DOI N€T V€ HOnr DONG OUV HORCH VR SU DUNG DAT CONG CUfl NGUdl PHflP TRONG KHU VUC PHO CO HR NOI CUOI THCKV XIX DRU THCKV XX NGUYEN THI BINH S au chi du 1-10-1888, Ha Npi Loai h i n h d a t cong t r o n g k h u co trd nhUdng dia cua Phap Tfl Ha Noi niia d a u t h e ky XDC day, ngUdi Phap bat tay vao cong cupc khai Khu vUc phd' cd (1) Ha Npi hien gdm thac, lam chu Ha Npi vdi nhii'u hoach dinh 76 tuyi'n phd', thupc 10 phUdng: Ccta Ddng, nhU: thiet lap t h i chi' mdi, sap xep, quy Ddng Xuan, Hang Bac Hang Bd, Hang hoach lai dd thi Ha Npi nham bii'n Ha Npi Bdng, Hang Budm, Hang Dao, Hang Gai, "thu phii eiia xU Ddng DUdng", mpt Hang Ma, L^ Thai Td Qua nhflng thao tac "Paris thu nho", "niem tU hao cua mdu so sanh thong tin tfl dia ba, thdng tin dii'u qud'c Phap" Ni'n tang cd ban cua cong cupc tra dien da cac di tich tren dia ban (xem quy hoach Ha Npi chinh la chinh sach vi' phu luc 1) ki't hdp vdi phfldng phap ban dd da't dai Trong chuyen Sd dd 1: Ban dd giap cac ddn vi tong dau the ky XIX luan nay, chung tdi chi pham vi khu vUc co Ha Npi tap trung nghiin cflu cac boat dpng quy hoach va sii dung loai hinh da't cong cua ngUdi Phap pham vi khong gian khu vUc Phd cd Ha Npi Du chi nghiin cflu pham vi nhd vdi mpt loai hinh da't dai kha tiiu biiu: loai hinh da't cdng cung da cho thay dUde nhflng dudng net cd ban nha't chii trUdng, chinh sach ve da't dai cua ngUdi Phap giai doan ndy * ThS Trung tam Ho^t dpng VSn hda khoa hpc VSn Mieu-Qudc Tfl Giam, Ha Npi Rghien cuu Ljeh sir, so 7.2014 Bang 1: Cac loai hinh dat cong khu viic ed Ha Npi dau the ky XIX (2) Dcfn ui: m, s, t, t, p T e n loai h i n h dat c o n g Dat cong thuoc s3 hflu nha nu6c Dien tich mat nUdc cong Cong tho Cone dien Than tir Phat tu Loai lihac Tong cong Tong dien tich dat dai K h u p h o CO 190.5.02.6.6.3 30% 15.2.11.9.7.0 2,37% 46,25% 286.6.11.6.3.7 0.0.00.0.0.0 0% 38.2.03.0.4.0 6% 102.0 05 9.0 16,38% 632.6.04.8.0.0 100% 1161.9.10.8.3.0 chung ta xae dinh dUpc dia gidi hanh chinh ciia khu vUc niia dau the ky XIX (xem sd 1) Cd the tha'y khu phd' cd Ha Npi nam trpn ven ddn vi tdng dau the ky XIX gdm: tdng Ddng Thp, tdng Ddng Xuan, tdng Phuc Lam, tdng Thuan My va tdng Vinh XUdng thupc huyin Thp Xudng Trong do, dien tich ciia tdng: Dong Thp, Dong Xuan, Phiic Lam, Thuan My nfim trpn ven pham vi phd' cd' Riing tdng Vinh Xudng, mpt phan diin tich, chinh xae la hai thdn Yin Trung Ha va Yen Trung ThUdng nam pham vi khu vUc phd' cd hiin nay, phan cdn lai thupc khu vUc phia Dong Nam Ha Npi Dua vao nhflng thong tin k i khai dia ba dau thi' ky XIX ciia cac tdng, thdn, phudng bao gdm toan bp dien tich ciia khu vUe phd ed Ha Npi nhu da neu ci tren, chung toi xay dUng bang thdng ke ve cae loai hinh da't cdng ciia khu vUe nay, cung so' h i u dac dupe (xem bang 1) Qua bang cd the tha'y: Tong dien tich da't dai khu vUc phd' cd Ha Npi theo dia ba la 1161.9.10.8.3.0 (1161 mau 10 thu6c ta'e phan) chii'm 37,25% tdng diin tich da't huyen Tho Xirdng Loai hinh da't cong khu vuc phd cd Ha Npi la 632.6.04.8.0, chii'm 54,43% tdng dien tich da't dai ciia khu vUc H u y e n T h o Xtfdng 209.9.01.3.1.3 12,13% T;ie% 90% 68.2.05.2.4.3 3,95% 32.17% 654.4.07.0.1.8 576 5.08.9 0.0 33,45% 6,47% 92.5.11.1.1.0 221.1,14 3.3 12,83% 1722.8.13.9.1.4 100% 3117.8.11.9.3.4 22% 61,6% 0% 41,4% 46,2% 36,7% 37,25% va ehiem 36,7% diin tieh da't cong toan huyin Trong do: - Loai hinh da't tU nhiin gdm: Da't dich xa, bai cat bdi, bai cat trang chua da't, phu sa thang dien chii'm tdi 90% dien tich da't tu nhiin toan huyin Thp Xudng Loai da't thupc quyi'n sd