'ng tridu cdng Nftm 1368, nha Minh dUdc thftnh lap sau dftnh bai trieu Nguyen bing mdt • ThS Khoa Lich sQ • TrUdng Dai hoc Su ph^m Hft N$i RhOTig loi ieh ciia nha gfinh cudc khdi nghia ndng dan ldn Ngay sau len ngoi hoftng dd, Minh Thai To Chu Nguy§n ChUdng (1368-1398) da sdm quan tftm tdi viec khdi phue h% thd'ng tridu cd'ng cu tQng bi dQt doan d cud'i thdi Nguyen Cac hoang dd kd tidp, dac bigt la Minh Thftnh To Chu Dg (1402-1424) da cd nhQng quydt sach ldn d l md rong hS tho'ng Do dae diem cua hoftn canh lich s i , D^i Vidt va eae nQdc Dong Nam A khfte da thu hiit sU quan tam hang ddu cua eae hoang dd Minh J.K.Fairbank va S.Y.Teng cdng trinh "On The Ch'ing Tributary System" (Vd hg tho'ng tridu cdng cua nha Thanh) cho rftng: eai de tri si^ ton tai lau dai cua h§ thdng tridu cd'ng ehfnh la sU kdt hdp chat che giQa nhu edu kinh td vft cftc dpng ed chfnh tri cua ca hai phfa Dudng nhu la khdng thd d thdi didm dd de tao mdt thQ tdng quftt hdn: h§ thd'ng tridu cdng 1ft efti khung (ed eft'u) ndi tft't ea cftc ldi fch, ca ca nhan va tridu dinh, kinh td va xa hpi, ddu tim dupe sil bidu dat ciia minh (6) ViSc khdi phuc, phat trien quan h$ sach phong, tridu cd'ng eua nha Minh vdi Dai Vi§t vft cftc nUdc Ddng Nam A khftc khdng phai la xua't phftt tQ muc di'eh "chiSu phu dan coi ngoai" vi "long nhftn", dd cho "cftc da't xa xdi cung ddu dupe an ninh" (1), eang khdng phai vi "thd theo long trdi de thUdng dan" (2), hay d l cho "vftn hda (Trung Hoa) phd cap bd'n coi" (3) qua dd ma "giao hda Man Di" nhU tuyen bd eua cftc hoftng de Minh Nhu cau xae lap vft phat trien quan he tong ehu • chQ hdu, nhu cdu tri cac nUdc xung quanh b tinh trang "vinh vien lam phien thupe" (4), phai cdu phong va tridu cong Trung Qud'c la xuft't phftt tU ehfnh eae ldi fch eua Trung Qudc Vdn di nky da dUdc mpt sd hpe gia phan tich eae eong trinh nghien cQu cua minh Trong luan ftn tidn si "Nghign cQu moi quan h$ giQa Minh tridu vft An Nam" (Dai hoc Ky Nam, Quang Ddng, 2005), bftn luftn ve nhQng thieu sdt eac cdng trinh nghign cQu lich sQ quan he Trung Viet cua cac hoc gia Trung Qudc, Trdn Vftn Nguyen da cd mdt nhan xdt ra't dang ehu y Tac gia luftn ftn vidt: Ta Ngpc Lien tac ph^m "Quan h$ giQa Viet Nam va Trung Qude the ky XV ddu the ky XVT' vidt: "Phong vUdng dd giQ la'y quan h@ giQa "thi§n tridu" va "chu phiSn" la mpt nhu edu thidt than vd ldi ich chinh tri, kinh td cua Trung Qude Trung Qudc khdng bao gid mud'n de quan h$ vdi eae nQdc xung quanh bj c^t dQt, ca ddi vdi Vi§t Nam, mdt nUdc tudng nhU bj Trung Qud'c c6t ehftt nhft't thd'ng cac nude thdn phue" (5) "Khi thao luan va'n de ckc nUde xung quanh tridu cd'ng Trung Qudc, kha nhidu hoc gia chQa the thodt khdi Id'i mdn tu cua nude ldn phong kidn, tuyen truydn thai qua vd vai trd cua "dQe hda" va muc dich ciia "mp hda" ThUe ra, ldi fch la cd sd cac mdi quan he cua dft't nUde Dinh luftt nfty khdng chi thich Qng vdi thdi dai ngfty nay, mft nd eung thieh hdp vdi ea thdi cd dai TQ su thQe lieh sii cho thft'y, efti gpi 1ft nen ngoai giao ddc hda thi chi ed d thdi dau tridu Minh la tUdng ddi ro ret, muc dich cua nd la nh^m ed dupe sU thQa nhan cua cftc nUdc xung quanh, nh^m thda mftn efti hu vinh "vua cua chung thign ha" Ke tQ giQa ddi Minh trd ve sau, sU an toan eua tridu Minh trd ydu td hang ddu xem xdt eae mdi quan h^ dd'i ngoai Khi hoach dinh chfnh sftch ddi ngoai, didu mft si dai phu ddi Minh suy nghi trUdc tien 1ft an toan vft Ipi fch cua tridu Minh Trong phdn ldn cae tinh hudng, "dQc hda" ludn Rghian cihi Ljch siSr atf 10.2012 mudn nhudng vi trf cho Ipi fch dd dQng d vj trf thQ ydu Thd nhUng efte nhft nghign cQu