HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION  Report: RENEWABLE ENERGY (Subject: ENGLISH FOR THERMAL ENGINEERING) Instrustor: Ph.D ThanhTrung Dang Group: HO CHI MINH CITY –23/11/2015 FULL NAME: STUDENT ID: MAI HOÀNG BẢO - MSSV 13147003 NGUYỄN TRANG DOANH - MSSV 13147008 TRẦN QUỐC HUY - MSSV 13147024 NGUYỄN VĂN KỲ - MSSV 13147029 NGUYỄN VIẾT LÂM - MSSV 13147031 Instrustor: Ph.D ThanhTrung Dang SCORE: TEACHER’S FEEDBACK: TEACHER’S SIGNATURE RENEWABLE ENERGY APPENDIX RENEWABLE ENERGY I INTRODUCTION Energy with climate change issues are becoming a major concern of humanity, including the energy issue has become an important issue, which is particularly interested on the world, due to the global energy crisis, the non-renewable energy sources such as coal, oil and natural gas which have become depleted and scarce, while energy wastage have already warned in many countries Therefore, finding renewable energy sources is necessary Along with the development of science and technology, scientists have discovered the energy sources which come from energy resources are not exhausted when used or not have to recycle in the short time, non-polluting and can be used for the long time such as: hydroelectric, wind, solar radiation, geothermal energy, bio energy and so on In our report, we just mention four renewable which is popular on the world RENEWABLE ENERGY II SOLAR ENERGY Introduction Solar energy is becoming a popular energy source due to the fact that it is the most abundant and most cost effective energy source on the planet Put simply, solar energy is energy derived from the sun, and this energy is not only clean, but renewable and costs nothing Solar energy is created when the power of the sun is harnessed in order to produce energy It is said that the amount of energy that the Sun provides to the Earth in a single day can power the entire planet and all of its energy needs for a whole year Because solar energy is available as long as the Sun is available, it is also considered a renewable source of energy It is a clean source of energy as well, due to the fact that it does not produce byproducts or pollutants that will harm the environment Solar energy was in fact the first source of energy used by humans It was initially used to dry clothing or items, or to heat through direct contact However, since the 1950’s, solar energy is used to create sources of power to fuel technology, homes, and many businesses Given that technology is evolving at the speed of light, solar energy is becoming more proficient as an energy source, and is recognized as a feasible alternative to fossil fuels Classified 2.1 Passive Solar Energy Passive solar energy is precisely what it sounds like Panels and solar cells are not used, but rather, structures or buildings will be constructed in a way to capture the sun’s power through the use of windows or tanks These systems will then heat homes or water, but cannot be converted into actual electricity RENEWABLE ENERGY 2.2 Active solar energy Active solar energy is just the opposite Solar Panels or solar cells will be used to capture the sun’s energy The panels or cells are placed in a way that they will maximize the sun’s exposure The sun’s energy is then converted into direct or alternate current electricity which is then stored into batteries In some cases, the electricity will be fed into a grid system of a utility plant when larger amounts of energy are needed The power of the sun is being utilized everywhere today Solar energy is used to create sources of power to fuel technology, homes, and many businesses Applications • • • Concentrating Solar Power (CSP): Concentrating solar power (CSP) plants are utility-scale generators that produce electricity using mirrors or lenses to efficiently concentrate the sun’s energy The four principal CSP technologies are parabolic troughs, dish-Stirling engine systems, central receivers, and concentrating photovoltaic systems (CPV) Solar Thermal Electric Power Plants: Solar thermal energy involves harnessing solar power for practical applications from solar heating to electrical power generation Solar thermal collectors, such as solar hot water panels, are commonly used to generate solar hot water for domestic and light industrial applications This energy system is also used in architecture and building design to control heating and ventilation in both active solar and passive solar designs Photovoltaics: Photovoltaic or PV technology employs solar cells or solar photovoltaic arrays to convert energy from the sun into electricity Solar cells produce direct current electricity from the sun’s rays, which can be used to power equipment or to recharge batteries Many pocket calculators incorporate a single solar cell, but