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Ý tưởng Khí hoá than ngầm được đưa ra bởi những người anh em nhà Siemens ở cuối những năm 1800. Ý tưởng này đến như một gợi ý để khai thác than thải còn lại sau khi hoàn thành công tác khai thác mỏ hầm lò (Hurley 2008; Kostur and Blistanova, 2009). Hai mươi năm sau, nhà hoá học người Nga Dmitry Mendeleev phát triển khái niệm và thiết kế khá chi tiết hoạt động cho UCG (Burton et al.,năm 2009; Kostur và Blistanova, 2009; Hurley, 2008). Các bằng sáng chế Khí hoá than ngầm đầu tiên được cấp cho Betts ở Anh vào năm 1901 ( Hurley,2008). Việc thực hiện thực tế đầu tiên của khái niệm UCG được lên kế hoạch và bắt đầu bởi William Ramsay ở Anh vào năm 1912; Tuy nhiên các thí nghiệm tiến hành không thành công do chiến tranh thế giới lần thứ nhất nổ ra và gây ra cái chết cho Ramsey (Burton et al, 2009;. Hurley, 2008). Vào tháng 5 năm 1913 trên báo Tiến hóa Nga, Vladimir Lenin, trong khi lưu vong, xuất bản các bài viết đầu tiên về UCG dựa trên hiểu biết của Ramsay, tuyên bố lợi ích tiềm năng rất lớn của UCG cho Hội Mỏ bởi vì nó có thể xóa bỏ lao động trực tiếp trong khai thác hầm lò (Burton et al., 2009). Bài báo đặt một nền tảng tốt cho phát triển UCG trên thế giới (Burton et al, 2009;. Hurley, 2008; Bond, 2007; Walker, 2007). Thí nghiệm UCG đầu tiên được thực hiện vào năm 1920 tại Anh, thử nghiệm tiếp theo vào năm 1928 kéo dài trong khoảng 50 năm dẫn đến sự phát triển của kỹ thuật UCG (Hurley, 2008; Bond, 2007). UCG tiếp tục được thực hiện tại Mỹ trong cuộc khủng hoảng năng lượng của họ vào năm 1970. Một lượng tiền lớn được đầu tư vào kỹ thuật UCG cho phát điện và kết quả là trên 30 thí điểm bán công nghiệp được tiến hành ( Hurley,2008) . Mỹ hạ được giá thành khí đốt tự nhiên trong năm 1990, và sau đó UCG không được tiếp tục do thiếu nhân sự có kinh nghiệm.
January 2009 Gemini House 10-18 Putney Hill London SW15 6AA United Kingdom Telephone: +44 (0)20-8780 2111 Fax: +44 (0)20-8780 1746 Email: gordon@iea-coal.org.uk Internet: http://www.iea-coal.org.uk DRAFT Underground coal gasification by Gordon Couch Please return any comments you may have no later than 14 March 2009 This is a draft report It has been circulated for comment only and should not be quoted Preface This draft report has been produced by IEA Clean Coal Centre and is based on a survey and analysis of published literature, and on information gathered in discussions with interested organisations and individuals Their assistance is gratefully acknowledged It should be understood that the views expressed in this report are our own, and are not necessarily shared by those who supplied the information, nor by our member countries IEA Clean Coal Centre is an organisation set up under the auspices of the International Energy Agency (IEA) which was itself founded in 1974 by member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) The purpose of the IEA is to explore means by which countries interested in minimising their dependence on imported oil can co-operate In the field of Research, Development and Demonstration over fifty individual projects have been established in partnership between member countries of the IEA IEA Clean Coal Centre began in 1975 and has contracting parties and sponsors from: Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, the European Commission, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Poland, the Republic of South Korea, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Russia, Spain, South Africa, Sweden, Thailand, the UK and the USA The Service provides information and assessments on all aspects of coal from supply and transport, through markets and end-use technologies, to environmental issues and waste utilisation Neither IEA Clean Coal Centre nor any of its employees nor any supporting country or organisation, nor any employee or contractor of IEA Clean Coal Centre, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately-owned rights Abstract The report covers the potential for underground coal gasification (UCG) to increase the world’s resource of useable