nude ta hi^n thudng xem nhp didm Hp thudng ddn ginn liidu rang mljt sd chfnh sach Uu dai ciia Trung Qude thdi ed d^i 1ft "dUc hda" (7) nhft Nguygn, l$p nUdc D^i Minh nh^m vftn ddng, Ifii kdo efte nUde thidt Iftp quan h0 vft tridu cdng nhft Minh Dfty c6 16 Ift thdng bao quan trpng nhft't ciia nhft Minh v6i cftc nUdc Iftng gidng, nhfl't 16 cftc nUde b Ddng Nam A Chidu dy eua Minh Thai Td Chu Nguygn Cd 16 dfty la mdt ft nhQng L; tCr vl 11 "lifiin nfiOi" Sun v(l[ d;a phuung San vfll d|a phirong Ctfng sin vii ii'\» phiiong nhimg nh^ Minh khOng nhan vl mAu thu3n bi£n gi(h C6ne IS ngufri bi haaa Ctfnc 25 nEirJri bi hoan 50 lans vine, 300 lang bac, 30 itfm quyftn mam vinE Cdng voi D d u ^ g n n n i b ^ g vkig,bacg6m33[hiic(^g 19ngudJb]hoan Cau, trSu, mi'l, chuO'i lifiu (giflng cay trdng) Cdng voi, chin udng ruCTu bang v ^ g San vat dia phuong vi 66 udng rtrou hdng ving, bac (Sii d o ^ mdi l6i Quang TSy ihi phai quay v^ vi khOng Iheo diing Ifi cdng) Cdng ngtfa vi san vM dia phirong Cdng san vai d|a phuong nhimg nhh Minh khuSc t£t vi cd viftc "soin doal, gifi'l vua" nam 1388 Cdng voi 20 19/3/1396 D i o Tohn Kim, Nguyin ftig Long San vat dia phuong (Ngudn: Minh Thifc life Quan h( Trung Qudc-Vifl Nam th/kp XtV-X/II {Hd B^ch TTiio djch vi chd thfch), Tflp N)(b Hi Ndi 2010, tr 125, 126, 142, 143, 145, 153, 157,160,161, 163,165,167,168, 170, 173, 174, 175, 176 179, 183) "hda than" vdi Hung No b^ng each tftng eho eac Thien Vu (vua Hung Nd) nhflng le vat rft't hftu hinh, thftm ehf phai ga "eong ehua" eho vua Hung Nd dd ddi lai viee hp khdng ta'n cdng, cUdp pha Trung Qude Hay vao diu t h d k y XV, Minh Thanh To Chu Dg da nhidu ldn phfti Trinh Hda edm ddu mot ham dpi ldn, mang theo nhidu vang, bac, td lua, gft^m, sa, vai vde va nhidu hang hda gift tri khfte ban thudng cho cftc qude vUdng d chdp khft ti mi eae thU tich cd Trung Qudc vft Viet Nam cho thft'y trieu Minh thu dupe nhQng ldi ich vftt chft't dang kd quan hS sach phong, tridu cd'ng vdi Dai Vigt va eae nUdc khftc Theo eae ghi chgp Minh thitc luc, ehi thdi ki tri vi eua Chu Nguyen ChUdng (1368-1398) da ed tdi 20 sQ doan Dai Viet sang tridu cong nhft Minh Bang thdng ke cho bie't tan suft't cdng vft sdlUdng cdng ph^m cu thd rtgiiieii cuu HIKM au Minh thiic luc khdng thdng kg "san v$t dia phUdng" ma D^i Vi^t thUdng xuydn cd'ng cho nhft Minh lft gl, nhUng ehdc chftn dfiy la nhQng san v§t rft't ed gift trj vft quf hig'm d Trung Qudc nhU trdm hUdng, ngft voi, sQng tg giftc Khi nhfin d6 cdng nhft Minh cQng ludn c6 vftt phdm tang lai Qua t^ng cua nhft Minh thudng lft: lua, gft'm, y phuc, vai bd, vai nhung, doan vft sa, tidn gift'y, b^c ndn tQc hdu hdt 16 cftc san phft'm thu cdng eua Trung Qude Thdng kg tQ Minh thde luc cho tha'y dudi thdi Chu NguySn ChUdng, nha Minh dfi tfing l^i eho phfa Dai Vi^t: lua (12 ldn), tidn gifi'y (9 ldn), b^c n6n (3 lin) Bang eho thfi'y cdng phdm cua Dai Vidt kha phong phd va ed gift trj eao Chfnh Chu Nguyen ChQdng tidp sQ gia Dai Vi^t vfto nam 1389 cung ndi "d6 cdng phdn nhidu quft xa xi" (23) Cd le Chu Nguyen ChUdng mud'n ndi tdi cdng phdm eua ldn Cd'ng trUdc dd cua Dai Vidt, dd, nftm 1384 cdng mftm (b^ng) vang, thang nam 1387 cdng dd uo'ng rUpu bang vang, bgic gdm 33 thQ, thang nftm 1387 lai cdng chgn udng rUpu bftng vftng So sftnh vdi eong phdm cua Dai Vidt thi qua tang lai eiia tridu Mmh ft, nhidu ldn tridu Minh chu ydu chi diing tidn gia'y de ban thudng cac thu tjch ed cua Vigt Nam eung eung ca'p mpt sd tu ligu vd sd* lUpng vft gift trj cd'ng phdm eua Dai Vidt cho nhft Minh Theo "Dai Vipt s i ki toftn thU" thi sau binh dinh dupe thien h^ (nftm 1427), Lg L