for larger applications, cells are generally grouped together to form PV modules that are in turn arranged in solar arrays Solar arrays can be used to power orbiting satellites and other spacecraft, and in remote areas as a source of power for roadside emergency telephones, remote sensing, and cathodic protection of pipelines RENEWABLE ENERGY • • • Solar Lighting: Also known as daylighting, this is the use of natural light to provide illumination to offset energy use in electric lighting systems and reduce the cooling load on HVAC systems Daylighting features include building orientation, window orientation, exterior shading, saw tooth roofs, clerestory windows, light shelves, skylights, and light tubes Architectural trends increasingly recognize daylighting as a cornerstone of sustainable design Solar Cars: A solar car is an electric vehicle powered by energy obtained from solar panels on the surface of the car which convert the sun’s energy directly into electrical energy Solar cars are not currently a practical form of transportation Although they can operate for limited distances without sun, the solar cells are generally very fragile Development teams have focused their efforts on optimizing the efficiency of the vehicle, but many have only enough room for one or two people Solar Power Satellite: A solar power satellite (SPS) is a proposed satellite built in high Earth orbit that uses microwave power transmission to beam solar power to a very large antenna on Earth where it can be used in place of conventional power sources The advantage of placing the solar collectors in space is the unobstructed view of the sun, unaffected by the day/night cycle, weather, or seasons However, the costs of construction are very high, and SPSs will not be able to compete with conventional sources unless low launch costs can be achieved or unless a space-based manufacturing industry develops and they can be built in orbit from off-earth materials Advantages and disadvantages of solar energy 4.1 • • • Advantages Solar energy is free although there is a cost in investment, operation, and maintenance Solar energy does not cause pollution However, solar collectors and their other associated equipments are manufactured in factories that cause some pollution Solar energy can be used in remote areas where it is so expensive to extend the electricity power grid RENEWABLE ENERGY • • 4.2 • • • • III Many small devices such as calculators and other low power consuming items can be powered by solar energy effectively It is estimated that fossil energy on the world will last for 30 to 40 years On the other hand, solar energy is infinite or forever Disadvantages The initial cost is the main disadvantage of installing a solar energy system The cost of the semi-conducting materials is still high So, the cost of solar energy is also high comparing with non-renewable energy to generate electricity As energy shortage is in serious statement, solar energy is becoming more price-competitive Solar panels require a large area for installation to achieve high efficiency The efficiency of the system also relies on the location of the sun although this problem can be overcome with the installation of certain components The production of solar energy is influenced by the state of clouds or the pollution in the air Similarly, no solar energy will be produced during nighttime although a battery backup system will solve this problem WIND POWER Introduction Wind power is the conversion of the energy in wind into a more useful form of energy, like electricity It is a renewable source of energy that helps to cut down on the pollution of earth's air Wind energy is extracted from air flow using wind turbines or sails to produce mechanical or electrical energy Windmills are used for their mechanical power, wind pumps for water pumping, and sails to propel ships Wind power as an alternative to fossil fuels, is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation, and uses little land The net effects on the environment are far less problematic than those of nonrenewable power sources RENEWABLE ENERGY Wind farms consist of many individual wind turbines which are connected to the electric power transmission network Onshore wind is an inexpensive source of electricity, competitive with or in many places cheaper than coal or gas plants Offshore wind is steadier and stronger than on land, and offshore farms have less visual impact, but construction and maintenance costs are considerably higher Small onshore wind farms can feed some energy into the grid or provide electricity to isolated off-grid locations TURBINE DESIGN Wind turbines are devices that convert the wind's kinetic energy into electrical power The result of over a millennium