hi3u nha nude nhUng thupc dia phan thon, phudng nao thi ddn vi hanh chinh quan \f • Loai thfl hai thdn, phudng quan ly nhu ciia cong va cpng ddng cU dan sii dung gdm: Cdng hd, Cdng hd pha Cong ho ngoai de, Cdng pha tri, Gii'ng Loai b > khu vuc Phd' cd chii'm 22% diin tich mat nudc toan huyen - Loai thU ba la cac loai "cong thd" gdm: Cdng chau thd, Cdng chau thd trdng dSu, Quan tang thd Loai chiem 51,6% diin tich da't cdng toan huyin Ve mat hinh thai sS hflu, loai gpi chung la "cong tho" thupc quyi'n quan ly va sii dung (phan phdi) ciia thon, phudng, nhflng cd mpt dien tich nho gpi la "quan tang thd'" la da't trdng dau cua nha nUdc - Loai thfl tu la rupng cdng gdm "cong dii'n" la rupng cdng, "cdng pha dii'n" la rupng gd bai cao va "quan hd dii'n" co li \k rupng eanh hd hay thupc pham vi hd trU6c day td chflc quan sU quan ly Loai hinh da't dai khong cd khu vUc phocd BOI n&TChoat ddng guy hoach - Loai thfl nam la "than tfl Phat tU" la rupng da't ciia cac cpng ddng mang tinh ch^t tdn giao, tin ngudng gdm chu yeu la rupng da't cua cac den (thdn tijf thd, than tfl di^n), rupng chua gpi la rupng "tam bao" hay "Phat tu" (3) Chi tinh rieng sd rupng da't ghi ro rupng da't cua di'n chua thi khu vUc chii'm tdi 41,4% diin tich da't den chua ciia toan huyin Loai rupng di^t cua d^n, chua la loai sd hflu cpng ddng tin ngUdng-tdn giao thudng dUde phat canh hay cho thue hay tin dd canh tac, dung hoa lpi vao cac hoat dpng thd ciing va l i hpi - Loai thfl sau bao gdm: Da't tha ma, mp dia, thd phu (gd dd'ng), da't trung, tich dii'n (rupng sii dung nghi li trpng ndng cua trii'u dinh) Loai da't khu vUc phd cd chii'm tdi 46,2% dien tich loai da't vfla niu toan huyin Tho XUdng Vi' cd ca'u loai hinh da't cdng ciia riing khu vUc phd' cd, cd thd nhan tha'y, loai da't chii'm ti l i ldn nha't la da't cdng thd (45,25%), thfl hai la da't tu nhiin nha nfldc quan ly (30%), thfl ba la loai hinh da't khac chii'm 16,18%, hai loai hinh da't cdn lai tdng cpng chii'm 8,37% NhU vay cd thi' thay rang, loai hinh da't cdng lang xa cpng ddng lang xa quan ly va sii dung so vdi loEii da't cdng thupc quan ly eiia nha nUde cd su chenh lech ldn (chi gdn bang 1/10) Tdm lai, quy da't cdng khu vUc phd cd nfla dau the ky XIX da dang nhii'u loai hinh va chii'm mpt niia tdng dien tieh da't dai ciia dia ban phd co, ti li can bftng vdi diin tich da't tU Cd the noi, day cung la mpt nhflng dii'u kien thuan ldi de ngUcfi Phap tii'n hanh cac quy hoach, sap xi'p lai dd thi Ha Npi dd eo khu vUc phd CO Nhiing boat dpng quy hoach va sii dung dat cong cua ngUM Phap khu CO Ha Noi Sau lam chu dUde Ha Npi, ngudi Phap bat dau tii'n hanh thii't lap bp may hanh chinh chinh tri song song vdi viec kii'n thii't lai hinh dang cua dd thi Ta't ca nhflng tai san thupc quyi'n quan ly va sfl dung ciia nha nude phong kii'n cu dUdc chuyen giao sang tay ngUdi Phap Nhu vay, ngUdi Phap chi dupc toan quyen sfl dung loai hinh da't cdng thupc sd hflu ciia nha nUdc trUdc day, va nhU the thi hoan toan khong du de phuc vu eho cac "y tudng" cua minh Bdi vay, Phap da bat tay vao cong cupc tang quy dat cong san thupc dia b Ha Npi, dd cd nhieu boat dpng true tie'p t r i n dia ban phd'cd Phd thdnh Hd Noi Nam 1805, trii'u Nguyin tii'n hanh xay dung Ha Npi - mot tru sd quan sU, chinh tri ddu nao cua Ha Npi De'n nam 1873, sau chii'm Ha Npi, Garnier da chii'm dung cac cong trinh lai Cac dinh thU cu hi triet pha de la'y chd xay dflng trai linh cung cac cdng trinh quan sU khac Nam 1894, thUc dan Phap da pha huy phdn cdn lai ciia Ha Npi, chi de lai cd'ng