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501 Critical Reading Questions 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 misnomer This is the only sentence from Passage that fits the focus of Passage 1; the others concern the development or defining characteristics of the blues a The passage is a neutral narration of Mozart’s childhood and the beginnings of his musical career Choices c, d, and e can be eliminated because the author does not take a side or try to prove a point Choice b is incorrect because the author does not make any generalizations about the classical music “scene.” c The passage clearly states that Wolfgang took an interest in the clavier when his sister was learning the instrument c The passage states (lines 18–19) that Wolfgang’s first public appearance was at Linz and that after this concert word of his genius traveled to Vienna The passage states earlier that Vienna was the capital of the Hapsburg Empire b The author’s tone toward Leopold is mild—neither strongly approving nor disapproving In a few places, however, the author conveys some disappointment, especially lines 34–36 in which she states that Leopold set an exhausting schedule for Wolfgang c Lavisft means expended or produced in abundance Both wasteful and extravagant are synonyms for lavisft, but, because it is modifying palace, extravagant is the more logical choice d The author’s language emphasizes Mozart’s imagination The phrase engrossed in tfte intricacies of ftis make-believe court suggests a child with a lively imagination None of the other choices is directly supported by the text e The text directly states that tfte pattern establisfted in ftis cftildftood would be tfte template for tfte rest of ftis sftort life Choice d could be misleading as the text states that Mozart was buried in an unmarked grave However, it also states that this was customary at the time so one cannot infer that he died an anonymous pau- per b Lauded means praised or blessed The meaning of the word can be inferred from the structure of the paragraph The paragraph begins by summing up Mozart’s childhood, and then describes how the features of his childhood were mirrored in his adult life In his childhood Mozart played for, and amazed, tfte fteads of tfte Britisft and Frencft royal families and likewise as an adult he was lauded for ftis genius From the structure, one can infer that to be lauded is something positive Of the positive choices, praised makes more sense in the sentence than coveted 178 501 Critical Reading Questions 334 335 d The author does not directly state that Mozart’s illnesses were the result of exhaustion She may imply this by describing Mozart’s exhausting schedule and then stating that he became ill on tour However, she does not make the connection explicit b The main point of the passage is to describe Mozart’s experi- ences as a child prodigy, or a highly talented child Choices a and c are too narrow in scope, and choices d and e are not explicitly stated in the passage 179 Science and Nature Questions 343–346 are based on the following passage This passage is adapted from an article authored by the environmental protection organization Greenpeace, regarding Finland’s destruction of oldgrowth forests (1) (5) (10) (15) Time is running out for the old-growth forests of Finland The vast majority of Finland’s valuable old-growth forest is owned by the state and logged by the state-owned company Metsähallitus Metsähallitus’ logging practices include clearcutting, logging in habitats of threat- ened and vulnerable species, and logging in areas of special scenic or cultural value—including in areas that are critical for the reindeer herding of the indigenous Sami people Despite being involved in a “dialogue process” with two environ- mental organizations (World Wildlife Fund and the Finnish Association for Nature Conservation), to try and reach agreement regarding additional protection for old-growth forests, Metsähallitus is now log- ging sites that should be subject to negotiation In June 2003, Greenpeace and the Finnish Association for Nature Conservation (FANC) presented comprehensive maps of the old- growth areas that should be subject to moratorium, pending discus- sion and additional protection, to all those involved in the dialogue process Metsähallitus then announced a halt to new logging opera181 501 Critical Reading Questions (20) (25) (30) (35) tions in these mapped areas Sadly, the halt in logging was short lived In August and September logging took place in at least six old-growth forest areas in Northern Finland It seems Metsähallitus wants to have its cake and eat it too— friendly talks with environmental groups at the same time they keep logging critical habitat To be blunt, their commitment to the dialog process has proven untrustworthy The new logging has been without con- sensus from the dialog process or proper consultation with the Sami reindeer herders Now there’s a risk the logging will expand to include other old-growth areas