THE PASSIVE VOICE * Thể chủ động (active voice) là cách đặt câu mà chủ từ đóng vai trò chủ động. - Mr. Brown wrote the report yesterday. - He has already finished his homework. * Thể thụ động (passive voice) là cách đặt câu mà chủ từ đóng vai trò bò động. - That house was built 100 years ago. - Those windows are painted blue.  Passive sentence : S + be + past participle 1/ Hãy quan sát ví dụ sau : * Active : Tom broke the chair yesterday. S V O * Passive : The chair was broken by Tom yesterday. S be + P.P by doer 2/ Ghi nhớ: Cách đổi một câu từ active sang passive : * Lấy túc từ (O) trong câu chủ động xuống làm chủ từ (S) trong câu thụ động. * Nhận xét xem động từ chia trong câu chủ động ở thì nào, ta chia TO BE ở thì đó ro i viết động từ chínhà ở dạng quá khứ phân từ (p.p). * Lấy chủ từ (S) trong câu chủ động xuống làm doer trong câu thụ động, nhớ viết BY ngay đằng trước.* Trạng từ giữ nguyên không đổi và thường đặt cuối câu (nếu là trạng từ chỉ thời gian). 3/ Một vài ví dụ khác : + (a) simple present : [Subject+ am / is / are + P.P ] - Mr.Green teaches history.  History is taught by Mr.Green. + (b) present perfect : [ S + has / have + been + p.p ] - He has just done his homework.  His homework has just been done by him. + (c) present continuous : [ S + am / is / are / + being + p.p] - She is cleaning the windows.  The windows are being cleaned by her. + (d) simple past : [ S + was / were + p.p] - The boss sacked ten workers.  Ten workers were sacked by the boss. + (e) past perfect : [ S + had been + p.p] - Mary had written the letter.  The letter had been written by Mary. + (f) Past continuous : [ S + was / were + being + p.p] - The police were questioning Tom.  Tom was being questioned by the police. + (g) simple future: [ S + will / shall + be + p.p] - John will deliver the letter.  The letter will be delivered by John. + (h) Modal verbs : [ S + must / can / may … + be + p.p] - He must do it right now.  It must be done by him right now. + (i) special structures : [ S + is / are going to + be + p.p] - The engineers are going to build the bridge.  The bridge is going to be built by the engineers. (… còn áp dụng với các cấu trúc khác như : have to, had to, used to, ought to …) + (j) 2 objects : - They gave me a present yesterday.  I was given a present yesterday(by them).  A present was given to me yesterday(by them). (Nếu sau BY là them / people / someone / somebody…ta có thể bỏ đi) + (k) perception verb with bare infinitive : [ S + be … p.p + to inf ] - I never hear him shout at his children.  He is never heard to shout at his children. + (l) perception verb with present partciple : [ S + be … p.p + V-ing ] - I saw the boy coming into the room.  The boy was seen coming into the room. + (m) With …make… : [ S + be … made + to inf ] - They made me do it. Truong Huu Huong – Lao Bao High School 1  I was made to do it. + (n) With …let… : [ S + be … let + bare inf ] - They let him do it.  He was let do it. + (o) With …begin or start…: [ S + begin / start + to be + p.p ] - They began to build the house in 1980.  The house began to be built in 1980. + (p) With …say, report, rumour……: - People say that prevention is better than cure.  It is said that prevention is better than cure.  Prevention is said to be better than cure. (…cách đổi này được áp dụng cho các động từ như: SAY, REPORT, THINK, BELIEVE, RUMOUR…) + (q) câu mệnh lệnh : [ Let + O + be … p.p ] - Open the door, please.  Let the door be opened, please. EXERCISE I : Supply the correct tense and voice. 1/ Everyone (shock) … was shocked … by the news yesterday. 2/ Almost everyone (enjoy)… enjoyed … the lecture last night. 3/ English (speak) _________ all over the world. 4/ A terrible accident (happen) _________ right here at 6 o’clock last night. 5/ Mr. Smith (teach) _________ at this university since 1985. 6/ Not much (say) _________ about the matter since last week. 7/ He (borrow) _________ the money from her two weeks ago. 8/ A new textbook (publish) _________ by that company next year.9/ Everything (go) _________ well so far. There (be) _________ no trouble yet.10/ Who the book (write) _________ by ? 11/ Think carefully. I’m sure you (remember) _________ his name. 12/ The report (examine) _________ now. EXERCISE II : Turn into the passive voice. 1/ He is running his own restaurant.- ______________________________________________________ 2/ The secretary opens the mails every morning. - ______________________________________________________ 3/ The teacher doesn’t allow me to take the seat by the window. - ______________________________________________________ 4/ Tom’s absence worried his mother. - ______________________________________________________ 5/ They are building a new school in this town. - ______________________________________________________ 6/ You should finish the report right now. - ______________________________________________________ 7/ We shall discuss the matter in the afternoon. - ______________________________________________________ 8/ Are you going to post this letter ? - ______________________________________________________ 9/ He has to pay the bills before the fifth of the month. - ______________________________________________________ 10/ No one has opened that box for the past hundred years. - ______________________________________________________ 11/ The boy screamed while the dentist was pulling out one of his teeth. - ______________________________________________________ 12/ The enemy used to attack the bay. - ______________________________________________________ 13/ The fire has destroyed many houses. - ______________________________________________________ 14/ The children are carrying the chairs into the house. - ______________________________________________________ 15/ They awarded him the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1946. - ______________________________________________________ 16/ We saw him leave the office at 6 o’clock this morning. - ______________________________________________________ 17/ My parents didn’t let me go to school this morning because I was ill. - ______________________________________________________ 18/ You ought to water these plants once a week. Truong Huu Huong – Lao Bao High School 2 - ______________________________________________________ 19/ People saw her driving a car near the bridge. - ______________________________________________________ 20/ They said that he was the richest man in the town. - ______________________________________________________ 21/ Scientists began to carry out researches on AIDS in 1981. - ______________________________________________________ 22/ The boy knew that they were praising him. - ______________________________________________________ 23/ Everybody believed that he had died of lung cancer. - ______________________________________________________ 24/ They hadn’t built the bridge when we first came here. - ______________________________________________________ 25/ I can assure you that I will arrange everything in time. - ______________________________________________________ EXERCISE III : Change to the active voice. 