Student Book Supplementary Material Introduction Review Test Each unit opens with a simple, real-life conversation that shows the use of the unit’s grammar points After every four units, students will take a review test The tests will help students recall what they have studied and assess their understanding of the grammar points Grammar Point Two grammar boxes explain the main grammar points in the unit Simple charts and corresponding pictures help students clearly understand and easily grasp the fundamental grammar structures that are being taught The grammar boxes are followed by practical exercises and drills that allow students to quickly check what they have learned PLUS+ Simple tips about minor exceptions, useful expressions, and word usage are provided to give students a more in-depth understanding of the grammar points Appendix More grammar rules and information are included at the back of the book Midterm/Final Test Practice Various exercises are presented to allow students to review and reinforce each unit’s grammar points and help them gradually expand their understanding of the grammar rules Grammar for Writing This section allows students to complete a written passage by applying their understanding of the key grammar points Each unit also includes an interesting reading passage that incorporates the grammar points students have learned The midterm and final tests allow students to evaluate their progress throughout the course Sentences, Nouns, & uantifiers Unit Unit Unit Unit Parts of a Sentence Subject & Predicate Subject + Verb + Object / Complement | Parts of a Sentence Subject + Verb + I.O + D.O | Subject + Verb + Object + O.C Quantifiers A Few / A Little Pronouns Pronouns & Possessives | 10 14 Many / Much / A Lot Of | Adjectives, Adverbs, Modal Verbs, & The Passive Indefinite Pronouns 18 Unit 13 Unit 14 Unit 15 Unit 16 Adjectives & Adverbs Adjectives & Adverbs Modal Verbs Ability, Permission, & Advice: Can / May / Should Unit Unit Unit Present vs Past Simple: The Verb Be Positive & Negative | Yes / No Questions Present Simple vs Past Simple Positive & Negative | Yes / No Questions Present Simple vs Present Continuous Present Simple vs Present Continuous | Stative (Non-Action) Verbs Present vs Past Continuous Positive & Negative | Yes / No Questions Unit 10 Unit 11 Unit 12 Present Perfect Positive & Negative | Yes / No Questions Present Perfect vs Past Simple Use & Meaning | Use & Meaning Future Will | 22 26 30 34 Possibility: May / Might Information Questions Information Questions | How + Adjective / Adverb | Requests: Could You / Would You The Passive The Passive | 58 62 66 The Passive Unit 17 Unit 18 Unit 19 Unit 20 Participial Adjectives Present Participles & Past Participles | Participial Adjectives Infinitives Infinitives as Nouns | Infinitives as Adverbs / Adjectives Gerunds Gerunds | Relative Pronouns | 74 78 Gerunds as Objects Relative Pronouns as Subjects 70 Relative Pronouns as Objects 82 Supplementary Material 38 42 46 Be Going To Necessity: Must / Have To 54 Infinitives, erunds, & Relative Pronouns Present Perfect & Future Tense Unit | Modal Verbs Present Tense & Past Tense Unit Comparatives & Superlatives | 50 • Review Tests - • Appendix • Midterm Test / Final Test 88 - 97 98 - 100 Parts of a Sentence Subject + Verb + Object/Complement A: I stayed at home on Sunday What about you? B: I had sushi at a restaurant It was delicious Some sentences are made up of a subject, a verb, and an object The object is the person or thing that receives the action of the verb Subject & Predicate A sentence has a subject and a predicate The subject tells who or what the sentence is about Subject (noun) (pronoun) (noun phrase) eats pizza for dinner The predicate tells what the subject is or does There is at least one verb in a predicate Subject She Predicate walks is cooked told named around the park an English teacher spaghetti me a secret her dog Pluto Verb Object Mr White The cat The people speaks saw played French a mouse soccer Subject Linking Verb Complement My mother The dictionary Sarah and Jane is looks felt an art teacher heavy sleepy A Divide the sentences into subjects and predicates with slashes( /) My sister plays computer games every day Joanna and I like the main character in the cartoon Write the subjects, verbs, objects, and complements Subject Verb Object Complement Jim wrote a story × John ran at the park They were angry at me The roses smell sweet The sweater in the shop feels soft and warm We bought a cushion yesterday My friend Mike likes playing baseball after school after lunch Some common linking verbs are be, look, feel, sound, smell, and taste Jim wrote a story about his trip A at the park Some sentences are made up of a subject, a verb, and a complement The complement describes the subject and comes after a linking verb Predicate Peter He My brother Subject Ben and I are students The flowers on the table are from John The tallest girl in my class is Miranda B Circle the verbs and underline the predicates B Read the underlined words and check(✔) Object My grandparents are my heroes Ms Kimble’s new car looks expensive The subway moves quickly along the track The baker bakes bread at six a.m My father bought me a new computer The baby is holding a toy in her hand Rudolph has a very shiny nose The scientist studies the plants on the mountain They are students from China The sofa feels really comfortable Ben drinks a glass of milk every morning Kevin’s sisters are very pretty Complement Unit • Parts of a Sentence Practice A Check(✔) the correct places for the verbs are My parents proud take We a bus to school studied Tiffany pressed The man bought My parents great me me Complete Sarah's health report and write the numbers of the objects and complements Sarah doesn’t get up early So she doesn’t eat every day in the elevator 3 fashion design Your new dress looks of A in Paris on 3 HEALTH CHECKLIST Name: Sarah Wells you a button a cell phone 3 Yes No I get up early I skip breakfast Choose