Greenpeace investigations have revealed a number of companies buying old-growth timber from Metsähallitus, but the great majority goes to Finland’s three international paper manufacturers, Stora Enso, UPM-Kymmene, and M-Real Greenpeace recommends that com- panies ask for written guarantees that no material from any of the recently mapped old-growth areas is entering or will enter their sup- ply chain, pending the switch to only timber that has been independ- ently certified to the standards of the Forest Stewardship Council in order to stop this risk to protected forests According to the passage, which is NOT a logging practice engaged in by Metsähallitus? employing the clearcutting method logging in the habitat of reindeer logging near scenic Finnish vistas logging within in the boundaries of the indigenous Sami logging in traditional Norwegian Fiords 343 a b c d e 344 As used in line 15, moratorium most nearly means a an oral presentation b a bipartisan meeting c a cessation or stoppage d an increase in volume e an autopsy 345 The author’s tone may best be classified as a casual sarcasm b urgent warning c furtive anger d cool indifference e reckless panic 182 501 Critical Reading Questions 346 The primary purpose of this passage is to a alert citizens that their forests may be in danger b expose the logging industry as bad for the environment c encourage consumers to boycott Finnish wood products d agitate for change in Finland’s illicit logging practices e rally support for Greenpeace international causes Questions 347–351 are based on the following passage This passage describes the Great Barrier Reef and its inhabitants (1) (5) (10) (15) (20) (25) (30) Coral reefs are among the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth Consisting of both living and non-living components, this type of ecosystem is found in the warm, clear, shallow waters of tropical oceans worldwide The functionality of the reefs ranges from provid- ing food and shelter to fish and other forms of marine life to protect- ing the shore from the ill effects of erosion and putrefaction In fact, reefs actually create land in tropical areas by formulating islands and contributing mass to continental shorelines Although coral looks like a plant, actually it is mainly comprised of the limestone skeleton of a tiny animal called a coral polyp While corals are the main components of reef structure, they are not the only living participants Coralline algae cement the myriad corals, and other miniature organisms such as tube worms and mollusks con- tribute skeletons to this dense and diverse structure Together, these living creatures construct many different types of tropical reefs Great Barrier Reef is the world’s largest network of coral reefs, stretching 2,010 km (1,250 miles) off Australia’s northeastern coast From microorganisms to whales, diverse life forms make their home on the reef Over 1,500 fish species, 4,000 mollusk species, 200 bird species, 16 sea snake species, and six sea turtle species thrive in the reef’s tropical waters The reef is also a habitat for the endangered dugong (sea cow), moray eels, and sharks In addition to crawling with animal life, the coral reef offers the viewer a spectrum of brilliant col- ors and intricate shapes, a virtual underwater, writhing garden Although protected by the Australian government, Great Barrier Reef faces environmental threats Crown-of-thorns starfish feed on coral and can destroy large portions of reef Pollution and rising water temperatures also threaten the delicate coral But the most preventa- ble of the hazards to the reef are tourists Tourists have contributed to the destruction of the reef ecosystem by breaking off and removing pieces of coral to bring h ome as souvenirs The government hopes 183 501 Critical Reading Questions that by informing tourists of the dangers of this seemingly harmless activity they will quash this creeping menace to the fragile reef Which of the following statements does NOT describe the Great Barrier Reef? The Great Barrier reef is a colorful and active underwater structure The Great Barrier Reef is a producer of small islands and landmasses The Great Barrier Reef is threatened by vacationers The Great Barrier Reef is the cause of much beachfront erosion in Northeastern Australia The Great Barrier Reef is home to endangered sea turtles 347 a b c d e Based on information from the passage, 4,020 km would be approximately how many miles? a 402 b 1,250 c 1,500 d 2,010 e 2,500 348 349 In line of the passage, putrefaction most nearly means a purification b decay c jettison d liquification e farming 350 The primary purpose of this passage is to a inform the reader that coral reefs are a threatened, yet broadly functioning ecosystem b alert the reader to a premier vacation destination in the tropics c explain in detail how the Great Barrier Reef is constructed d recommend that tourists stop stealing coral off the Great Bar- rier Reef e dispel the argument that coral is a plant, not an animal 184 