1/ Progress in science is being made day after day. - ______________________________________________________ 2/ The palace was designed by a French architect. - ______________________________________________________ 3/ The road in front of my house has been paved. - ______________________________________________________ 4/ You can see that the dishes haven’t been washed. - ______________________________________________________ 5/ Our salaries will not be increased this year. - ______________________________________________________ 6/ Wasn’t that theatre built two years ago ? - ______________________________________________________ 7/ The problem may be discussed again. - ______________________________________________________ 8/ My brother has been offered a well-paid job. - ______________________________________________________ 9/ It is reported that the war started again in South America. - ______________________________________________________ 10/ I was told that I was going to be appointed manager of this company. - ______________________________________________________ EXERCISE IV : Rewrite the following sentences. 1/ People don’t learn a foreign language in a short time. - ______________________________________________________ 2/ Did anyone ask any questions about me ? - ______________________________________________________ 3/ Henry wrote that book years ago, didn’t he ? - _____________________________________________________ 4/ I wasn’t introduced to any of the guests. - ______________________________________________________ 5/ What sort of research are they doing in the laborotary ? - ______________________________________________________ 6/ You should place matches out of reach of children. - ______________________________________________________ 7/ People say that inflation is getting out of control. - ______________________________________________________ 8/ We’ll have finished all the work by the weekend. - ______________________________________________________ 9/ I heard her singing very beautifully. - ______________________________________________________ 10/ Scientists started discovering the universe thousands of years ago. - ______________________________________________________ 11/ Nothing can be gained without effort. - ______________________________________________________ 12/ The robbers forced the bank manager to hand over the money. - ______________________________________________________ Truong Huu Huong – Lao Bao High School 3 13/ They let us go. - ______________________________________________________ 14/ The police stopped Tom on the highway and made him show his I.D card. - ______________________________________________________ 15/ Write your address on the back of the cheque. - ______________________________________________________ 16/ Where did your child find the keys ? - ______________________________________________________ 17/ Some people think he is a dangerous criminal. - ______________________________________________________ 18/ They will have to sign these documents. - ______________________________________________________ 19/ The workers are going to pull down that old building. - ______________________________________________________ 20/ No one told me the truth. - ______________________________________________________ EXERCISE V : More exercises on Passive voice. 1. Yes - No questions : a. Do they teach English here ? - ___________________________________________________ b. Will you invite her to your wedding party ? - ___________________________________________________ c. Did the teacher give some exercises ? - ___________________________________________________ d. Is she going to write poem ? - ___________________________________________________ e. Have they changed the window of the laboratory ? - ___________________________________________________ f. Is she making big cakes for the party ? - ___________________________________________________ g. Has Tom finished the work ? - ___________________________________________________ h. Are the police making inquires about the thief. - ___________________________________________________ i. Must we finish the test before ten ? - ___________________________________________________ j. Will buses bring the children home ? - ___________________________________________________ 2. Wh - questions : a. Why didn’t they help him ? - ___________________________________________________ Truong Huu Huong – Lao Bao High School 4 b. How many games has the team played ? - ___________________________________________________ c. Where do people speak English ? - ___________________________________________________ d. Who are they keeping in the kitchen ? - ___________________________________________________ e. How can they open this safe ? - ___________________________________________________ f. What books are people reading this year ? - ___________________________________________________ g. How did the police find the lost man ? - ___________________________________________________ h. Who looked after the children for you ? - ___________________________________________________ i. How long have they waited for the doctor ? - ___________________________________________________ j. What time can the boys hand in their papers ? - ___________________________________________________ 