and complete the sentences Then check(✔) sweet tired movies wet his textbook My brothers watch at night Jonathan is always after work and pizza Eating them too feels to exercise more She sleeps well at night She I exercise three times a week doesn’t think she is B a soldier Fruits and vegetables have many different colors Did you know that foods of different colors have different health We found under the bed Red foods are good for heart health cranberries sells the key and peaches health Mike and Jack speak very well at the concert looked excited improve memory Ms Lloyd from Hawaii He chairs and tables at his store Find the sentences that are S +V +O and S +V +C and write the numbers Find the missing words and rewrite the sentences the girls healthy Complement benefits? is Object I am a healthy person Complement The clothes on the line are after school She needs tired I like hamburgers and pizza to me The sauce tasted I sleep well at night my room every weekend Japanese every day But she also likes to school I clean C I feel tired after school Object John didn’t bring in the morning She eats much is not good for her health She often I eat vegetables every day B They also Red foods include cherries, tomatoes, and Some healthy orange foods are carrots, oranges, Orange foods promote good skin and eye Pineapples and bananas are healthy yellow foods They improve brain function Green foods, like spinach and broccoli, strengthen bones and muscles Eat a variety of colors of fruits and vegetables Then, S+V+O 10 you will be healthy and strong S+V+C Mr Miles was 40 years ago Unit • Parts of a Sentence Parts of a Sentence Subject + Verb + Object + Object Complement A: My aunt sent me presents from Canada B: You must be happy Presents always make me happy Some sentences have an object complement (O.C.) It comes after the object and describes the object It can be a noun or an adjective Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object Jolie Some sentences have two objects, an indirect object(I.O.) and a direct object (D.O.) The indirect object is the person or thing that receives the direct object from the subject I made a salad S + V + D.O I made my parents S + V + I.O + Subject Verb My parents bought Jenny a salad D.O Indirect Object Direct Object - a new computer me a new computer - letters Ellen letters sends Karen named her dog Jolie (her dog = Jolie) S + V + O + O.C A Subject Verb Object Object Complement I He People left found called the door the test the lady open difficult an angel Read the sentences and write the objects and the object complements Object Object Complement The movie made Nora and Rachel sad She found the novel interesting Common verbs that take two objects are give, send, make, ask, buy, show, bring, and tell People call New York the “Big Apple.” They will name their daughter Sophie A Read the underlined words and check(✔) Indirect Object Jenny always keeps her desk tidy Direct Object She gave me a book for my birthday Cathy and I will make Grandma a chair Derek bought his younger sister a teddy bear B Look at the pictures and complete the sentences 4 I asked the police officer the way to the mall B Circle the indirect objects and underline the direct objects Helen gave me her phone number yesterday We bought our cat a comfortable bed 10 a great musician She made the soup too Can you show me your paintings? The police officer keeps the children Gina told them a scary story last night Molly and Tim painted the door Our English teacher read us a poem People called Beethoven blue salty safe Unit • Parts of a Sentence 11 Practice A B Check(✔) the correct places for the words English me Dad her Tony the information The lady will Christmas cards I anyone Mrs Freeman passed asks send Don’t teaches a fork give 2 the students 3 My uncle gave my sister and me a puppy last month We (my sister and me / gave / a puppy) you the children tell many questions Read the weekend plans Unscramble the words and complete the passages A 3 He doesn’t have a doghouse yet (Spotty / the puppy / named) So, we will this weekend We (him / make / a house) every year your password will like a chessboard (black and white / paint / the house) Read the underlined words and check(✔) Direct Object People Object Complement in the world (the best singer / call / Jenny Kyle) Dave will make us dinner tonight Her songs The blanket kept her warm make me happy Last week, my mother (happy / me / make) The movie made the actress popular James showed us his new bike bought me tickets to her concert I’m going to her (tickets / bought / me) concert this weekend At the concert, I will Sarah bought her mother a pretty watch (her / some flowers / give) My dog brings me the newspaper every morning Don’t leave your sister alone Find the sentences that are S +V +I.O +D.O and S +V +O +O.C and write the numbers B C Unscramble the words and complete the dialogues Are you bored with your furniture? A I have an appointment with Dr Brennan at three o’clock B Can you tell me your name ? A What was your nickname? (Troublemaker / me / called) when I was little We can make it new again! energetic orange green A What is Ed doing? You can bring us your old furniture We can paint your old desk an We can paint your dusty cabinets a fresh We make all of your old furniture exciting Come by our store to see what we can B He is sleeping The exam You could get your children a new desk You could even buy them a new bookshelf! But why waste money? The Magic Makers are here for you (me / tell / your name) B My mother You can ask us questions any time! (him / made / tired) A Bye, Susie I will miss you very much B I will miss you, too I will 12 (send / my photos / you) from the trip S+V+I.O.