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C++ 2005 For Dummies
TEAM LinG C# 2005 FOR DUMmIES by Stephen Randy Davis and Chuck Sphar ‰ C# 2005 For Dummies® Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2006 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600 Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Legal Department, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, (317) 572-3447, fax (317) 572-4355, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, A Reference for the Rest of Us!, The Dummies Way, Dummies Daily, The Fun and Easy Way, Dummies.com, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc., and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners Wiley Publishing, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: THE PUBLISHER AND THE AUTHOR MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS WORK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE NO WARRANTY MAY BE CREATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES OR PROMOTIONAL MATERIALS THE ADVICE AND STRATEGIES CONTAINED HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR EVERY SITUATION THIS WORK IS SOLD WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT THE PUBLISHER IS NOT ENGAGED IN RENDERING LEGAL, ACCOUNTING, OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES IF PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE IS REQUIRED, THE SERVICES OF A COMPETENT PROFESSIONAL PERSON SHOULD BE SOUGHT NEITHER THE PUBLISHER NOR THE AUTHOR SHALL BE LIABLE FOR DAMAGES ARISING HEREFROM THE FACT THAT AN ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE IS REFERRED TO IN THIS WORK AS A CITATION AND/OR A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF FURTHER INFORMATION DOES NOT MEAN THAT THE AUTHOR OR THE PUBLISHER ENDORSES THE INFORMATION THE ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE MAY PROVIDE OR RECOMMENDATIONS IT MAY MAKE FURTHER, READERS SHOULD BE AWARE THAT INTERNET WEBSITES LISTED IN THIS WORK MAY HAVE CHANGED OR DISAPPEARED BETWEEN WHEN THIS WORK WAS WRITTEN AND WHEN IT IS READ For general information on our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S at 800-762-2974, outside the U.S at 317-572-3993, or fax 317-572-4002 For technical support, please visit www.wiley.com/techsupport Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books Library of Congress Control Number: 2005927620 ISBN-13: 978-0-7645-9704-6 ISBN-10: 0-7645-9704-3 Manufactured in the United States of America 10 1B/RR/RQ/QV/IN About the Authors Stephen R Davis, who goes by the name of Randy, lives with his wife and son near Dallas, Texas He and his family have written numerous books, including C++ For Dummies and C++ Weekend Crash Course Stephen works for L-3 Communications Chuck Sphar escaped Microsoft’s C++ documentation camps in 1997, after six years’ hard labor as a senior technical writer He’s perpetrated two previous tomes, one on object-oriented programming for the Mac and one on Microsoft’s MFC class library He’s currently finishing a novel about ancient Rome (againstrome.com) and gobbling mouthfuls of NET programming Chuck can be reached for praise and minor nits at csharp@chucksphar.com Dedication For Pam and the Moms — Chuck Sphar Acknowledgments I would like to thank Claudette Moore and Debbie McKenna, who brought the book to me I also want to thank Randy Davis for being willing to hand over his baby to a guy he didn’t know I’d have found that very hard, and I hope I’ve done justice in extending his excellent first edition Many thanks are due as well to the fine folks at Wiley, starting with Acquisitions Editor Katie Feltman and Project Editor Kim Darosett Kim’s astute shaping helped turn me into a For Dummies author, no mean feat I’d also like to thank Chris Bower for his sharp technical eye and excellent C# knowledge, John Edwards for much of the book’s consistency, and the art, media, and other production folks who turn my files into a real book The most heartfelt thanks are due to Pam for constant encouragement and much enabling She’s my partner in all things — Chuck Sphar Publisher’s Acknowledgments We’re proud of this book; please send us your comments through our online registration form located at www.dummies.com/register/ Some of the people who helped bring this book to market include the following: Acquisitions, Editorial, and Media Development Composition Services Project Editor: Kim Darosett Acquisitions Editor: Katie Feltman Copy Editor: John Edwards Project Coordinator: Jennifer Theriot Layout and Graphics: Carl Byers, Andrea Dahl, Joyce Haughey, Stephanie D Jumper, Heather Ryan, Erin Zeltner Editorial Manager: Leah Cameron Proofreaders: Leeann Harney, Carl William Pierce, Dwight Ramsey, TECHBOOKS Production Services Media Project Supervisor: Laura Moss Indexer: TECHBOOKS Production Services Technical Editor: Chris Bower Media Development Specialists: Angie Denny, Travis Silvers, Kit Malone, Steve Kudirka Media Development Manager: Laura VanWinkle Media Development Supervisor: Richard Graves Editorial Assistant: Amanda Foxworth Cartoons: Rich Tennant (www.the5thwave.com) Publishing and Editorial for Technology Dummies Richard Swadley, Vice President and Executive Group Publisher Andy Cummings, Vice President and Publisher Mary Bednarek, Executive Acquisitions Director Mary C Corder, Editorial Director Publishing for Consumer Dummies Diane Graves Steele, Vice President and Publisher Joyce Pepple, Acquisitions Director Composition Services Gerry Fahey, Vice President of Production Services Debbie Stailey, Director of Composition Services Contents at a Glance Introduction Part I: Creating Your First C# Programs Chapter 1: Creating Your First C# Windows Program 11 Chapter 2: Creating Your First C# Console Application .29 Part II: Basic C# Programming 37 Chapter 3: Living with Variability — Declaring Value-Type Variables 39 Chapter 4: Smooth Operators 57 Chapter 5: Controlling Program Flow 71 Part III: Object-Based Programming 99 Chapter 6: Collecting Data — The Class and the Array 101 Chapter 7: Putting on Some High-Class Functions 127 Chapter 8: Class Methods 163 Chapter 9: Stringing in the Key of C# 187 Part IV: Object-Oriented Programming 211 Chapter 10: Object-Oriented Programming — What’s It All About? .213 Chapter 11: Holding a Class Responsible 221 Chapter 12: Inheritance — Is That All I Get? 251 Chapter 13: Poly-what-ism? 273 Part V: Beyond Basic Classes 301 Chapter 14: When a Class Isn’t a Class — The Interface and the Structure 303 Chapter 15: Asking Your Pharmacist about Generics .333 Part VI: The Part of Tens 365 Chapter 16: The 10 Most Common Build Errors (And How to Fix Them) 367 Chapter 17: The 10 Most Significant Differences between C# and C++ 379 Appendix: About the CD 385 Bonus Chapters on the CD-ROM! CD Bonus Chapter 1: Some Exceptional Exceptions CD1 Bonus Chapter 2: Handling Files and Libraries in C# CD27 Bonus Chapter 3: Stepping through Collections CD55 Bonus Chapter 4: Using the Visual Studio Interface CD99 Bonus Chapter 5: C# on the Cheap CD139 Index .391 End-User License Agreement Back of Book Table of Contents Introduction What’s New in C# 2.0 About This Book What You Need to Use the Book How to Use This Book How This Book Is Organized Part I: Creating Your First C# Programs .4 Part II: Basic C# Programming .4 Part III: Object-Based Programming Part IV: Object-Oriented Programming .5 Part V: Beyond Basic Classes .5 Part VI: The Part of Tens About the CD-ROM Icons Used in This Book Conventions Used in This Book Where to Go from Here Part I: Creating Your First C# Programs Chapter 1: Creating Your First C# Windows Program 11 Getting a Handle on Computer Languages, C#, and NET 11 What’s a program? .12 What’s C#? 12 What’s NET? 13 What is Visual Studio 2005? What about Visual C#? .14 Creating a Windows Application with C# 15 Creating the template 15 Building and running your first Windows Forms program 18 Painting pretty pictures 20 Make it something, Daddy 25 Trying out the final product .27 Visual Basic 6.0 programmers, beware! 28 Chapter 2: Creating Your First C# Console Application 29 Creating a Console Application Template 29 Creating the source program .30 Taking it out for a test drive .31 Creating Your First Real Console App 32 Reviewing the Console Application Template 33 The program framework .33 Comments 34 The meat of the program 34 ... Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, A Reference for the Rest of Us!, The Dummies Way, Dummies Daily, The Fun and Easy Way, Dummies. com, and related trade dress...C# 2005 FOR DUMmIES by Stephen Randy Davis and Chuck Sphar ‰ C# 2005 For Dummies? ? Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc 111 River Street... have written numerous books, including C++ For Dummies and C++ Weekend Crash Course Stephen works for L-3 Communications Chuck Sphar escaped Microsoft’s C++ documentation camps in 1997, after