3. Sentences with two Objects : a. The teacher gave each of us two exercise books. - ___________________________________________________ b. Someone will tell him that news. - ___________________________________________________ c. They had sent enough money to these poor boys. - ___________________________________________________ d. They have given the women in most countries in the world the right to vote. - ___________________________________________________ e. They paid me a lot of money to do the job. - ___________________________________________________ 4. Sentences with verb of reporting : a. People believe that 13 is an unlucky number. - ___________________________________________________ b. They rumoured that man was still living. - ___________________________________________________ c. They declared that she won the competition. - ___________________________________________________ d. They know that English is an international language. - ___________________________________________________ e. People think that Jack London’s life and writings represent the American love of adventure. - ___________________________________________________ f. They say that John is the brightest student in class. - ___________________________________________________ Truong Huu Huong – Lao Bao High School 5 g. They reported that the President had suffered a heart attack. - ___________________________________________________ h. They think that he has died a natural death. - ___________________________________________________ i. They reported that the troops were coming. - ___________________________________________________ j. People believed that the earth stood still. - ___________________________________________________ 5. Sentences with verbs “Continue and Begin“ : a. We’ll continue to use this computer. - ___________________________________________________ b. They began to plant rubber trees in big plantations. - ___________________________________________________ c. People can continue to enjoy natural resources. - ___________________________________________________ d. People will continue to drink Coca - Cola in the 21 st century. - ___________________________________________________ e. American people begin to love football. - ___________________________________________________ 6. Sentences with Phrasal verbs : a. They gave up the research after three hours. - ___________________________________________________ b. Someone should look into the matter. - ___________________________________________________ c. Don’t speak until someone speaks to you. - ___________________________________________________ d. A neighbour is looking after the children. - ___________________________________________________ e. Your story brings back pleasant memories. - ___________________________________________________ 7. Sentences with verbs of Perception : a. I have heard her sing this song several times. - ___________________________________________________ b. People saw him steal your car. - ___________________________________________________ c. The teacher is watching them work. - ___________________________________________________ d. He won’t let you do that silly thing again. - ___________________________________________________ e. People don’t make the children work hard. - ___________________________________________________ Truong Huu Huong – Lao Bao High School 6 f. They made him work all day. - ___________________________________________________ g. The detective saw the woman putting the jewelry in her bag. - ___________________________________________________ h. The terrorists made the hostages lie down. - ___________________________________________________ i. Police advise drivers to use an alternative route. - ___________________________________________________ j. She helps me to do all these difficult exercises. - ___________________________________________________ 8. Sentences of order : a. Open your book. - ___________________________________________________ b. Take off your hat. - ___________________________________________________ c. Don’t do that silly thing again. - ___________________________________________________ d. Let’s tell them about it. - ___________________________________________________ e. Don’t let the other see you. - ___________________________________________________ 9. Sentences with Advise, Beg, Order, Urge, Agree, Decide, .“ : a. She advised me to sell that house. - ___________________________________________________ b. They begged us to help them. - ___________________________________________________ c. He orders us to clean the floor. - ___________________________________________________ d. He recommends me to do the job. - ___________________________________________________ e. She urges him to visit her parents as soon as possible. - ___________________________________________________ 10. Some special sentences : a. It is dangerous for us to take the short cut. - ___________________________________________________ b. You need to have your hair cut. - ___________________________________________________ c. Smoke filled the room. - ___________________________________________________ d. You must see it to believe it. - ___________________________________________________ e. He wants someone to take some photographs. Truong Huu Huong – Lao Bao High School 7 - ___________________________________________________ f. He likes people to call him “Sir”. - ___________________________________________________ g. It’s your duty to do this work. - ___________________________________________________ h. We enjoy writing letters. - ___________________________________________________ i. Nobody has slept in this room for long time. - ___________________________________________________ j. You ordered me about and I was tired of it. - ___________________________________________________ Truong Huu Huong – Lao Bao High School 8 . yesterday. 2/ Almost everyone (enjoy)… enjoyed … the lecture last night. 3/ English (speak) _________ all over the world. 4/ A terrible accident (happen). _________ by ? 11/ Think carefully. I’m sure you (remember) _________ his name. 12/ The report (examine) _________ now. EXERCISE II : Turn into the passive