+D.O S+V+O+O.C Unit • Parts of a Sentence 13 uantifiers Many / Much / A Lot Of A: What would you like to eat, David? B: Can I have a few potatoes with a little cheese? Many and much mean a large number or amount of something many + plural count noun The rich man has many cars There are many books in the library How many candles you need? A Few / A Little A few and a little mean a small number or amount of something a few + plural count noun I don’t have much information There isn’t much milk in the refrigerator How much time we have? A lot of has the same meaning as many and much It can describe both plural count nouns and noncount nouns a little + noncount noun He has a few friends There are a few cookies on the table They bought a few flowers much + noncount noun She has a little money There is a little water in the bottle Add a little yogurt to the sauce There are a lot of computers (= There are many computers.) Karen has a few apples David has a little time before his flight A A B ( a few / a little ) butter ( a few / a little ) boxes We don’t eat ( a few / a little ) children ( a few / a little ) men Sarah doesn’t have ( a few / a little ) tea ( a few / a little ) honey Do you need ( a few / a little ) chances ( a few / a little ) letters She doesn’t have ( a few / a little ) oil 10 ( a few / a little ) bread Complete the sentences with a few or a little A few doctors are working tonight rain this week There will be I need sleep The doctor didn’t give me B paintings in the gallery meat friends chairs? Much is not used in positive sentences money much advice I have much time (×) I have a lot of time ( ) Circle the correct words There are ( many / much ) people in the gym We had ( many / a lot of ) fun, didn’t we? How ( many / much ) brothers you have? people were at the shopping mall My friend has English novels Could I have ice in my drink? The students have 14 Complete the sentences with many or much There are Circle the correct words I don’t have a lot of money (= I don’t have much money.) questions How ( many / much ) sleep you get every night? I have ( much / a lot of ) pencils in my pencil case People eat ( many / a lot of ) sugar every day Pablo bought ( many / much ) shirts last weekend Unit • Quantifiers 15 Practice A Complete the sentences with a few or a little We saw Add a little Hotels Restaurants Sightseeing coffee every day Maybe you don’t want to spend time outside in winter But there are pepper to your soup French He wrote down ideas on a piece of paper (much / a lot of) them We have a few ice rinks in the city (a few / a little) However, Rockefeller Center is the most famous one You will find New Yorkers and animals can survive in the desert tourists there There are also a lot of (many / much) big Christmas tree You can save Write many or much for the underlined words tall buildings and a (a little / a lot of) B outdoor activities in New York Ice skating is one of juice in the refrigerator They can speak much (many / much) singers at the festival There is only Only This is a travel guide for New York Choose and complete the sentences birthday presents for Sarah There are My dad drinks A a little money if you visit early in the (a little / a few) morning during weekdays They have a lot of oranges We didn’t eat a lot of bread yesterday There are a lot of fish in the pond I don’t have a lot of time to eat breakfast B Find the five mistakes and correct them My brother doesn’t drink a lot of milk There are a lot of beautiful buildings in London Many students study at schools However, there are a few students who study at home This is called homeschooling Homeschooling has C much advantages First, regular students Circle the correct words to complete the dialogues spend A Why did you buy ( a lot of / much ) apples? students don’t have to travel at all They can also study their many hours And because there is only one student, he or she gets A What did you on your trip? there are also B I went to ( a few / a little ) beaches I swam every day B I collect them I spent ( many / a lot of ) money on them a few time traveling to school But homeschooling favorite subject for B I’m going to make apple jam this afternoon A You have so ( many / much ) comic books! many time with the teacher However, a few disadvantages Homeschooling students usually have only also don’t have much chances to learn from other students around them 10 a little friends They don’t have much social interaction They A Look! There are ( much / a lot of ) people at the park B Wow There is ( many / a lot of ) trash, too 16 Unit • Quantifiers 17 Pronouns Indefinite Pronouns A: Is this bike yours? B: No, it’s not mine Somebody left it here We use an indefinite pronoun when we don’t give specific information about a person or thing We also use it when a person or thing is unknown Pronouns & Possessives A subject pronoun replaces a subject noun, and an object pronoun replaces an object noun A possessive adjective comes before a noun and tells who the noun belongs to A possessive pronoun can replace a possessive adjective and its noun Singular Plural Object Pronoun Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronoun I me my mine you you your yours Positive he / she / it him / her / it his / her / its his / hers / - we us our ours Negative / Question you you your yours they them their theirs Jake is a teacher He loves his students All the students respect him A Somebody sent me a love letter Subject Pronoun The runners are very thirsty We’ll give Patrick was in class Person Positive (Negative meaning) A I have something for you I don’t know anybody in your class Do you know anybody in my class? I don’t have anything in my bag Do you have anything in your bag? Nobody is in the classroom Nothing is on the table Circle the correct words There is ( anything / nothing ) in the box I don’t know ( something / anything ) about him are my good friends He gave me ( anything / something ) for my birthday ( Nobody / Anybody ) visited her last Christmas when we go shopping Hello? Is ( anybody / nobody ) here? B  here is no difference T between -one and –body somebody = someone anybody = anyone nobody = no one Circle the correct words Here is a letter from ( my / me ) friend in London 18 He has nothing in his pocket (= He doesn’t have anything