501 Critical Reading Questions According to the passage, all of the following are a threat to a coral reef EXCEPT tourists pollution erosion and putrefaction rising water temperatures Crown-of-thorns starfish 351 a b c d e Questions 352–358 are based on the following passage This passage details the history and reasoning of Daylight Saving Time (1) (5) (10) (15) (20) (25) (30) For centuries time was measured by the position of the sun with the use of sundials Noon was recognized when the sun was the highest in the sky, and cities would set their clock by this Apparent Solar Time, even though some cities would often be on a slightly different time “Sum- mer time” or Daylight Saving Time (DST) was instituted to make bet- ter use of daylight Thus, clocks are set forward one hour in the spring to move an hour of daylight from the morning to the evening and then set back one hour in the fall to return to normal daylight Benjamin Franklin first conceived the idea of daylight saving during his tenure as an American delegate in Paris in 1784 and wrote about it extensively in his essay, “An Economical Project.” It is said that Franklin awoke early one morning and was surprised to see the sunlight at such an hour Always the economist, Franklin believed the practice of moving the time could save on the use of candlelight as candles were expensive at the time In England, builder William Willett (1857–1915), became a strong supporter for Daylight Saving Time upon noticing blinds of many houses were closed on an early sunny morning Willett believed everyone, including himself, would appre- ciate longer hours of light in the evenings In 1909, Sir Robert Pearce introduced a bill in the House of Commons to make it obligatory to adjust the clocks A bill was drafted and introduced into Parliament sev- eral times but met with great opposition, mostly from farmers Even- tually, in 1925, it was decided that summer time should begin on the day following the third Saturday in April and close after the first Saturday in October The United States Congress passed the Standard Time Act of 1918 to establish standard time and preserve and set Daylight Saving Time across the continent This act also devised five time zones throughout the United States: Eastern, Central, Mountain, Pacific, and Alaska The first time zone was set on “the mean astronomical time of the seventy- 185 501 Critical Reading Questions (35) (40) (45) (50) (55) (60) (65) fifth degree of longitude west from Greenwich” (England) In 1919 this act was repealed President Roosevelt established year-round Daylight Saving Time (also called “War Time”) from 1942–1945 However, after this period each state adopted their own DST, which proved to be disconcerting to television and radio broadcasting and transporta- tion In 1966, President Lyndon Johnson created the Department of Transportation and signed the Uniform Time Act As a result, the Department of Transportation was given the responsibility for the time laws During the oil embargo and energy crisis of the 1970s, President Richard Nixon extended DST through the Daylight Saving Time Energy Act of 1973 to conserve energy further This law was modified in 1986, and Daylight Saving Time was set for beginning on the first Sunday in April (to “spring ahead”) and ending on the last Sunday in October (to “fall back”) Through the years the U.S Department of Transportation conducted polls concerning daylight saving time and found that many Americans were in favor of it because of the extended hours of daylight and the freedom to more in the evening hours In further studies the U.S Department of Transportation also found that DST con- serves energy by cutting the electricity usage in the morning and evening for lights and particular appliances During the darkest win- ter months (November through February), the advantage of conserv- ing energy in afternoon daylight saving time is outweighed by needing more light in the morning because of late sunrise In Britain, studies showed that there were fewer accidents on the road because of the increased visibility resulting from additional hours of daylight Despite these advantages, there is still opposition to DST One per- petual complaint is the inconvenience of changing many clocks, and adjusting to a new sleep schedule Farmers often wake at sunrise and find that their animals not adjust to the changing of time until weeks after the clock is either moved forward or back In Israel, Sephardic Jews have campaigned against Daylight Saving Time because they recite prayers in the early morning during the Jewish month of Elul Many places around the globe still not observe day- light saving time—such as Arizona (excluding Navajo reservations), the five counties in Indiana, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Japan, and Saskatchewan, Canada Countries located near the equator have equal hours of day and night and not participate in Daylight Saving Time 186 501 Critical Reading Questions 352 In line 20 the word obligatory most