coal The technologies involving the drilling of injection and production wells into the coal seam are described, together with the methods for linking the wells With advances in methods for directional drilling in-seam, new techniques for UCG have proved to be possible The test and trial work carried out in the former USSR, in China, Europe and the USA up to 2000 is described, along with current efforts to commercialise the technology With the power of modern computers, the modelling of various aspects of the process has become possible, and current work should facilitate the validation of some of these models Geological and hydrogeological issues are discussed, as the single most important decision that will determine the technical and economic performance of UCG is site selection The report covers environmental issues, including carbon management, and discusses the options for the use of the syngas formed The recent developments in Australia and South Africa are reviewed, together with other current proposals for trials in a wide range of countries including China, India, the UK and USA Contents Introduction UCG potential 2.1 Coal reserves and resources 2.2 Coal properties 2.2.1 Variability 2.2.2 Coal seam properties 2.2.3 Coal seam properties affecting UCG 2.2.4 Seam depth 2.2.5 Seam thickness 2.2.6 Coal permeability 2.2.7 Associated geopogical structures 2.2.8 Developments on the surface UCG technologies 3.1 UCG chemistry 3.2 UCG methods 3.2.1 Using vertical wells 3.2.2 Using in-seam boreholes 3.2.3 Using a Controlled Retraction Injection Point (CRIP) 3.2.4 In steeply dipping seams 3.2.5 Using man-made excavations 3.2.6 Advanced technologies 3.3 Establishing underground linkages 3.3.1 Hydrofracturing and reverse combustion 3.3.2 Directional drilling 3.4 Igniting the gasifier 3.5 Monitoring 3.6 Well design and operation 3.7 Operating with a CRIP The main trials 4.1 In the USSR 4.2 In Europe 4.3 In the USA 4.4 In China 4.5 The outcome from the trials Prospective developments 5.1 Australia 5.1.1 Linc Energy 5.1.2 Carbon Energy 5.1.3 Cougar Energy 5.1.4 Altera Resources 5.2 Brazil 5.3 Canada 5.4 China 5.5 EU HUGE project 5.6 India 5.7 Japan 5.8 New Zealand 5.9 R ussia 5.10 Slovenia 5.11 S outh Africa 5.11.1 Eskom’s development at Majuba 5.11.2 Sasol pilot trial at Secunda 5.12 UK 5.13 USA 5.13.1 Wyoming 5.13.2 Indiana 5.14 Discussion and summary 5.14.1 Factors affecting the control of the reactor 5.14.2 Resource utilisation efficiency Geological and environmental issues 6.1 Exploration requirements 6.2 Site selection constraints 6.2.1 Geological and hydrological assessments 6.3 Environmental impacts 6.4 Monitoring possibilities 6.4.1 Monitoring wells 6.4.1 Managing ground deformation 6.5 Regulatory frameworks Modelling Syngas use Carbon management 10 Key requirements during the next five years 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Undertaking demonstration-scale projects 10.1.1 UCG economics Establishing a science and technology roadmap Regulatory harmonisation Improving the public perception of UCG Meeting the skills shortage 11 Conclusions 12 References List of Figures 2.1 Pie charts showing the world’s energy reserves and resources (GasTech, 2007) 2.2 Energy recovery comparison (Mallett, 2008) 3.1 Schematic of the processes involved in UCG (Ökten and Diddari, 1994; Chaiken and Martin, 1992; Beath and others, 2004) 3.2 The development of an UCG cavern/reactor (Perkins, 2005)] 3.3 The generic methods for UCG using drilled wells, as used in the US DOE trials (Beath and Su, 2003) 3.4 Methods involving man-made excavations and conventional underground mining (Okten and Didari, 1994; Beath and Su, 2004b) 3.5 Texyn ‘Santa Barbara’ mining system (Tillman, 2008) 3.6 The super daisy shaft concept (Palarski, 2007) 3.7 The sequence of events in a UCG process using reverse combustion linking (Krantz and Gunn, 1982) 3.8 Schematic views of reverse and forward combustion linking, and the shape of the cavity formed in a constant ‘source-sink’ field (Blinderman and others, 2008b) 3.7 Linkage between holes