in his pocket.) I met ( somebody / anybody ) at the mall asked the teacher some questions We always take our bags with I saw somebody in the classroom I saw nobody on the street (= I didn’t see anybody on the street.) some water Do your know Paul and Robert? Thing Nobody and nothing are used in positive sentences, but they have negative meanings Mr and Mrs Jones bought a house This is their new house This house is theirs Complete the sentences with subject or object pronouns There is something in your ear B Match the sentences My father always wears ( him / his ) glasses She keeps nothing in the drawer • • Nobody remembered her birthday Jane lost ( her / hers ) dog in the park I am hungry • • The drawer is empty The students turned off ( their / theirs ) phones I didn’t know where to go • • Somebody gave me directions My sister drew the picture The picture is ( her / hers ) Carrie is very sad today • • I didn’t eat anything for lunch These aren’t their books The books are ( our / ours ) I found something on the street • • It was an old coin Unit • Pronouns 19 Practice A Circle the correct words Let’s meet the Most Amazing Person Award candidates Complete the sentences A Are you ( worrying / worried ) about your exam? First is Nathan He is The view of the Grand Canyon is ( amazing / amazed ) in horror movies He has interested (interest) Look at those ( swimming / swum ) ducks watched over 3,000 horror movies He was not My favorite dessert is ( freezing / frozen ) yogurt any of them by (frighten) He wasn’t ( satisfying / satisfied ) with his test results Next is Weng Eating insects is The ( burning / burned ) candles made the dinner romantic to her At first, she saw (excite) people eating insects and she was B Choose and complete the sentences interesting interested confusing confused tiring tired terrifying terrified (shock) interesting dishes with insects Maria is an person Finally, this is Paul He is in her Her classmates are I was (interest) to many places He is never by his question Mike is always when he goes to new (disappoint) places His question was in traveling He has traveled in the evening His work is really I was Find the five mistakes and correct them B in the dark room Being in the dark was a During my summer vacation, I was very experience Complete the dialogues but my friends were very A Shawn is getting married sky in a small airplane I was B I heard that I was pleased was I was B I dropped Mom’s favorite cup It’s It was to meet you, too (please) A I heard a noise What happened? (break) boring So, I crowded I was scared, exciting We went up into the terrifying that my parachute wouldn’t open But I jumped I was flying through the sky It by the news (surprise) A Nice to meet you, Jack B I’m decided to try skydiving with my friends When I got to the skydiving center, it was very C Now, she cooks 10 amazed After I landed, I couldn’t express how I felt! satisfied to something that was so adventurous impressed with myself for doing it Skydiving was definitely an exciting and amazing experience A What’s your favorite sport? B Soccer It is very 72 (excite) Unit 17 • Participial Adjectives 73 18 Infinitives Infinitives as Adverbs / Adjectives A: It’s hard to find information about the topic B: Yes, it is Do you want to go to the library with me? An infinitive can describe a verb like an adverb It adds the purpose of the action Adverb Infinitives as Nouns Infinitive An infinitive uses the form to + verb When it is used as a noun, it can be a subject, complement, or object in a sentence Subject Complement Object They ran to the station fast They ran to the station to catch the train (purpose) An infinitive can describe a noun like an adjective To learn English is necessary (not normally used) → It is necessary to learn English Adjective Her dream is to become a teacher Infinitive I want to buy new shoes I have a cute dog I have a dog to play with When an infinitive is used as a subject, it usually comes at the end of the sentence The sentence starts with it A To play with friends is fun It is fun to play with friends (It = to play with friends) A Underline the infinitives and check(✔) Subject Object Match to complete the sentences I saved some money • • to catch it Jim searched his room • • to find his car key The cat ran after the mouse • • to help poor people They woke up early • • to get some sleep Sally sent cards • • to invite her friends to her party He turned off the light • • to see the sunrise Complement It isn’t easy to play the piano My dream is to travel to Egypt B My sister wants to buy a teddy bear Look at the pictures and complete the sentences It makes me happy to talk to my best friend Karen hoped to meet the singer B 74 Complete the sentences using the infinitives eat wipe dangerous / touch It is a snake I need a cloth strange / wear It is a helmet inside He bought a magazine necessary / wash It is fruit before eating it Susan doesn’t have a CD player fun / play It is games at a picnic There is a lot of food read play the table to read on the airplane the CD in the fridge Unit 18 • Infinitives 75 Practice A Complete the sentences using infinitives A Read the health tips and complete the sentences I have a cold You drink too much coffee It is unhealthy → It is unhealthy to drink too much coffee You go to school on time It is important → It is Cool it down Stop it from getting infected • drink hot lemon tea • wear thick clothes • put some ice on it • put lavender oil on it • wash the wound • cover the wound with a bandage You saw the big rainbow in the sky It was amazing it down Or, it is good When you have a paper cut, you need → It was thick clothes wound with a bandage to stop some lavender oil on it the wound Then, cover the it from getting infected Choose and complete the sentences using the infinitives make open I decided get work protect study B Find the infinitives as nouns, adverbs, and adjectives and write the numbers abroad next year I am going to learn English He went to Australia Jennifer