of windmill development and modern engineering, today's wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of horizontal axis and vertical axis types The smallest turbines are used for applications such as battery charging for auxiliary power Slightly larger turbines can be used for making small contributions to a domestic power supply while selling unused power back to the utility supplier via the electrical grid Arrays of large turbines, known as wind farms, have become an increasingly important source of renewable energy and are used in many countries as part of a strategy to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels Wind turbine design is the process of defining the form and specifications of a wind turbine to extract energy from the wind A wind turbine installation consists of the necessary systems needed to capture the wind's energy, point the turbine into the wind, convert mechanical rotation into electrical power, and other systems to start, stop, and control the turbine Principle of operation of wind energy The working principle of wind turbine is very simple A wind turbine works in opposite state with an electric fan Instead of using electricity to generate air, the wind turbine uses air energy to generate electricity Wind energy effects blades which are connected to the rotor axis The rotor will rotate the generator shaft to produce electricity RENEWABLE ENERGY Wind turbines are placed high on the head to get most wind energy At an altitude of 30 meters above the ground, the wind turbine can get higher air velocity, it gets faster rotor speed Wind turbines can be connected to an electricity network to supply for a national power APLLICATIONS Wind is one of those resources we find all around us in nature It’s one of the more environmental-friendly alternative energies around and has been tapped into for thousands of year It has a wide variety of uses • • • Energy-generating wind turbines: wind turbines are installed to capture the power of the wind and be able to convert it to energy This can be on a broad scale, such as the wind turbines found on wind farms or can be on a smaller scale, such as individual wind turbines people use to generate power to their home Wind-powered water pumps: using the wind to help pump water out of the ground is not something new It is however a very helpful and sometimes much needed tool when it comes to come communities and countries Tapping into the power of the wind makes sense, especially when it comes to the work needed to pump water Wind-powered sports: for many, many years the wind has been used to power our sports, both literally and figuratively Everything from simple kite-flying to sailing, wind-surfing, hang-gilding, para-sailing, wind-skiing and more 10 RENEWABLE ENERGY Advantages and disadvantages of wind energy: 5.1 Advantages - Wind Power Stations have the advantage over Fossil Fuel Power Stations as they not produce any greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide or water vapor They also not produce gases that help make acid rain such as sulfur dioxide - Wind energy is the source generated by the wind, so it is a clean energy Wind energy does not pollute the air compared to the thermal power plants based on burning coal or gas fuel - Wind energy is available in many areas of a nation Thus, the supply of wind energy is very rich country - Wind power is a form of renewable energy that the price is low by advancing science today - Wind turbine can be built on the farm, so it is suitable for rural areas 5.2 Disadvantages - Wind turbines have to be carefully placed They must be in positions where there is a constant, steady supply of wind In fact, the wind must not become too strong or it may damage the turbine Also, huge numbers of electricity pylons are built on land to carry the electricity to the electric company These pylons in areas of natural beauty are a major reason for local people to object to wind farms and their consequences - Wind power must compete with conventional sources at a basic price - The initial investment for a wind turbine is still high - Wind energy is an intermittent energy source, and it has to combine with another power when needed 11 RENEWABLE ENERGY - The locations usually have strong wind are far away from city However, the demand for using electricity of these places is not more than town Nuclear energy IV Introduction Nuclear energy is energy that is generated through the use of Uranium, a natural metal that is mined all over the world Nuclear energy is created through complex processes in nuclear power stations, and the first nuclear power station was established in 1956 in Cumbria, England Today, many military operations and vessels use nuclear power plants