at Podmoskovnaya Figure 21 from USSR history Gregg and others, 1976 3.8 Schematic views of reverse and forward combustion linking, and the shape of the cavity formed in a constant ‘source-sink’ field (Blinderman and others, 2008b) 3.9 Directional drilling, the challenges underground with alternative trajectories (Jackson, 2003; DTI, 2005) 3.10 Downhole drilling assemblies Figure and Box from DTI 2005 3.11 The progressive formation of new cavities as the CRIP is moved away from the production well (Beath, 2004)] 4.1 Coal seam thickness and depth for the various field trials of UCG, and an indication of the regions of interest for development (Perkins, 2005) 4.2 The linkage between holes at Podmoskovnaya (Gregg and others, 1976) 4.3 The CRIP device being inserted into the borehole and along the coal seam (DTI, 2004) 4.4 The Spanish CRIP test, and the way the cavities develop (Beath and Davis, 2006) 4.5 Long tunnel large section in-seam gasification layout with the commonly used schematic (Liang and Shimada, 2008) 5.1 Map showing the location of UCG activities, past and present (Friedmann, 2008) 5.2 UCG design process (Brand, 2008) 5.3 The Bloodwood Creek layout with parallel-holes CRIP for the 100 day trial (Mark and Mallett, 2008) 5.4 The potential UCG sites near Velenje in the Šoštanj coalfield (Veber, 2003) 5.5 The proposed programme for the parallel demonstration and commercialisation of UCG at Majuba (van der Riet and others, 2008) 5.6 Diagram of the Secunda UCG process showing the well matrix together with an elevation (Brand, 2008) 6.1 Changes in the strata above a UCG reactor (Mallett, 2007) 5.2 Goafing behaviour A) for a cavity larger than 100 m B) for a cavity small enough not to break the Dolerite Sill on the surface (Brand, 2008) 6.1 Changes in the strata above a UCG reactor (Mallett, 2008) 6.2 Goafing behaviour A) for a cavity larger than 100 m B) for a cavity small enough not to break the Dolerite Sill on the surface (Brand, 2008) 7.1 An integrated UCG simulation (Kolar, 2008)] 8.1 UCG syngas composition from various trials (Mark, 2008) 8.2 Tomorrow’s syngas to products business (Puri, 2006) 10.1 Plans for UCG expansion to commercial scale (Mallett, 2007) List of Tables 2.1 Methane content in coals at increasing depth (Sloss 2005) 4.1 Summary of past experience with UCG in the USSR (Beath and others, 2004) 4.2 Summary of experience with UCG in Europe (Beath and others, 2004; Burton and others, 2006) 4.3 Summary of government sponsored tests in the USA (Beath and Su, 2003; Burton and others, 2006) 4.4 Rawlins DOE test results 5.1 Summary of the principal Chinese UCG tests 1997 onwards (Beath and others, 2004; Feng Chen, 2008) 5.2 The consortium partners for the HUGE project (Palarski, 2007) 5.3 Comparison of the resource utilisation efficiency of conventional mining and use with UCG (Beath, 2006) 6.1 Guidelines for site selection (ex Imperial College course, 2008; Shafirovich and others, 2008) 6.2 Goaf heights (Brand, 2008) 7.1 Typical UCG models which have been developed (modified from Kolar, 2008) List of Abbreviations and Acronyms bit CAER CBM CEPL CRIP CSIRO CTL CUMTB CV DOE DTI EIA EPA eUCG FCL GAIL HUGE HV IGCC IIT IP IPPC LTLSTS LV MOU MV n/a NEDO NTPC OCGT ONGC PDU PEDL R&D bituminous Centre of Applied Energy Research (University of Kentucky, USA) coal bed methane Carbon Energy Pty Ltd controlled retraction injection point Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (Australia) coal to liquids China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing calorific value (heating value) Department of Energy (USA) Department of Trade and Industry (UK) environmental impact assessment Environmental Protection Agency Ergo Exergy proprietary technology eUCGTM forward combustion linking Gas Authority of India Hydrogen oriented underground coal gasification for Europe high volatiles integrated gasification combined cycle Indian Institute of Technology (Mumbai) intellectual property Pollution Prevention and Control Regulations long tunnel large section two stage (or LLTS) low volatiles