boils water I used scissors as a tour guide some tea Do you have The waiter gave me some John needs Do you want to see something amazing? your eyes to watch the Northern Lights The food (money / buy) in France (museums / visit) to see red, blue, violet, and green colors in the to see the Northern Lights are Canada, Alaska, and Norway Fall and spring are good times Complete the sentences using the infinitives There are many famous to have a memorable moment? They are also called the aurora borealis People go sky The best places The poor man doesn’t have Northern Lights are colored lights in the night sky some fresh air You should wear sunglasses Do you want Then travel the envelope My mother opened the window 76 hot lemon tea Also, you need When you have a mosquito bite, don’t scratch it Put some ice on it → It is C warm You need You ask your teacher questions It is necessary B I have a paper cut Stay warm When you have a cold, it is important You share food with your friends It is nice → It is nice to share food with your friends I have a mosquito bite to visit those places The best times are in the early morning or late at night It is easier Many travelers and scientists come is one of the best ways 10 to catch the lights to see the lights when it is dark to observe the lights Seeing the Northern Lights to feel the beauty of nature in an emergency? (anyone / call) (water / drink) Infinitives as nouns Infinitives as adverbs Infinitives as adjectives for his job interview (a suit / wear) Unit 18 • Infinitives 77 19 erunds Gerunds as Objects A: Do you enjoy watching movies? B: Yes, I I plan to watch a movie tomorrow Some verbs are followed by either a gerund or an infinitive Some verbs can be followed by both a gerund and an infinitive Gerunds A gerund uses the form verb + ing When it is used as a noun, it can be a subject, complement, or object in a sentence Subject Complement Object Swimming in the sea is fun My favorite activity is swimming in the sea I love swimming in the sea Present Participle enjoy keep finish mind avoid stop Sam kept losing his tennis matches Infinitive want hope need expect decide plan choose ask promise She hopes to open her own restaurant Gerund / Infinitive like start Lucy started reading the newspaper Lucy started to read the newspaper love begin hate continue A gerund can come after a preposition like a noun Cindy is good at dancing Brian and Ted are interested in taking photos How about drinking some water? When a gerund is used as a complement, it can be mistaken as a present participle Gerund Gerund Mary’s hobby is riding her bike (Mary’s hobby = riding a bike) Mary is riding a bike (Mary riding a bike) A Circle the correct words Chris kept ( practicing / to practice ) the guitar A Complete the sentences using the gerunds and check(✔) My parents promised ( buying / to buy ) me a backpack for my birthday Subject B hunt teach have climb Do you like meet I enjoy Complement Sarah finished ( reading / to read ) the book last night sharks is dangerous Do you want ( riding / to ride ) your bicycle to school? young children His job is I expected ( seeing / to see ) a big tiger at the zoo breakfast is important You should take a rest and avoid ( using / to use ) your computer My brothers are excited about ( going / to go ) on a picnic mountains? Mike isn’t interested in ( learning / to learn ) lndonesian new people Read the underlined words and check(✔) Gerund Present Participle B Complete the sentences using the gerunds or infinitives The monkeys love eating bananas open Do you mind the window? Alice is playing computer games get People need enough sleep Danny stopped biting his nails ride Frank is good at Mr Hans is reading my essay eat She enjoys see The children want clean I enjoy working with a partner My goal this year is learning how to knit 78 Object Let’s talk about horses fast food the famous actor the house Unit 19 • Gerunds 79 Practice A Complete the sentences using gerunds A Look at the table and complete the passage using gerunds or infinitives I drink orange juice every morning → I like drinking orange juice Joan every morning Hobby Jake makes furniture very well → Jake is good at • play hockey • read comic books Weekend plans • buy a special stamp at the post office • take his cousin to a hockey game • go to a comic book club meeting Wish • display her stamps in an exhibition • become a hockey player • draw cartoons well Joan enjoys My parents watch movies on Saturdays stamp at the post office this weekend She wants on Saturdays Emily reads travel books in the evening → Emily enjoys reading travel books He decided eat Did you finish your lunch? kick Please stop kicking the back of my seat to visit Ben in the hospital visit We decided run My brother and I planned call Would you mind me back in five minutes? use You should avoid your phone so much B Julie loves watch wear Do you enjoy They enjoy 80 surf care of sick children the evening news is my favorite part of the day reading them to share your photos and ideas on Facebook? Do you like leaving comments on your friends’ Facebook pages? These days, many people enjoy very interested in homeless people The doctor’s job is hockey He promised Find the five mistakes and correct them doing that, and Mark Zuckerberg made it possible Mark began pretty skirts to school James wrote an essay about speak her stamps cartoons well in the park every day Choose and complete the sentences using the gerunds a special to a comic book club meeting this weekend He hopes to go take plans a hockey player Daniel likes comic books He can’t stop Complete the sentences using the gerunds or infinitives help She his cousin to a hockey game this weekend His dream is to become C stamps collecting in an exhibition one day Mark is good at in the evening Daniel • collect stamps We bake bread at the bakery → Baking bread at the bakery is our job → My parents love B Mark using computers in middle school He was write computer software He kept programs and became good at