Chinh Bac vdi da'u tieh vit dan cdng Thanh Ha Npi de'n day ma't ban diin mao quen thupc canh quan phd Tdi nam 1897, va hao Ha Npi bi san la'p hoan toan Viie pha huy da dem lai cho ngUdi Phap mpt quy da't cong nha't dinh phuc vu cho qua trinh quy hoaeh " Thanh phd se eo dUdc ndi dd nhflng khoang da't cua mpt be mat dien tieh quan trpng, t r i n phd cd the vUdn rpng theo hUdng hd Tay va vUdn Udm Nd eiing se dem lai cho quan dpi mpt sU thoang td't hdn va nhflng toa nha mdi cd tien nghi NgUdi ta si tha'y ma't di nhflng d lay nhiem tao nin bdi nhflng dudng hao bao bpc tudng chfla day thfl nfldc tu 34 Hghien eiiru Lich sir, so 7.2Q14 Nhu vay, sau Ha Npi hi pha huy, ngoai viec hinh nhflng phd' mdi nhu Phung HUng, Ciia Dong, Bat Sfl, Bat ThUc te la, mpt loat nhflng phd' va cac Dan cac xdm nha cd san cung dfldc cai tao cong trinh mdi b khu vUc da dUdc hinh theo quy hoach phd', trd cac dd cd mpt so' phd' nam phd' Rue Feitshamel (Nha Hda), Rue des khu phd CO Ha Npi nhu phd' Phung Forgerons (Ld Ren) Cac phd' trd Hung Tfl nam 1894-1897, ngfldi Phap nhflng khu phd' mdi, xay dung theo pha thanh, la'p hao, phd' Phung Hiftig dUdc kieu Men dai, nghia la cd via hi, long Wnh Tuy nhien, cho den nam 1910, dudng rpng, nhii'u cay xanh va he thing phd'nay mdi cd doan ngan Khoang dat dpc cdng ranh thoat nUdc cky cau vin bo tro'ng TU sau Chien tranh Lap ho ao, lap song thd gidi thfl Nha't (1918), cung vdi da md Ha Npi dupc m i n h danh la thdnh phd' mang Ha Npi, phd' Phung Hung dUpc xay sdng ho cd le bdi mpt h i thd'ng hd ao rpng dung nhanh ehdng De'n nam 1920, dien mao ldn phu day len be mat canh quan thi phd Phung Hung hoan ve cd ban Sau lam chii dUde Ha Npi, ngUdi Phap dpng, dan chung se tim dUpc qua dd nhflng viic lam, vi chi riing viec pha tudng cung can din hang nghin thd thuyen " (4) Ngoai ra, ciia ehinh dong tudng va hao khdng (nam 1897), ngudi Phap cho md mpt dudng mdi dan thang khu phd'budn ban Con dUdng mdi dd dUdc dat ten la Rue General Biehot (nay la phd C^a Ddng) Phd' Cfla Ddng la mpt dudng phd' mdi md d sat khu quan sU thanh, lai la chd tUdng va hao cu, nen da't cdng d day dUdc dem phat mai, ban cho nhflng chii da't hau hi't la ngUdi Tay va mpt sd Hoa kieu lam giau nhe) cac quan h i vdi ngUdi Tay Rue des Tasses (Phd' Bat Sfl) la mpt dudng giao thdng cii di tfl khu vUc Ciia Bac xuo'ng, eon dUdng di dpe theo bd hao cii Sau bd hao bi pha, dudng eu trd lo^i di chinh di qua canh chd Ddng Thanh va co t i n la phd' Bat Sfl Mpt phan cya phd' Bat Dan (Rue Vieille des Tasses) cung mdi dUdc md mang vao khoang tfl nhflng nam 20 ciia thi' ky XX sau ngfldi Phap pha huy khu vflc Ha Npi Khu vflc gan cdng nin cd nhflng ciia hang eua Nhat va Hoa kii'u md phuc vu cho khach hang la binh linh Phap da khang dinh quyi'n sd hflu da't dai ciia minh bang mpt loat cac nghi dinh, thdng tU dfldc lien tii'p ban hanh Trong Nghi dinh ngdy 26-5-1891 ciia Todn quyin Bong Diidng, quyi'n sd hflu da't hd, ao trin dia ban Ha Npi eiia thuc dan Phap dUdc ghi r6: "Dieu 1: NhQng da't ao, ho d vi tri sau dupc khang dinh thupc tai san cdng cua phd'Ha Npi: Gifla phd' Cau Gd, phd' Hang Manh, phd Hang Bac va Hang Dao Gifla phd Hang Bac, Ma May, Hang Budm, Hang Ngang Gifla phd'Hang Dau, d i va Hang Than Gifla phd' nha ThUdng Khach cua Hang Than, pho' Hang Bun Dii'u 4: Thanh phd' Ha Npi danh thue nhflng ngfldi chii'm dung da't ao, hd cing, nhflng ngfldi ed nghia vu thUc hiin viic la'p ao thdi han nam dUdc tinh tfl chuyen nhupng" (5) Vdi nghi dinh nay, thUc dan Phap da td chflc la'p hd, ao toan bp khu vUc Phocd