and nuclear energy for their energy source, and nuclear energy is used in many other capabilities such that it provides 16% of the Earth’s energy requirements Classified Currently, there are two ways to produce nuclear energy, through the use of fission and fusion Fission reactions are more easily controlled than fusion reactions This is why all nuclear power plants use fission reactions to produce energy and electricity 2.1 Nuclear Fission In nuclear power plants, the most widely used method to produce energy is through the use of fission The idea of fission is to split atoms, usually uranium, in a nuclear reactor When an atom splits, neutrons are released, the neutrons then strike other atoms and begin a chain reaction The splitting of the atoms produces great amounts of energy, and that energy turns water into steam, which drives turbines The turbines spin a generator 12 RENEWABLE ENERGY and produce electricity, which is harnessed 2.2 Nuclear fusion Nuclear fusion is another method of producing energy The sun uses this process to produce its energy As of 2009, nuclear fusion has not yet been controlled by man and is not used as a means of producing electricity Its primary use is still only in the production of nuclear weapons Nuclear fusion works on the idea of forcing two nuclei together through intense pressure When the two nuclei fuse, a new element is formed, and a large amount of energy is released This process also sets off a chain reaction, which is difficult to control Nuclear power plant A nuclear power plant is a facility for the production of electricity using nuclear energy Its operation is similar to a thermic power plant The difference is that the power source from a nuclear plant is nuclear fission of certain atoms while in a thermic power plant the heat source (thermal energy) from burning of one or more fossil fuels (coal, natural gas , fuel ) As in a conventional thermal power plant the heat is used to generate steam that drives a steam turbine connected to a generator that produces electricity The thermal energy that nuclear power uses to generate electricity is generated by a nuclear reactor Within the nuclear reactor fission reactions in chain occur in controlled way The element to fission is natural uranium or enriched uranium Enriched uranium is natural uranium with a proportion of the isotope uranium-235 higher In addition to the reactor, a nuclear power plant always consists of a steam turbine, an alternator, two or three -primary, secondary, and tertiary- circuits and one or more cooling towers condenser fluid, usually water The overall efficiency is between 30% and 40% 13 RENEWABLE ENERGY It is usually considered the operating lifetime of a nuclear power plant in about thirty years The main problem is that no one knows what to with nuclear waste they generate 3.1 Basic of operation of nuclear power plant In a nuclear power plant, energy is extracted from the nucleus of atoms through its division (nuclear fission) since breaking release the binding energy within the atom linking the particulates Nuclear fission is caused by artificial and controlled manner In this, a large atom of a chemical element fires a neutron, a small particle at a certain speed, which breaks the atom (breaking its core, formed by neutrons and protons linked together by highly energetic links) in an exothermic nuclear reaction, it means energy is released as heat (thermal energy) To achieve that energy obtained be greater than the energy used, it is necessary that nuclear reactions be chain reactions Thus, although much energy is needed to start the nuclear chain reaction, once the reaction is initiated not much energy is required to maintain it, and there comes a time in which the energy obtained is higher than the energy used To achieve this it is necessary that the largest chemical element (called heavy, with a high atomic mass) be also radioactive The element used often is a rare isotope of uranium This is done in the nuclear reactor, where also they pose tubes with a fluid called refrigerant, which is responsible for transporting the heat (thermal energy) extracted from the uranium from the reservoir, cooling it This thermal energy is used to heat water to boiling, and water vapor pressure is used to move the blades of a turbine, thus we have transformed the thermal energy to 14 RENEWABLE ENERGY mechanical energy Then, the electric generator (or alternator) converts this mechanical energy to electrical energy This process is explained in more detail in the section: operation of a nuclear power plant Applications 4.1 Water desalination Readily available drinking water is out of reach for as much as a fifth of the world’s population, a bar to human development One solution is water