Subject + have/has + past participle Amanda has eaten a cake FORM AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCE NEGATIVE SENTENCES I have cleaned my room I have not bought a car I’ve cleaned my room She hasn’t found her watch He has cleaned the room It has not eaten a bone She’s bought a car You’ve not swum in the sea We’ve written a letter We’ve not ridden a horse They have swum in the sea They haven’t watched TV QUESTIONS Have I cleaned the room? Has he cleaned his room? Have you eaten? Have we been here before? Have they seen London? We use the present perfect tense: It is always connected with the present and the only thing which matters here is the result: the time when the action took place is of no importance Siempre implica una conexión entre el presente y el pasado, y lo único que importa es el resultado; el momento en el que se realiza la acción no es importante o no se menciona I have lost my keys I can’t open the door For something that started in the past and past but is important at the time of speaking: Para hablar de acciones pasadas que tienen consecuencias o están conectadas el presente They’ve been married for nearly fifty years For something we have done several times in the past and continue to do: He has written three books and he is working on another one Questions in the Present Perfect never start with when, We would start with How long…? Jamás WHEN puede ir presente perfecto y ninguna pregunta que empiece WHEN puede llevar el verbo en presente perfecto When did it start raining? How long has it been raining? To talk about actions which finished very recently ( in these cases words such as recently, lately, just, etc… appear in the sentence) Para hablar de acciones que acaban de terminar o que han terminado recientemente hace muy poco tiempo I have just finished my homework We often use the present perfect with time adverbials which refer to the recent past: TIME PHRASES: Already yet Of late Since This week ever so far lately this is the first time this year SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + just till now recently this morning/evening ALREADY JUST EVER NEVER never up to now for today + PAST PARTICIPLE JUST= ‘a short time ago’: ‘acaba de’ (hace poquito tiempo) Would you like something to eat? No, thanks I’ve just eaten ALREADY= when something happened sooner tan expected: ‘ya’ (algo ocurrido antes de lo previsto) What time is Mark leaving? He’s already gone YET= ‘until now’ shows that the speaker is expecting something to happen Only used in questions and negative sentences: solo para frases negativas = ‘todavia’ y frases interrogativas = ‘ya’ -se coloca a final de frase Have you finished your homework yet SINCE We often use a clause with since to show when FOR something is started in the past: We use for when we say a period of time: desde una fecha concreta (cuando comienza algo) durante un periodo de tiempo Sally’s been working here for six years They’ve been staying with us since last week I have worked here since I left school EVER VS NEVER When we are talking about our experience up to the present: Note: we often use the adverb ever to talk about experience up to the present: We also use ever in questions (to ask if at some time they have done…) My last birthday was the worst day I have ever had Note: and we use never for the negative form: Have you ever met George? Yes, but I’ve never met his wife BEEN VS GONE We use the present perfect of be when someone has gone to a place and returned: A: Where have you been? B: I’ve just been out to the supermarket But when someone has not returned we use have/has gone: A: Where is Maria? I haven’t seen her for weeks B: She’s gone to Paris for a week She’ll be back tomorrow