Trong cdng bao ciia Thanh phd' Ha Npi nam 1916 cd de cap vi' cae dU an la'p hd ao nay: Bdi n& ve hoaf ddng guy hoaeh "Du an A: La'p nhflng cai ao b phia Bac Ha Npi da dupc bat dau tfl nam 1915 Cong viic phai dupc hoan vao nhflng nam tii'p sau de la'y da't phan ca'p tflng sua't, dam bao cho sfl Iflu thdng nUdc ve phia nhflng bao quanh ehung Cung di dam bao viic lUu thdng nUdc song bang cac cong trinh khac bang viic thay the nhflng ao hd cd trUdc lam nhflng vung dim Cudi nam 1915 da la'p hi't 50000m^ da't va tieu hi't 13000 ddng bac Viie ca'p 15000 ddng bac vfla dUdc cha'p thuan cho viie tii'p tuc mpt vai cdng trinh: k i n h dan nfldc, cdu, den bu chiem dung da't Dfl an B: Du an bao gdm viic la'p ao Sdm Cong va xay dung cdng Dd'i vdi cdng trinh nay, neh nhac lai, ngudn nUdc cua ta't ca khu phd' bao gdm gifla phd' Hdng Budm va Hang Gao (nay la phd Chd Gao - TG), phd Hang Ngang va phd' Hang Bac, di'u chay vao Sam Cdng, ao "dong kin" va chi can nUdc bang each bay hdi Khdng can phai he lp ve tud'i tac ciia nhflng cai ao nay, ta't ca nhflng gi phd quan tam la vi" sfl dpc hai va sU ban thiu ma chung gay cho dan cU va nhflng ngoi nha Vi vay, cai ao si bi lap va si bi trUng dung, di' cho phip md dd mpt nhflng cai quang trfldng cdng rpng ldn ehe di cai khuyi't dii'm ciia Ha Npi Cdng viie la'p da't, quy hoach quang trfldng va nhflng dfldng CO tdng so tii'n la 15000 ddng bac" (6) Ngoai ra, thflc dan Phap eon khuyen khich ngUdi dan cac khu thue hipn viec la'p ao, hd Theo thu giii quan Ddc ly thang nam Thanh Thai thfl (1907) cua Nguyen Van Tran la Kinh lieh cl tinh HoSng Hoa, ed nha d sd 54 phd Hang Bd thupc hp thfl cho biet: "Bdi vi toi dfldc loi quan ldn yi't thi rang pham nhflng nha b ma nha nao gan hd cdng, ni'u ma la'p dfldc, thi toa quan ldn ca'p cho van tich va dia dd cho la da't tu Lai hfla mdng thang nay, tha'y dng canh sat trudng de'n b cki hd a'y truyen rang la'p di, mpi ldi lam vay Nay nha tdi dudng sau gan hd cdng xin la'p doan cai hd a'y, chflng 100 thudc vudng tay, vay xin quan ldn xet eho ma eho toi van tU lam bang de tdi la'p thi cam dn quan ldn lam lam" (7) Nhu vay, thUe dan Phap da co nhii'u chinh sach Uu dai de khuyin khieh nbiJng ngUdi dan giau cd td chflc la'p ao, hd khu pho'CO NgUdi dan bd tii'n cua, cdng sflc la'p ao, hd thi nha nudc se cap chflng nhan da't ao san la'p a'y thuoc sd hflu cong nhUng tu nhan dupc quyi'n sfl dung Cd le chmh sach Uu dai ma chi mpt khoang thdi gian ngdn, di'n gifla the ky XX, dien tich mat nUdc ao hd khu vUc phd' cd dUdng nhu bii'n ma't hoan toan Rd rang, mue dich cua cae du an la'p hd ao nham md rpng diin tich da't dai thupc sd hflu cdng Dat cong dfldc phan 16 ban da'u gia hoac lam quy da't quy hoach, xay dUng cac cong trinh cdng cpng cua pho' Viic san lap diin tieh mat nUdc hd, ao, sdng d khu phd cd giai doan da tao dieu kien thuan ldi cho cac phd mdi dUde hinh va eac khu phd cu dflpe "lot xae" Nam 1897, tudng Ha Npi bi pha, hao bi lap, mpt khoang da't tro'ng xen lan cac hd, ao nho Idy lpi c6 lac cd ten la hd Xae Tre Mudi nam sau (1907), phdn ldn hd ao d day dUdc lap bang Sau dd, chinh quyi'n cho Dufourq thui chd da't de trdng hoa va rau Ddu nam 1920, chinh quyen ddi khu da't khac d phia sau hd Halais (hd Thie'n Quang) cho Dufourq va tie'n hanh sfla sang khu vflc phia sau chd d Rue des Cuirs (pho Hang Da) khu phd nha d Thflc dan Phap chia da't Id ban cho tu nhan de xsiy Rghien emi XJch sii" sd' 7.2014 dung va hinh nhflng dudng phd' mdi nhu: Rue de Nguyin Trai (phd' Nguyin Van To' nay) Rue de Pham Phu Thfl (phd' Nguyin Quang Bich nay) Sau hd Thai CUc (hd Hang Dao) bi la'p, hai ngd di vao cac xdm cU dan b chung quanh hd: mpt ngd tfl Hang Bac vao va mpt ngo tii phd Cdu Gd vao dUdc ndi vdi va md rpng dUdng phd' NgUdi Phap dat ten la phd' Od'endhal (phd' Dinh Liet) Con lach thdng gifla hd Thai Cflc vdi hd Gudm cung hi san la'p, bien mpt phd' nhd t i n la phd' Hoan Kii'm Doan pho' tu nga tu Ma May - Dao Duy Tfl di'n nga tU Ta Hiin la doan phd' mdi cd sau hd Ngu Vong dupe san hang cflng thdi gian Hay phd' Lfldng Ngpc Quyi'n - Ma May cho di'n nhflng nam dau thi' ky XX, cd t i n gpi la Lang Chai bdi khu vflc vkn cdn da'u vi't nhii'u hd ao da't trung day bio tay, dan b sd'ng mpt phan nhd d nghe danh bat torn ca Sau chinh quyi'n phd' cho la'p h i t hd ao, vach dfldng phd theo qui hoach tren da't Lang Chai cfl, phd' mdi md cd t i n la phd' Galet Tom lai, vao nhflng nam sau Chii'n tranh thi' gidi I (1920), bin khu tfl giae tfl phd Hang Budm, Hang Ngang - Hang Dao, Hang Be, Cau Gd mdi that su la'p hi't hd, ao TU nhflng da't ao hd bi la'p hinh nin eac dfldng phd Dinh Liet, Gia Ngfl, Trung Yin, Ma May, Ta Hiin Di'n cudi thi' ky XIX, vao nam 1888, khuc sdng To Lieh chay khu vUc 36 phd phudng bi thuc dan Phap san la'p hoan toan Nhflng lang xdm ven bd sdng dfldc md rpng dien tieh, cai tao nhflng phd' dong due nhu phd Hang RUdi, Hang Ca Hang Lupc Phd Hang Ludc cd t i n gpi la Cong cheo Hang Lupe Ddng sdng To Lich tfl chd Gao chay theo hUdng Ddng Tay di'n sd 14 Hang Lupc thi quat l i n theo hUdng Tay Bac Ngay trudc, ngUdi dan bac mpt cai eau tre d chd quat dd de tien di lai Sau dd, nudc sdng Td da can kiet, cau tre dUdc thay the bang mpt cai cong to Sau la'p sdng, thUc dan Phap tii'n hanh md mang, cai tao khu dat cd ven sdng trd pho' xa sam uSit, ta'p nap va dat t i n la phd' Sdng Td Lich (Rue du Sdng Td Lich) * Phd' Hang Ca tii'n than la trai Tiin NgU, nam t r i n bd sdng Td Lich Ngudi dan d day chuyin nghe danh ca va budn ban ca Sau la'p sdng Td, nghe ca d day bii'n ma't, ngU dan di tan khap ndi Ndi day chi eon nha ciia ciia nhflng gia dinh giau cd din mua da't xay dUng va nha b cua cac cong nhan, viin chflc lam viec cho Phap Cung nhu phd Hang Ca, phd Hang Rudi nkm bin bd phia tay sdng Td Lich, chii yeu dUdc lap sau sdng Td bi la'p Do viy, da sd cdng vien chflc nha nUdc sd'ng tap trung d phd'nay Nhin chung, viic la'p sdng, hd, ao giai doan da lam bie'n ddi hoan toan canh quan tu nhien khu vUc 36 phd'phudng NhGng khung canh dam tinh cha't nong thon CO truyen nhu vo gao nia rau giat qudn ao bin hd ao, hay nhflng ehii'c cau gd, edu tre bac qua lach, qua song hoan toan dUdc thay the bdi cac eong trinh xay dflng cing cpng hoac nhflng toa nha kii'u mdi Dd nhfl mpt da'u net dat gia phan anh nhip dp thj hoa d khu Phd' cd giai doan Chii'm dung chiia, mie'u ddt cua dinh, din, Ngoai ra, de lam tang t h i m quy dat cdng cua phd eung nhu thuan ldi cho viic trUng dung da't dai cac du an quy hoach, ngfldi Phap da dung mpi "biin phap" lam chii da't dai eiia dinh, di'n, chda, mie'u Day la loai hinh da't thd cung nhu da niu b tren, thupc quyi'n quan ly cua nha nfldc Bfli n6t ve hoat dong guy hoach nhUng quyi'n sd hflu va sfl dung cua cpng ddng lang xa thdi phong kii'n Ngudi Phap mudn nam quyen lam chu va sut dung loai hinh da't dai da yeu cau nhdm cpng ddng cfl dan phai trinh gia^y td chflng minh quyi'n sd hflu Ni'u khdng cd gigiy td thi se hi Thanh phd sung cdng vao cac muc dich xay dung cdng cpng ma khdng dUdc de'n bu Ket qua la hdu het cac cong trinh thupc sd hflu tu nhan hi sung cdng thdi