desalination, which extracts salt from seawater to produce drinkable fresh water Nuclear energy is being used for some desalination efforts, but the potential in this arena is enormous and has multiple benefits over the more common fossil-fuel based desalination 4.2 Scientific research Researchers in nearly all fields of science use radioisotopes in their work The U.S Food and Drug Administration requires all new drugs to be tested for safety and effectiveness More than 80 percent of those drugs are tested with radioisotopes Radioisotopes also are essential to the biomedical research that seeks causes and cures for diseases such as AIDS, cancer and Alzheimer’s disease Researchers also use radioisotopes in metabolic studies, genetic engineering and environmental protection studies Carbon-14, a naturally occurring, long-lived radioactive substance, allows archaeologists to determine when artifacts containing plant or animal material were alive, created or used 15 RENEWABLE ENERGY 4.3 Use in agriculture Technical advancement in nuclear technology has helped in the production of crops seed having more crop production and safe from insects and other illness Nuclear radiations helps to preserve fruit and vegetable for a longer time This also helps in analyzing soil type and gives information to enhance its quality 4.4 production of electric power Production of nuclear power is similar to other plants with the difference that nuclear energy is used for the production of that rotates the turbine blades with its exhaust 4.5 Atomic bomb The bomb producing shock waves and heat and radiations due to fission The energy produced is malisons time greater the conventional TNT weapon The atomic bomb has been used only twice in warfare The first was at Hiroshima in 1945 In an instant, 66,000 people were killed and 69,000 injured by a 10-kiloton atomic explosion On August 9, 1945, Nagasaki fell to the same treatment with a Plutonium bomb Its targeted nearly half of the city In few seconds, Nagasaki's population dropped from 422,000 to 383 Over 25,000 people were injured Advantages and disadvantages of nuclear energy 5.1 Advantages - Nuclear power is a highly reliable energy resource as good as other fossil fuel energy resources such as coal, gas, etc Except several dangerous cases, nuclear power plants operate reliably for the whole day without any changes 16 RENEWABLE ENERGY - Large amounts of nuclear energy can be produced from the fission on radioactive elements such as Uranium The cost of nuclear fuel is very low to compare with other energy sources such as coal and gas Currently, Uranium prices are also quite low to making nuclear electricity price lower - The electricity produced from Nuclear Power is quite low at around 35c/ kWh making its attraction to compare with others such as hydro power plant Nuclear plants also have long life( 40-60 years ) - No greenhouse gas (GHG) emission or air pollution: Nuclear electricity does not produce any GHG emissions or cause air pollution from the combustion of fossil fuels unlike coal, oil, or gas This makes them more attractively by its cheapness and non-carbon dioxide producing electricity - High load factor: Nuclear power plants have very high load factors in excess of 80% They can generate power almost 24/7 and only require shutdown for periodic maintenance - Huge potential: Nuclear energy potential is almost infinite comparing with the limited and peak features of other forms of energy such as wind, geothermal energy, oil, gas and others 5.2 Disadvantages V - Nuclear power generates radiation, which can be harmful or fatal to infect people - A nuclear meltdown can often occur which will release massive amounts of radiation into the environment - Radioactive nuclear waste is produced by nuclear power plants This waste cannot be just thrown out - There are international dangers Some reactors produce plutonium which can be used to make nuclear weapons GEOTHERMAL ENERGY 17 RENEWABLE ENERGY Introduction Geothermal energy is a renewable form of energy originating in the heat that is naturally present in the deepest layers of the Earth (the average geothermal gradient in the Earth’s crust is approximately 0C of every 100 meters towards the centre) This energy resource can be exploited by drilling deep wells and conveying the hot fluids (water and/or steam) trapped in the subsoil to the surface Geothermal plants convert the heat of these “geo fluids” into electrical energy, which can be combined with the production of heat for urban heating and various other “direct” uses, such as in greenhouse cultivation or in thermal spas Types of geothermal power plants All geothermal power plants use steam to turn large turbines, which run electrical generators In the