memorandum of understanding medium volatiles not available New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organisation (Japan) National Thermal Power Corporation (in India) open cycle gas turbine Oil and Natural Gas Corporation process ddevelopment unit petroleum exploration and development licence research and development RCL SDB subbit UCG VWs WGS 2D 3D reverse combustion linking steeply dipping bed subbituminous (coal) underground coal gasification vertical wells water gas shift (reaction) two dimensional three dimensional Introduction The concept of underground coal gasification (UCG) is simple It involves reacting (burning) coal in situ in a mixture of air/oxygen, possibly with some steam, to produce a syngas The steam may come from water which leaks into the underground cavity, from water already in the coal seam or from steam deliberately injected Gasification takes place at elevated temperatures with a stoichiometric shortage of oxygen, so the principal gases formed are hydrogen and carbon monoxide However, there are many other products, including carbon dioxide; hydrocarbons such as methane; tars; and compounds such as hydrogen sulphide and COS arising from impurities in the coal The product mix can vary widely depending on a number of factors The syngas produced can be used to produce electric power or as a chemicals/liquid fuels feedstock UCG offers the potential for using the energy stored in coal in an economic and environmentally sensitive way, particularly for deposits which are unmineable by conventional methods If UCG were to be successfully developed and widely deployed, then the world's coal reserves might be revised upwards by a substantial amount This is discussed in Chapter The main method of achieving UCG involves a minimum of two boreholes (or wells) drilled into the coal seam some distance apart, and connected by a link/channel through which gases can flow These holes may be vertical, or they can be inclined boreholes, partly drilled through the coal seam One of the holes, referred to as the injection borehole, is used to supply the gasifying agent (air, oxygen enriched air, or oxygen, possibly with added steam) The other is the production borehole (or well) through which the product gases are carried to the surface for treatment and use With some production patterns the function of these wells is interchangeable, and from time to 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Haanappel Ton Konings Henk Te Winkel Frans Geers Marten Kooistra Ron Joziasse Theo Lode Alwin Schoonwater Arthur Stam E H Backer van Ommeren Rob Whitney Chris Baker Trevor Matheson Ireneusz Pyka Anna Belova Chris Gross Barry MacColl Stan Y Pillay Christopher Gross Barbara Anne Sexton NEDO KEPRI MOCHIE ECN ECN Nuon Power Generation BV KEMA Nederland B.V ECN Essent Energy Trading BV Electrabel Nederland n.v Electrabel Nederland n.v KEMA Nederland B.V Nuon Power Generation BV Nuon Power Generation BV NV EPZ E.ON Benelux Generation NV Chemicon Nuon Power Generation BV Nuon Power Generation BV Nuon Power Generation BV Electrabel Nederland n.v Delta Energy BV NV EPZ Nuon Power Generation BV ECN Policy Studies Nuon Power Generation BV KEMA Nederland B.V KEMA Nederland B.V E.ON Benelux Generation NV Electrabel Nederland n.v NV EPZ Electrabel Nederland n.v Electrabel Nederland n.v KEMA Nederland B.V Coal Research Limited Coal Association of New Zealand Coal Research Limited GLOWNY INSTYTUT GORNICTWA Siberian Coal & Energy Company (SUEK) Eskom Eskom Anglo Coal Eskom Japan Korea Korea Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands New Zealand New Zealand New Zealand Poland Russian Federation South Africa South Africa South Africa South Africa South Africa Teresa Aznar Almazan Ministerio de Industria Turismo y Comercio Spain Ignasi Nieto Magaldi Ministerio de Industria Turismo y Comercio Spain Julia Maria Fernandez Garcia Ministerio de Industria Turismo y Comercio Spain Fernando Rubiera Institute Nacional del Carbon, CSIC Spain Lars Tegner Swedish National Energy Administration Sweden Hans Karlsson