k;^ la nhflng dinh vpng, thd cac dng hoang lang hoac dng td nghe nhflng ngUdi tfl cac tinh xa di cU din thu dd lam 5n budn ban Phan ldn cae cdng trinh tin ngudng nam khu vUc phd'co Dudi day la mpt bang chflng ve hoat dpng "trflng dung" da't thdn tfl Phat tu cua ngUdi Phap: "Thu 18 thang nam Thanh Thai tflc 23 thang nam 1922 Hoang Cao Khai la Kinh lUdc Bae Ky, kinh tra ldi quan ldn Thd'ng sfl td xet Trudc day toi cd tii'p ldi quan ldn tu (ve so' thU 2158) ring, cd quan Ddc 1^ Thanh phd'trinh rang xin dem dinh, miiu cu d Hang Vdi, Hang Khay, Hang Bac, sap ve pho', tfl xin to xit eac chd a'y, sfl tieh the nao, nhan dan thd tu the nao ma hien tinh li nao cd ung sap ve Thanh phd' hay khdng phuc lam mpi le Nha toi tu hdi, cfl huyin Thp XUdng khai ba'm chua rd, cd xin sai quan doc cong la Balula, hpi ddng vdi viin ngoai nha tdi la Nguyin Thuat va huyin ay tdi cac chd a'y kham that cfl biin tinh hinh mpi le Nha tdi lai xit chd nao nghi the nao, liic sau kinh tra ldi xin th^m Hp Phd Hang Bae (vi' thon Dung Thp, cd mpt mii'u da't, dai 16 thflde tay, rpng thudc ta'c, cd cai dinh da gin hu nat) Hdi dd thdi t i n Vd Thiin Thuat lam Thi Trudng, t i n Bui Nhuan lam trfldng phd, trinh xung rang, chd a'y la da't ciia cdng dan, Dmh a'y tfl thud vua Gia Long tdi bay gid Nhflng ke mua ban vang bac (hiin di'u chi't ca), quyin gdp tien bac ma lam Dinh a'y, de lam chd thd dng Tiin sfl bdn nghe va de due bac nen va bac lupng la nao cd viec cdng, thdi hpi chd a'y, tfl ma'y nam tiiu dung gi din nhflng bae ddng, thdi chd a'y khong cd due bac nfla, lai ich cd hpi hiip Dinh ay chi giao cho t i n Li Van Che lam tfl d gifl phung thd Nha tdi phuc xet chd ay, thud dau nhflng ke mua ban vang bac (la nhflng hat ngu tai phd ay ma mua ban) quyin gdp tii'n bac ma cat lam ehd ky, vd'n lam eho de ma nhom nhflng ma'y ngudi thd due bac, nhdm a'y lai dat lam chd thd ong Tiin sU bdn nghe, may nam tieu xai nhflng bac ddng, l;hdi nhflng thd due bac nd thay b cho khac, thdi ehd a'y lai giao cho ngudi lam tfl coi gifl, hien da nhii'u hu nat, nghi Ung lUdng cho tii'n bac, khii'n chung no dem bai vi Tiin su hiep vdi mii'u phd khac ma thd, cdn da't dy cung cai nha ngdi sap vi' phd'gifl lam" (8) La thu tudng chflng nhfl la mpt minh chflng cho tinh cdng khai, khach quan va dan chu cua ngUdi Phap viie trUng dung da't dai ThUc cha't, no la mpt biin phap cfldng ep, chii'm doat da't cdng cua dan lang bie'n dat cdng ciia Thanh phd', sau dd ban lai eho tfl nhan, mpt hinh thflc "bie'n cdng vi tU" ma ldi nhuan rdi vao tui cua nhflng ngUdi cam quyen Co rat nhieu la ddn khieu nai trUdc hanh dpng xam thuc da't dai b nhflng chd'n Unh thiing nhU dinh, di'n, chua, mieu TrUdng hdp nhan dan lang Bach Bdi Thi (tflc phd' Hang Dao) vie't ddn khii'u nai, to' cao la mpt vi du cu the: Rghien curu Uch sii- sd T.2Q14 "Kinh bam cflng quan Doc ly Ha Npi Chiing eon la Ky muc, chflc sac, dan lang Bach Bd'i Thi, thupc ve phd' Hang Dao (nguyin quan la lang Chfnh Kinh, Tdng KhUdng Dinh, dai ly Hoan Long) di'n kiu quan ldn mpt viec nhfl sau: Mong ngai la'y lUpng hai ma minh xet cho chiing Nguyin trUde kia, hdi nam 1922, chinh phu Phap da lay quyen hanh ba't cdng, ba't chinh ma ap, bach chung rdi bo ngdi dinh cua chung de chii'm doat la'y rdi dem ban da'u gia cho t i n L i Thuan Khoat bang mpt gia cflc ky vd y nghia Tren mpt thfla da't rpng 400 thUdc vudng, d ngoai la ngdi nha so 49 pho' Hang Dao hiin thdi, chinh la Tu thd cua dan lang Bach Bd'i Thi cua chung Tren khu da't dd, 200 nam ve trUdc, tii'n to ciia chung ed dUng lin mpt ngoi