Geysers Geothermal area, dry steam from below ground is used directly in the steam turbines In other areas of the state, superhot water is "flashed" into steam within the power plant, and that steam turns the turbine 2.1 Direct dry steam Steam plants use hydrothermal fluids that are primarily steam The steam goes directly to a turbine, which drives a generator that produces electricity The steam eliminates the need to burn fossil fuels to run the turbine (Also eliminating the need to transport and store fuels!) This is the oldest type of geothermal power plant It was first used at Lardarello in Italy in 1904 Steam technology is used today at The Geysers in northern California, the world's largest single source of geothermal electricity These plants emit only excess steam and very minor amounts of gases 18 RENEWABLE ENERGY 2.2 Flash and double flash cycle Hydrothermal fluids above 360°F (182°C) can be used in flash plants to make electricity Fluid is sprayed into a tank held at a much lower pressure than the fluid, causing some of the fluid to rapidly vaporize, or "flash." The vapor then drives a turbine, which drives a generator If any liquid remains in the tank, it can be flashed again in a second tank (double flash) to extract even more energy 2.3 Binary cycle Most geothermal areas contain moderate-temperature water (below 400°F) Energy is extracted from these fluids in binary-cycle power plants Hot geothermal fluid and a secondary (hence, "binary") fluid with a much lower boiling point than water pass through a heat exchanger Heat from the geothermal fluid causes the secondary fluid to flash to vapor, which then drives the turbines Because this is a closed-loop system, virtually nothing is emitted to the atmosphere Moderate-temperature water is by far the more common geothermal resource, and most geothermal power plants in the future will be binary-cycle plants Applications The uses of geothermal energy in homes, farming, industry, infrastructure, and electricity Geothermal energy has more uses than you might imagine Basically, geothermal energy technology taps into subsurface areas where desired temperatures exist The uses of geothermal energy range depending on the needs 19 RENEWABLE ENERGY 3.1 Uses of geothermal energy for houses If you’re looking to cool your home in the summer, for example, one of the uses of geothermal energy technologies is to allow you in hot times to take heat from your house, send it down pipes into the ground (where it naturally cools), and return it to your house (where it helps bring down the temperature inside) The technology typically uses a liquid like antifreeze as a carrier of that heat, which is moved about in a closed-loop piping system One of the other main uses of geothermal energy is the same concept but in reverse in cold months Geothermal energy technology is used to bring warmer temperatures into your home without using fossil fuels, just by tapping into a heat exchange deep below the surface of the earth Cool, right? But geothermal energy is so much more 3.2 Uses of geothermal energy in farming Some of the common uses of geothermal energy are amongst farmers, who use geothermal energy to heat their greenhouses Check this out (lemons grown in the middle of winter!) In Tuscany, Italy, farmers have used water heated by geothermal energy for hundreds of years to grow vegetables in the winter Hungary is also a major user of geothermal energy, where eighty percent of the energy demand from vegetables growers is met using geothermal energy technology Geothermal energy is also used in fish farms The warm water spurs the growth of animals ranging from alligators, shellfish, tropical fish, amphibians to catfish and trout Fish farmers from Oregon, Idaho, China, Japan, and even Iceland use geothermal energy 3.3 Uses of geothermal energy in industry Industry is another consumer of geothermal energy Its uses vary from drying fruits, drying vegetables, drying wood, and dying wool to extracting gold and silver from ore Check out this cool graphic from the state 20 RENEWABLE ENERGY of California’s energy almanac for the varying temperatures needed for a variety of industrial geothermal energy uses 3.4 Uses of geothermal energy in infrastructure and electricity Geothermal energy is also used to heat sidewalks and roads in order to prevent freezing in the winter Most recently, the Netherlands began using geothermal energy to keep bike lanes from freezing in the wintertime, for instance Geothermal power plants are also a good electricity generator: • Flashed Steam Plants — The water “flash” boils and the steam is used to turn turbines • Dry Steam Plants — These plants rely on the natural steam that comes from the underground reservoirs to generate electricity • Binary Power Plants —These plants use the water to heat a “secondary liquid” which vaporizes and turns the turbines The vaporized liquid is then condensed and reused • Hybrid Power Plants — In these plants, binary and flash techniques are utilized simultaneously Advantages and disadvantages of geothermal energy 4.1 Advantages • Significant Cost Saving : Geothermal energy generally involves low running costs since it saves 80% costs over fossil fuels and no fuel is used to generate the power Since, no fuel is require so costs for purchasing, transporting and cleaning up plants is quite low • Reduce Reliance on Fossil Fuels: Dependence on fossil fuels decreases with the increase in the use of geothermal energy With the sky-rocketing prices of oil, many countries are pushing companies to adopt these clean sources of energy Burning of fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases which are responsible for global warming 21 RENEWABLE ENERGY • • No Pollution: This is one of the main advantage of using geothermal energy since it does not create any pollution and help in creating clean environment Being the renewable source of energy, geothermal energy has helped in reducing global warming and pollution Moreover, Geothermal systems does not create any pollution as it releases some gases from deep within the earth which are not very harmful to the environment Direct Use: Since ancient times, people having been using this source of energy for taking bath, heating homes, preparing food and today this is also used for direct heating of homes and offices This makes geothermal energy cheaper and affordable Although the initial investment is quite steep but in the long run with huge cost saving it proves quite useful 4.2 Disadvantages • Not Widespread Source of Energy: Since this type of energy is not widely used therefore the unavailability of equipment, staff, infrastructure, training pose hindrance to the installation of geothermal plants across the globe Not enough skilled manpower and availability of suitable build location pose serious problem in adopting geothermal energy globally • High Installation Costs: To get geothermal energy, requires installation of power plants, to get steam from deep within the earth and this require huge one time investment and require to hire a certified installer and skilled staff needs to be recruited and relocated to plant location Moreover, electricity towers, stations need to set up to move the power from geothermal plant to consumer • May Release Harmful Gases: Geothermal sites may contain some poisonous gases and they can escape deep within the earth, through the holes drilled by the constructors The geothermal plant must therefore be capable enough to contain these harmful and toxic gases 22 RENEWABLE ENERGY • Transportation: Geothermal Energy cannot be easily transported Once the tapped energy is extracted, it can be only used in the surrounding areas Other sources of energy like wood, coal or oil can be transported to residential areas but this is not a case with geothermal energy Also, there is a fear of toxic substances getting released into the atmosphere 23 RENEWABLE ENERGY VI CONCLUSION To make sure we have plenty of energy in the future, it's up to all of us to use energy wisely We must all conserve energy and use it efficiently It's also up to those who will create the new energy technologies of the future All energy sources have an impact on the environment Concerns about the greenhouse effect and global warming, air pollution, and energy security have led to increasing interest and more development in renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, wave power and hydrogen But we'll need to continue to use fossil fuels and nuclear energy until new, cleaner technologies can replace them 24 RENEWABLE ENERGY REFERENCES VII http://www.ifpaenergyconference.com/Solar-Energy.html https://technology4life.wordpress.com/applications-of-solar-power/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy http://biofriendly.com/blog/renewable-energy/5-smart-uses-for-windpowered-energy/ http://www.slideshare.net/mohkab1/nuclearenergyapplications http://nuclear-energy.net/what-is-nuclear-energy https://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/types_of_energy/4 568/wind_energy/471304 http://www.ifpaenergyconference.com/Nuclear-Energy.html http://www.ehow.com/about_5414792_types-nuclear-energy.html 10 http://nuclear-energy.net/definitions/nuclear-power-plant.html 11 http://www.slideshare.net/Dholas/nuclear-energy-27297474?related=7 12 http://www.nei.org/Knowledge-Center/Other-Nuclear-EnergyApplications/Medicine-Scientific-Research 13 https://emilms.fema.gov/is3/FEMA_IS/is03/REM0402010.htm 14 http://greenlivingideas.com/2007/10/22/the-uses-of-geothermal-energy/ 15 http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/renewables/geothermal/types.html 16 http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/renewables/geothermal/types.html 17 http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/Advantages_GeothermalEnergy.php 18 http://www.ianswer4u.com/2012/02/geothermal-energy-advantagesand.html#axzz3ry7g4VoZ 25 [...]