Lund Institute Of Technology Sweden Lars Sjunnesson E.ON Sverige Sweden Lars Wrangensten Elforsk AB Sweden Akaraphong Dayananda Banpu Public Company Limited Thailand Chatphol Meesri Banpu Public Company Limited Thailand Charintorn Techakunaruksa Banpu Public Company Limited Thailand Geoffrey Morrison IEA CCC Administrators United Kingdom Andy Timms Doosan Babcock United Kingdom Allan Jones E ON UK United Kingdom Jim Williamson United Kingdom Mark Thomas University of Newcastle upon Tyne United Kingdom Alan Williams University of Leeds United Kingdom Chris McGlen United Kingdom Steven Marshall Scottish Power United Kingdom Mike Evans RWE Npower plc United Kingdom John Gale IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme United Kingdom John Davison United Kingdom Neil Thomson United Kingdom Pearse Murray Scottish Power Generation Ltd United Kingdom Stuart Clements United Kingdom Steven Cooke United Kingdom Alan Dickson United Kingdom Iftikhar Khan RWE Npower plc United Kingdom Gregory Kelsall Alstom Power Turbo-Systems United Kingdom Dave Williamson Cottam Power Station United Kingdom Angela Jones United Kingdom Jon Osborne United Kingdom John Summers BG Group plc United Kingdom Michael Garwood E.ON UK United Kingdom Mark Votier BG Group plc United Kingdom Tony Booer Schlumberger Carbon Services United Kingdom Andrew Holdsworth Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) United Kingdom Kate Porter Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) United Kingdom John Downes Scottish and Southern Energy plc United Kingdom Stephanie Saunier Schlumberger Carbon Services United Kingdom Rachel Crisp Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) United Kingdom Alan Dickson ScottishPower United Kingdom Don Miller Arup United Kingdom Charles Conroy Greenbank Terotech Ltd United Kingdom Andrew Cox Energy Intelligence & Marketing Research United Kingdom Stanley Santos IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme United Kingdom Chad Whiteman Institute of Clean Air Companies United States Barbara N McKee US Department of Energy United States Terri Durdock US Department of Energy United States Additional recipients Dr Preeti Aghalayam Asst Professor Dept of Chemical Engineering IIT Bombay Powai, Mumbai - 400 076 INDIA preeti@iitb.ac.in Dr Michael Blinderman Director Technology Ergo Exergy Technologies Inc 465 Rue St Jean Porte 702 Montreal Quebec H4Y 2R6 Canada Michael.Blinderman@ergoexergy.com Peter Bond Managing Director Linc Energy AMP Place Level 10 Eagle Street Brisbane, Queensland 4000 Australia e-mail: pab@lincenergy.com.au Milton Catelin Chief Executive World Coal Institute 22 The Quadrant Richmond-on-Thames TW9 1BP mcatelin@worldcoal.org Burl Davis UCG Process Consultant 245 Lynn Ann Drive New Kensington PA 15068 USA bdavis59@msn.com Professor Sevket Durucan Mining and Environmental Engineering RSM Building, Room 1.36 Imperial College South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ e-mail: s.durucan@imperial.ac.uk Dr Michael Green UCG Partnership Ltd Coronation House Guildford Road Woking Surrey GU22 7QD michael.green@ucgp.com Dr R Kandiyoti Professor of Chemical Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering Imperial College South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ e-mail: r.kandiyoti@imperial.ac.uk Vladislav Karasevich Promgaz ul Nametkina Moscow 117420 Russia V.Krasevich@promgaz.ru Dr Alexander Klimenko Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia klimenko@mech.uq.edu.au Julie Lauder UCG Partnership Ltd Coronation House Guildford Road Woking Surrey GU22 7QD julie.lauder@ucgp.com Dr Cliff Mallett Executive General Manager Carbon Energy PO Box 887 Kenmore Queensland 4069 Australia e-mail: cliff@carbonenergy.com.au Dr Stephen Pearce Solid Energy Manager - Underground Coal Cgasification Show Place Christchurch 8024 New Zealand stephen.pearce@solidenergy.co.nz Dr Len Walker Managing Director Cougar Energy Ltd Suite 1502, Exchange Tower 530 Little Collins Street Melbourne Victoria 3000 Australia len.walker@cougarenergy.com.au