dinh hang nam van nop thui' thd trach b Dd'c ly nhfl thudng, chung khdng hiiu vi duyen cd gi vao hdi nam 1922, ehinh phu Phap ddi hdi Van tu dia dd, chung vi lau ngay, vdng 200 nam gidi, cd danh tha't lac di ma't nhflng gia'y ma can thii't, nhUng ehung cd bang chflng la hang nam vdn nop thue tu thd cf Dd'c ly nhfl thfldng, ehung khdng hieu vi duyen cd gi, chinh phu Phap vien le la khdng du chflng cd, rdi bat bupe chiing phai rdi bd ngdi dinh rdi ban eho t i n Le Thuan Khoat Tin Li Thuan Khoat hdi dd lai lam Nghi viin hieu ro sfl thflc, la ngdi dinh dd cd mpt dia diim ra't thuan ldi, cho viee budn ban, tflc la trung tam diem ciia mpt dd thi Vi ham lpi, chang nghi gi de'n viec chii'm mua dinh chua la can vao tpi, Qud'c te li nghi, cfl bo tii'n mua bang mpt gia ri't re, dupe tm ban da'u gia ngdi dinh lang chung con, chung ra't la dau khd, tieng keu oan da vang Iflng gidi da't, nhung cung vo ich, nhii'u ngUdi tha'y thi' cat la'y lam cdng phan cho chung bao cho each lam giay minh oan, nhung khd'n ndi di di'n dau cung deu bi xua duoi vao vdng kii'm chi'ba't cdng cua hp Cai ly luan eiia mpt ke manh hdn bao gid cung hdn, hp cUdp ngdi (finh cua dan chung mpt each vd ly, nhung khdng dUde phan tran, khdng dUdc minh oan Bam lay quan ldn xin quan ldn xet cho nhflng ndi khd thd'ng ciia dan Viet Nam vdng dd hp ciia mpt nude manh hdn, ehi true ldi, chi uy hie'p ma thdi, Sau vi thi' cd, ngan cd khong keu dUdc, nen dan lang ehung gat li, ma bo so' tie'n de chupc lai ngdi dinh de la'y chd ma thd kinh nhUng ac nghiep thay, tan bao thay, hp khdng cho mua, hp cfl ban cho t i n L i Thuan Khoat vi ten hdi dd lam Nghi Viin, quyi'n hanh va than mat vdi ngudi Phap lam " (9) Mdt la ddn trinh bay dudng nhu da lam sang to nhflng "gdc khua't" chinh sach quy hoach va sfl dung dat cdng cua ngUdi Phap Ket l u a n Toan bd cac hoat ddng quy hoach ciia ngUdi Phap khu vUe phd'co Ha Npi co the dii'm qua nhU: pha Ha Npi, la'p hd ao, trung dung da't thd tu di'u nham muc dich dau tien la tang ngudn vd'n da't cdng Nhflng hoat dpng quy hoach ciia ngUdi Phap da phan anh ro net mpt ehinh sach dat dai mang nang tu tudng thflc dan Ngudi Phap dung mpi hoat dpng di' tang quy da't cong da cd s i n tfl trfldc khu phd'cd nghia la tang quy tai san'thupc dia, song ehi sfl dung ehung vao cac muc dich quy hoach t r i n binh dien diem b nhflng vi tri quan trpng va ich ldi dd'i vdi ho Day chinh la cd sd, ni'n tang cua ta't ca mpi hoat dpng sau nhfl; khai thac kinh ti', quy hoach dien mao dd thi, s i p xi'p lai trat tU Bfli n6t ve hoat dOng guy hoach 39 thi, bidn ddi ddi song van hda xa hpi ciia dd thi Ha Npi Die'u dfldng nhu la mpt chu trUdng chung cdng cupc chii'm cfl thupc dia cua thUc dan Phap, ba't ke thupc dia kieu gi, b chau My, chau Phi hay chau A "Nam 1894, Thdng tU gLii Toan quydn cac thupc dia, Bp trudng thupc dia Delcasse bay to y kii'n ve va'n de khai thac ndng nghiip thupc dia nhu sau: "Khai thac nhflng vung lanh tho rpng ldn ma chung ta da chiem dfldc, thii't lap dd cac ddn dii'n phat trien sflc san xua't cua thupc dia va bang chinh eon dfldng dd phat trien mdi quan he ve thUdng mai vdi ehinh qudc " Nam 1903, mpt tac gia vii't: "Ni'u mue dich la md rpng nhflng anh hfldng cua dan tpe di xam chii'm thupc dia thi qua thflc, sU nghiip ddu tiin la khai thac da't dai ThUdng mai va cdng nghiep chi ddi sau dd" va day la "mpt phUdng tiin tuyet vdi nha't dam bao sfl dn dinh cho nen dd hp cua ehung ta" (10) Cae hoat dpng da anh hudng tdi khu Phd cd Ha Npi cudi the ky XIX ddu the ky XX Nhflng anh hfldng