to develop new computer computer programming Then he was accepted to Harvard University At Harvard, he started many people use Facebook for to planning his ideas for Facebook Now, connect with friends and family Thanks to Mark’s vision and hard work, we can socialize with people from all over the world by 10 logging into Facebook the Internet Chinese is difficult Unit 19 • Gerunds 81 20 Relative Pronouns B A: Do you know the girl who is talking to Mark? B: She is Mark’s friend She lives in the house that is across the street Circle the correct words I don’t like people that ( tell / tells ) lies all the time My parents drive a car which ( is / are ) 20 years old He ordered a meal that ( was / were ) very expensive Relative Pronouns as Subjects The waitress who ( is wearing / are wearing ) a black shirt is very friendly A relative pronoun introduces a relative clause in a sentence It acts as a subject in the relative clause and gives more information about a noun by defining it Relative Pronouns as Objects I have a friend She lives in Canada (she → subject) A relative pronoun can act as an object in the relative clause I have a friend who lives in Canada (who → relative pronoun) (relative clause) I ate the pizza Jamie and Oliver made it (it → object) I ate the pizza which Jamie and Oliver made (which → relative pronoun) who which that people things (relative clause) The boy is my friend He has blond hair The boy who has blond hair is my friend Mike wants a camera The camera costs $100 who Mike wants a camera which costs $100 people The boy that has blond hair is my friend things Mike wants a camera that costs $100 which When a relative pronoun acts as a subject, we must use the proper verb in the relative clause that I have a friend who lives in Canada (The friend lives in Canada.) I have friends who live in Canada (The friends live in Canada.) people things The boy was kind I met the boy The boy who I met was kind We live in a house My grandfather built the house We live in a house which my grandfather built people The boy that I met was kind things We live in a house that my grandfather built When a relative pronoun acts as an object, we can omit the relative pronoun I ate the pizza (which) Jamie and Oliver made A Complete the sentences with who or which She is an actress She won an Academy Award → She is an actress who won an Academy Award There is the dog It always barks at me → There is the dog which always barks at me I lost my gloves They were expensive → I lost my gloves which were expensive The boy is Billy He called my name → The boy who 82 called my name is Billy A I ate the pizza (that) Jamie and Oliver made Complete the sentences with who or which I know the girl Jason likes her → I know the girl who Jason likes The ring is her wedding ring She lost it yesterday → The ring which The boy who I met was kind = The boy whom I met was kind she lost yesterday is her wedding ring These are the books I bought them last weekend → These are the books which I bought last weekend They are the people I invited them to the party → They are the people who I invited to the party Unit 20 • Relative Pronouns 83 Practice A Circle the correct words Complete the sentences about Rachel using who or which Use that if the relative pronouns act as objects A I met a girl ( that / which ) has the same name as me He is the man ( who / which ) I saw at the movie theater Brian has a robot ( who / that ) can play soccer Rachel is the girl The boy ( who / which ) helped me yesterday is Sally’s brother London is a big city ( who / that ) many people visit every year a white shirt She lives in a house The jacket ( which / who ) I’m wearing was a present from my mom her father made last year Emily likes a boy who ( play / plays ) basketball very well Those are the flowers Rachel planted this spring She has a dog Complete the sentences with who or which She is the musician old The person I like He sent the letter that Rachel is talking to is Anne he wrote all night who They are the people work Find the five mistakes and correct them with who or which B in this building Candies and sweets have a lot of sugar Some food drove me to school is my aunt The woman Make the two sentences into one sentence using who or which that was about sugar addiction The results who eat a lot of sugar are often addicted to it Moreover, most of them are children eating habits Children love foods left the classroom I gave you an umbrella yesterday Do you have the umbrella? → Do you have the umbrella which I gave you which eat too much sugar is increasing these days And people The students left the classroom They finished the exam → The students who finished the exam whom we who the research showed were shocking The number of people I couldn’t read the map The map was on the table → I couldn’t read the map eat at restaurants contains a lot of sugar, too Recently, scientists has a lot of fruit on it is my favorite did some research is five years Carl made We ate the sandwiches C has white soft fur Ed has a dog The cake has a large garden She is sitting on the bench Jane gave me some shirts which ( was / were ) too big for her B is wearing jeans and who ? who can’t control their that are sweet Children which become addicted to sugar can have problems These health problems, which include obesity and tooth decay, will affect children’s daily lives Scientists encourage parents to help their children develop eating habits 10 who are healthy yesterday I taught them last year The students were very polite → The students who I taught last year 84 were very polite Unit 20 • Relative Pronouns 85 Supplementary Material 86 Review Test 87 Review Test Units 1–4 A Circle the correct words D This magazine gives ( a few / a little ) information about the movie Choose and complete the sentences an email Only ( a few / a little ) students arrived on time his name clean happy The couple named their son Linda has ( many / much ) toy soldiers on her desk Jane asked the boy ( Anybody / Somebody ) left you a message Ms Adams always keeps her car There isn’t ( anything / something ) in my backpack John sent me from England The news made Sam and Amy B look My friend Alan make Ted gave our many good CDs Please put a little sugars in my tea me your ticket? show see lived Mr Murphy The man not busy last weekend keep I drank much juice after exercising the game challenging The students had Ann doesn’t know something about cars found Shawn a B on the history quiz gave made F told The cushions on the sofa feel (soft) now The ice pack kept the food (cool) are twins Do you know Mia and David? My sister is very cute Everybody likes I know Tom well take computer lessons together A Is this umbrella yours? B No, A Where is your father’s car? Find the correct places for the words and rewrite the sentences The woman wears every day (a scarf) Complete the sentences with pronouns or possessive adjectives The printer is broken I can’t use Correct the underlined words We found the movie’s exciting taking pictures of his family likes finds grows Can you E scary love 88 Choose the correct answers The crocodiles in the pond C a dress Mom bought my sister Don’t put too ( many / much ) oil in the frying pan Dave is I to the library after school (go) black B It’s over there That blue car is Mr Gray is about his vacation (excited) Review Test 89 Review Test Units 5–8 A Circle the correct words D Choose and complete the sentences The boxes on my desk ( am / is / are ) empty be The principal’s speech ( is / was / were ) very long yesterday have I Chris ( break / breaks / broke ) the window last night Louis and Joshua ( don’t / doesn’t / didn’t ) get along well these days My dad ( drink / drinks / is drinks ) green tea twice a day The band ( performs / is performing / was performing ) on stage now finish look read about the festival in a magazine yesterday My brother is for his sunglasses now These clothes too big for me last year Jenny usually her homework before dinner It was hard at nine o’clock last night Liam and Olivia are B rain a snack in the cafeteria Choose the correct answers E Ken a football player 10 years ago? Was Were Did isn’t doesn’t The story sounds unreal I didn’t don’t believe The waiter Noah was sitting in the chair now The shop open last Sunday it am not believing She didn’t good at dancing last year was not believing My dad is cooking when I got home our food to the table 10 minutes ago carries They Rebecca is loving art and music working well at the moment My laptop is carrying The bus wasn’t come early yesterday carried any help now need don’t need Correct the underlined words aren’t needing F Write the sentences Kate read a poem in her English class Question C 90 Complete the dialogues Mr Cohen is staying at a hotel downtown A Is it cloudy outside? B , It’s really sunny A Do you live near the library? B , So I often go there A Was Ryan bored in the museum? B , He had a lot of fun A Did Jessica come to the party? , She came with Tom A Were they playing video games? B , they weren’t They were sleeping A Are you listening to music now? , I’m not B B I’m watching TV Question The children feed their dogs every day Question Meg and Beth aren’t best friends Past tense Mrs Jones teaches geography in our school Past tense Review Test 91 Review Test Units 9–12 A Circle the correct words D Choose and complete the sentences Julia ( has had / had ) three pieces of cake yesterday sing Mr Brown ( doesn’t visit / hasn’t visited ) my family for a year train graduate My dad will Jacob ( has grown / grew ) three centimeters since March Tony Ann ( has moved / moved ) to Sydney a month ago Choose the correct answers E How will the weather be tomorrow? Yes, it’ll be sunny It’ll be windy He needed eggs and flour I was tired Correct the underlined words She knew Keeran since 2013 No, I didn’t He is going review his English notes How often does Amanda meet her boyfriend? No, she doesn’t She meets him twice a week I met her at the library I met her at seven When did you meet Kate? Yes, I did my dogs for two years 3 They travel by ship three times How old were you when you painted this picture? She has many friends from university next year Sofia hasn’t went to London yet He doesn’t need anything I was eight several novels since she was 18 The man not taken the bus since high school We’ll go on a picnic What did he need from the supermarket? Yes, he did for this company for nine years Sam’s sister is going to I have B work a song at the audition last month She has Daniel and I ( haven’t studied / didn’t study ) together in 2011 take us to Disneyland today Ms Porter has I ( have read / read ) this novel many times so far write I have read the book when I was little F Write the sentences I have been to China several times Negative C They will have lunch together this Saturday Complete the dialogues A Have you been to Greece? B Yes, A Will you go shopping with us? B No, Negative We are going to go shopping next weekend Negative 92 A called you since Monday? B No, he hasn’t A is your brother? B He is 171 cm tall A is the woman over there? B She is my music teacher A is he going to visit you? B He’s going to visit me on Sunday Jane has washed all the clothes Question Tom is going to explore the jungle this summer Question Review Test 93 Review Test Units 13–16 A Circle the correct words D Choose and complete the sentences Ms Parker works ( hard / hardly ) for her company badly My dad always makes decisions ( careful / carefully ) hit give paint Ryan arrived at school Aaron looks ( slimmer / the slimmest ) than last year My sister skis This room is ( larger / the largest ) one in the hotel The walls You ( should / shouldn’t ) take care of your younger brother T-shirts than my mom by lightning last night by street artists last month to all the volunteers yesterday The performance B cancel of all the students worse The car Wear your boots It ( may / may not ) snow tonight early because the power went out Choose the correct answers David E eat anything