Prof Francisco Zabala - 2014 SUPREME RULE: Reasons for the use of strong forms PROMINENCE: Any word can be highlighted in the utterance by stressing it CITATION: • We’ll discuss di the weak forms of ‘THE’ .vhk cH!rjUr C? !vh9jeN9ly ?u !Ch9 .vhk cH!rjUr C? !vh9jeN9ly ?u ! • Let’s analyse an the uses of ‘CAN’ .!kdsr !zm?k`Hy C? !it9rHy ?u !jzm EMPHASIS: • Phonetics ics is THE subject .e?!mdsHjr Hy !Ch9 !rUacYHjs • We MUST meet soon .vh !lUrs !lh9s !rt9m • Please transcribe REGularly .!okh9y !ct9 sqzm!rjq`Ha !qdfi?k?kh i?k?kh STYLISTIC These are optional The weak form is the norm, but the strong form is possible, too a First word in the chunk • As I SAID | we should FIRE him .?y `H !rdc { vh R?c ! { vh R?c !e`H?q Hl As I SAID | we should FIRE him .!zy `H !rdc rdc { vh R?c !e`H?q Hl • Are they HERE? ? CdH !gH? Are they HERE? !@9 CdH !gH? b “Buttressing” or “Rhythmic Strengthening” Preposition + pronoun • I asked QUEStions of her .`H !@9rs !jvdrsRmy ?u ? sRmy ?u ? I asked QUEStions of her .`H !@9rs !jvdrsRmy !Pu ? sRmy !Pu ? Pronoun + preposition + pronoun • We’ve COOKED them for her .vhu !jTjs C??l e?q ? We’ve COOKED them for her .vhu !jTjs C??l eN9q ? CONTRAST: “X not Y” – elements of the same set Explicit: • He was talking to US, not to THEM .gh v?r !sN9jHM st !Ur { !mPs s? ! { !mPs s? !Cdl Implicit: • I want to marry YOU (not your mother) .`H !vPms s? !lzqh !it9 Short questioon ns and answers (contrast on polarity): • A: WAS it? B: Yes, it WAS .!vPy Hs {{ !idr Hs !vPy HEAVY SEMANTIC WEIGHT: Negative contractions: • You weren’t were inVITed .it !v29ms Hm!u`HsHc Main verbs “do” & “have”: • We’ll the HOMEwork .vhk !ct9 C? !g?Tlv29j • We could have some COFfee .vh j?c !gzu r?l !jPeh Causative “have”: • She’s had her HOUSE painted .Rhy !gzc g? !g`Tr !odHmsHc Obligation “have to”: • He has to attend at CLASses .gh !gzy st ?!sdmc !jk@9rHy SYNTACTIC GAP: STRANDING1 Strong, regardless of whether they are stressed or not AUXILIARIES & PREPOSITIONS: syntactic movement I wonder where they ARE (, Dan) .`H !vUmc? !vd? CdH !@9 '!czm( What I’m THINKing THINK of is a SECret .vPs `Hl !SHMjHM Pu { Hy ? !rh9jq?s What are you LOOKing at(, Pam)? !vPs ? it !kTjHM zs '!ozl( AUXILIARIES: ellipsis A: Who can get this SATurday off? B: YOU can, if you finish your rePORT .!it9 jzm{ He it !eHmHR iN9 qH!oN9s Notice: Syllables in bold are stressed Each NUCLEUS is underlined and in bold capitals in the orthographic version They are in bold in the transcriptions, too Stranding “A term used in some grammars to refer to an element which is left unattached after it has been moved out of a construction,, or after the rest of the construction has been moved.” Crystal, D (2008) A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics Blackwell: Oxford Buttressing means “strengthening.” Speakers may strengthen the preposition so as not to create contrast by stressing the pronoun