nearly means a approved b sparse c aberrant d requisite e optional According to the passage what is the most beneficial effect of DST? changing sleeping patterns less car accidents conservation of energy additional time for family outings preferred harvesting time for farmers 353 a b c d e 354 Who first established the idea of DST? a President Richard Nixon b Benjamin Franklin c Sir Robert Pearce d President Lyndon Johnson e William Willett According to the passage, in which area of the world is DST least useful? the tropics Indiana Navajo reservations Mexico Saskatchewan 355 a b c d e Which of the following statements is true of the U.S Department of Transportation? It was created by President Richard Nixon It set the standards for DST throughout the world It constructed the Uniform Time Act It oversees all time laws in the United States It established the standard railway time laws 356 a b c d e 87 501 Critical Reading Questions 357 What of the following statements is the best title for this passage? a The History and Rationale of Daylight Saving Time b Lyndon Johnson and the Uniform Time Act c The U.S Department of Transportation and Daylight Saving Time d Daylight Saving Time in the United States e Benjamin Franklin’s Discovery In which month does the need for more energy in the morning offset the afternoon conservation of energy by DST? June July October January March 358 a b c d e Questions 359–365 are based on the following passage This passage details the life and illustrious career of Sir Isaac Newton, preeminent scientist and mathematician (1) (5) (10) (15) (20) Tradition has it that Newton was sitting under an apple tree when an apple fell on his head, and this made him understand that earthly and celestial gravitation are the same A contemporary writer, William Stukeley, recorded in his Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton’s Life a conversa- tion with Newton in Kensington on April 15, 1726, in which Newton recalled “when formerly, the notion of gravitation came into his mind It was occasioned by the fall of an apple, as he sat in contemplative mood Why should that apple always descend perpendicularly to the ground, thought he to himself Why should it not go sideways or upwards, but constantly to the earth’s centre.” Sir Isaac Newton, English mathematician, philosopher, and physicist, was born in 1642 in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, a hamlet in the county of Lincolnshire His father had died three months before Newton’s birth, and two years later his mother went to live with her new husband, leaving her son in the care of his grandmother Newton was educated at Grantham Grammar School In 1661 he joined Trin- ity College, Cambridge, and continued there as Lucasian professor of mathematics from 1669 to 1701 At that time the college’s teachings were based on those of Aristotle, but Newton preferred to read the more advanced ideas of modern philosophers such as Descartes, Galileo, Copernicus, and Kepler In 1665, he discovered the binomial [...]...184 501 Critical Reading Questions According to the passage, all of the following are a threat to a coral reef EXCEPT tourists pollution erosion and putrefaction rising water temperatures Crown-of-thorns starfish 351 a b c d e Questions 352–358 are based on the following passage This passage details the history and... This act also devised five time zones throughout the United States: Eastern, Central, Mountain, Pacific, and Alaska The first time zone was set on “the mean astronomical time of the seventy- 185 501 Critical Reading Questions (35) (40) (45) (50) (55) (60) (65) fifth degree of longitude west from Greenwich” (England) In 1919 this act was repealed President Roosevelt established year-round Daylight Saving... counties in Indiana, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Japan, and Saskatchewan, Canada Countries located near the equator have equal hours of day and night and do not participate in Daylight Saving Time 186 501 Critical Reading Questions 352 In line 20 the word obligatory most nearly means a approved b sparse c aberrant d requisite e optional According to the passage what is the most beneficial effect of DST? changing... the standards for DST throughout the world It constructed the Uniform Time Act It oversees all time laws in the United States It established the standard railway time laws 356 a b c d e 1 87 501 Critical Reading Questions 357 What of the following statements is the best title for this passage? a The History and Rationale of Daylight Saving Time b Lyndon Johnson and the Uniform Time Act c The U.S Department... United States e Benjamin Franklin’s Discovery In which month does the need for more energy in the morning offset the afternoon conservation of energy by DST? June July October January March 358 a b c d e Questions 359–365 are based on the following passage This passage details the life and illustrious career of Sir Isaac Newton, preeminent scientist and mathematician (1) (5) (10) (15) (20) Tradition has