now He has a stomachache may must should I’m allergic to mushrooms I must She looks lovelily in the white dress eat any mushrooms might Katie This bag is expensiver than that bag fail the test might don’t have to James honest answered my question shouldn’t Ashley didn’t study enough She You don’t have wear a suit to the party mustn’t I have to study for the exam yesterday go to the zoo yesterday because she got up late shouldn’t mustn’t I like badminton I Tennis is playing by many people couldn’t join the badminton team may shouldn’t Correct the underlined words might not F Write the sentences Tom has to feed his cat three times a day Negative C 94 Mr Willis might remember my family Complete the dialogues Negative A play this piano? B Yes, you may A watch this movie? B No, you can’t A wait for me? B Sorry, but I don’t have time to wait Many people love the talented actor Passive A When was your brother born? B He A Where was your ring found? B It under the fridge A When was the book published? B It last year was born in 2002 A teenager wrote the beautiful songs Passive Some students don’t use the school bus Passive Review Test 95 Review Test Units 17–20 A Circle the correct words D Mr Peterson complained about his neighbor’s ( barking / barked ) dog Choose and complete the sentences fall Take the ( freezing / frozen ) blueberries out of the freezer teach pass My uncle promised The kids were ( terrifying / terrified ) when they heard the ghost stories leaves in the park with his puppy Jeremy enjoys My aunt bought a new sports car which ( run / runs ) very fast dinner at the restaurant Choose the correct answers The children by the magician’s magic tricks amazed were amazed were amazing E on the grass in spring I like lie lay dance lying to dance Eric chose learn German in high school I hate go to crowded places dancing I’m tired of listen to her stories last Saturday was interesting The book I bought which bought The man which she loves is from Italy who I bought I dropped my cell phone who I bought yesterday early in the morning David planned leave to leave leaving Complete the sentences visit follow buy They are going to the store play The soccer players expect boil Alexis painted some disappoint Would you mind It is helpful Justin got a Correct the underlined words Amy’s dream is to studying in England Matthew and Lily are good at 96 the audition I practiced singing every day Dave had a C make mistakes Cindy collected The people we met on our trip ( was / were ) kind play me how to drive when I am older The new waitress kept The ( pleasing / pleased ) smell of bread filled the kitchen B satisfy F me another time? your teacher’s advice some drinks well in the game eggs for Easter score on his exam Match to complete the sentences Surfing the Internet • • who always listens to me You should avoid • • to chat with her friends Olivia has no time • • looking directly at the sun Mike is worried • • is very fun Benjamin is a friend • • that is 100 years old They live in a house • about moving to a big city • Review Test 97 Appendix Present Simple: Spelling Rules Verb Type Comparative and Superlative Adjectives: Spelling Rules Base Form Third-person Singular Rule most verbs use find uses finds + –s verbs ending in –ch , –sh , –s , –x catch match push finish miss pass mix fix catches matches pushes finishes misses passes mixes fixes + –es verbs ending in a consonant + –y carry try reply fly carries tries replies flies –y → –ies verbs ending in a vowel + –y say play enjoy buy says plays enjoys buys + –s exceptions have do go has does goes – Adjective Type Base Form Comparative Superlative Rule smart young smarter younger smartest youngest + –er/–est adjectives ending in –e wise nice safe wiser nicer safer wisest nicest safest + –r/–st adjectives ending in a vowel and a consonant hot big fat hotter bigger fatter hottest biggest fattest double consonant –er/–est heavy early pretty heavier earlier prettier heaviest earliest prettiest –y → –ier/–iest adjectives with two or more syllables beautiful important expensive more beautiful more important more expensive most beautiful most important most expensive more/most + irregular adjectives good/well bad/badly many/much better worse more best worst most – most adjectives adjectives ending in –y Past Simple: Spelling Rules Verb Type 98 Base Form Past Simple Rule most verbs open finish clean stay opened finished cleaned stayed + –ed verbs ending in –e like love hope close live use arrive change liked loved hoped closed lived used arrived changed + –d verbs ending in a vowel + a consonant drop hug stop mop dropped hugged stopped mopped double consonant + –ed verbs ending in a consonant + –y study cry try worry studied cried tried worried –y → –ied Gerunds and Infinitives Verb + Gerund enjoy finish keep mind stop avoid consider Verb + Infinitive want hope plan need expect decide choose ask agree promise Verb + Gerund/Infinitive like love start begin hate continue Appendix 99 Appendix List of Irregular Verbs 100 Base form Past simple Present participle Base form Past simple Present participle be was/were been let let let become became become lose lost lost begin began begun make made made break broke broken meet met met build built built pay paid paid buy bought bought put put put catch caught caught read read read come came come ride rode ridden cut cut cut rise rose risen did done run ran run draw drew drawn say said said drink drank drunk see saw seen drive drove driven sell sold sold eat ate eaten send sent sent feel felt felt sing sang sung find found found sit sat sat fly flew flown sleep slept slept forget forgot forgotten speak spoke spoken get got gotten spend spent spent give gave given stand stood stood go went gone swim swam swum have had had take took taken hear heard heard teach taught taught hide hid hidden tell told told hit hit hit think thought thought keep kept kept wake woke woken know knew known wear wore worn leave left left win won won lie lay lain write wrote written