... use geothermal energy to heat their greenhouses Check this out (lemons grown in the middle of winter!) In Tuscany, Italy, farmers have used water heated by geothermal energy for hundreds of years to grow vegetables in the winter Hungary is also a major user of geothermal energy, where eighty percent of the energy demand from vegetables growers is met using geothermal energy technology Geothermal energy. .. https://emilms.fema.gov/is3/FEMA_IS/is03/REM0402010.htm 14 http://greenlivingideas.com/2007/10/22/the-uses-of-geothermal -energy/ 15 http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/renewables/geothermal/types.html 16 http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/renewables/geothermal/types.html 17 http://www.conserve -energy- future.com/Advantages_GeothermalEnergy.php 18 http://www.ianswer4u.com/2012/02/geothermal -energy- advantagesand.html#axzz3ry7g4VoZ 4 25 ... main uses of geothermal energy is the same concept but in reverse in cold months Geothermal energy technology is used to bring warmer temperatures into your home without using fossil fuels, just by tapping into a heat exchange deep below the surface of the earth Cool, right? But geothermal energy is so much more 3.2 Uses of geothermal energy in farming Some of the common uses of geothermal energy are amongst... transporting the heat (thermal energy) extracted from the uranium from the reservoir, cooling it This thermal energy is used to heat water to boiling, and water vapor pressure is used to move the blades of a turbine, thus we have transformed the thermal energy to 14 RENEWABLE ENERGY mechanical energy Then, the electric generator (or alternator) converts this mechanical energy to electrical energy This process... geothermal energy 3.3 Uses of geothermal energy in industry Industry is another consumer of geothermal energy Its uses vary from drying fruits, drying vegetables, drying wood, and dying wool to extracting gold and silver from ore Check out this cool graphic from the state 20 RENEWABLE ENERGY of California’s energy almanac for the varying temperatures needed for a variety of industrial geothermal energy. .. more common geothermal resource, and most geothermal power plants in the future will be binary-cycle plants 3 Applications The uses of geothermal energy in homes, farming, industry, infrastructure, and electricity Geothermal energy has more uses than you might imagine Basically, geothermal energy technology taps into subsurface areas where desired temperatures exist The uses of geothermal energy range... RENEWABLE ENERGY REFERENCES VII 1 2 http://www.ifpaenergyconference.com/Solar -Energy. html https://technology4life.wordpress.com/applications-of-solar-power/ 3 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar _energy http://biofriendly.com/blog/renewable -energy/ 5-smart-uses-for-windpowered -energy/ 5 http://www.slideshare.net/mohkab1/nuclearenergyapplications 6 http://nuclear -energy. net/what-is-nuclear -energy 7 https://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/types_of _energy/ 4... it means energy is released as heat (thermal energy) To achieve that energy obtained be greater than the energy used, it is necessary that nuclear reactions be chain reactions Thus, although much energy is needed to start the nuclear chain reaction, once the reaction is initiated not much energy is required to maintain it, and there comes a time in which the energy obtained is higher than the energy. .. https://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/types_of _energy/ 4 568/wind _energy/ 471304 8 http://www.ifpaenergyconference.com/Nuclear -Energy. html 9 http://www.ehow.com/about_5414792_types-nuclear -energy. html 10 http://nuclear -energy. net/definitions/nuclear-power-plant.html 11 http://www.slideshare.net/Dholas/nuclear -energy- 27297474?related=7 12 http://www.nei.org/Knowledge-Center/Other-Nuclear-EnergyApplications/Medicine-Scientific-Research... plutonium which can be used to make nuclear weapons GEOTHERMAL ENERGY 17 RENEWABLE ENERGY 1 Introduction Geothermal energy is a renewable form of energy originating in the heat that is naturally present in the deepest layers of the Earth (the average geothermal gradient in the Earth’s crust is approximately 3 0C of every 100 meters towards the centre) This energy resource can be exploited by drilling deep