khdng manh me dfl dpi song nd cung the hiin dUdc mpt qua trinh van dpng chuyen minh cua khu vUc buon ban sdm ua't cd truyen tU dien mao, canh quan dUdng phd' tdi ddi sd'ng kinh ti', van hda, xa hpi ciia cU dan ndi day "gid'ng nhfl mpt cd gai cdi bd chii'c ao nau sdng de khoac lin minh chii'c ao hoa".' Ta't ca di'u b i t dau mang hdi hudng, dang hinh cua dd thi hiin dai kieu phUdng Tay, van hanh theo hinh thai kinh ti' tU ban ehu nghia vdi mpt ddi sd'ng van hda Au hda song ehi dflng lai b hinh thflc ben ngoai va khdng trai di'u toan bp khdng gian khu phd' cd Bang dieii each Ihon phirdng nira diiu the ky XIX tirtmg ung vdi khu virc phu co Ha Nui hien qua dieu tra khao sdt di tich Ten thOn/phydng n i h i d a u the k y X I X | Pho hien nav I T n g Odng T h o DiCn Hirnc (phirfmi;) DQnK'nio(lh6n) Hiina NaanE HiinE Bac Ma Mflv, Ta Hifin DflfiE Yen (ihfln) Nauv^n Huu Huan GiiiNEif{ih6n) Gia Ngu Dinh L i i Ha Kh^u(phu'ctnK) HuiTng M m h (ihfin) M J May Ta H i i n Dflng Thai Nguyen Van Sifiu HiiiiE Bu6m Dinh L i c l Htnmg M i n h Hang Be NamHoadhOn) NhiSm Thuong (ih6n) Ngir Vong (Lh6n) LTuNEhiadhon) Hang Diiu CAu C f l Luong NKOC Ouye'n H^nE Chinh, Luang Ngoc Ouvfin N g u y i n Hihi HuSn 11 T u n g D o n g X u d n Cd Litona (ihfin) Ngo Gach Hang Giay Nguyen Van Si6u D6naThuiin (ihfln) Hiing Cii, Chii Ca £Wna Xuiin (phuftng) Oi^c Mfln (ihdn) HoaTruna(lh6n) Huvdn ThiCn (ihOn) Hiing Giilv Cau Dflng mfll phdn Dona Xuan Han a Dudng D6ns XuAn Hang Khoai Huona Biii (ihAn) O Ouan Chudng NKhTa U D Uhdn) Hilna Dau Nguyen Thi6n Thuat HimeChiCu Thanh Ha TiinTrunedhfln) Thanh Hii (ihdn) P h i Ttr (thOn) Hang Lutfc Giim Cau VTnh Hanh (phufma) Hiing Ducma Hiing M a , Hang Ruoi V i n h TrO (th6n) Hang Khoai, HiinE Luoc Yfln Phd (thdn) Hiing Ma, Hana Ruoi Hghien curu Lieh 5i3r s6 7.2014 40 m Tong Phuc Lam Huong Nghta (ihfln) Nguyen Khie'f Ha (ihOn) Nguyen Khie! Thuang (ihfln) Phuc Lam (thon) Trang U u (thfln) Trilna TTianh (Ihfln) TriJng Thanh Trung Siii Dong (ihon) IV Tong Thuan MJ Dai l_ai (phudng) Dflng Ha(phudng) Dflng Thanh Thi (ihfln) D6ng Lac(phudng) Hffu Dflng Mfln (ihfln) Kim C6 (thfln) Nhan Nfli (ihOn) Tan U p Tan Khai (ihfln) Thuan M?(thOn) Thuong (ihfln) Td Tich (Ihfln) Xuan Yen (ihfln) Y6n Nfli (thfln) Yen Nfli Dflng Thanh (Ihfln) Yen Thai (Ihfln) V Tong Vinh Xuong Yen Trung Ha (thfln) Yen Truna Thuona (ihfln) Dao Duy T£f Cho Gao TrSn Nhat Dual Tran Nhat Dual Cao Thdng Tran Nhal Duai Hang Dau, Gdm C&u Phiic Lam Hang Thiing Hang MuSu Hang Tre Nauyen HiJli Huan, Hang Dao Quan chudng, Hang Gai Bai SiJ H^ng Biil, Hang Phen, Thuoc Bac, Hang Vai Hang Dao Dudng Thiinh Himg C^n Hang Gai Dudng Thanh Hang Manh Hang Bong Thudc Bac, Bai Dan, Hang Bo Hang Vai Himg Chai, L.d Ren, Hiing Col, Himg Gii Ci!ra D6ng Hang Oual Hang Hdm TdTich Hang Quat, Luang Van C ^ Hang Can Luang Van Clan, Hang Bo Hang Da Hang Dieu Hang Thiec Nha Hoa Hang Non Yen Thai Hang Miinh Ha Trung Ngo Tram Nguyen Van Td Nguyen CJuang Bich, Hang Bong CHU THICH * Nghien CLIU duoc tai trcf bSi Quy Phat trien Khoa hpc vk Cong nghe Qud'c gia (NAFOSTED), De tai ma so IV 3.2-2011.11 (1) Khai nifim khu co, khu buon ban, khu 36 phuong duoc diing deu n h i m muc dich chi khu vUc phia Dong t h a n h Ha Npi, giap vdi song Hong, la bp phan quan nhat cua qulln Hoan Kiem cung nhu ciia Thii d6 Ha Npi Khu vuc pho' cd, theo Quyet dinh so 70 BXD/KT ng&y 30-03-1995 ciia Bp xay ddng duoc gidi han nhu sau: Phia Bic: Hang Dau; Phia Tay: Phung HUng; Phia Nam: pho' Hang Bong, Hang Gai, Ciu Go, Hang Thiing; Phia Dong: Tran Quang Khai, Tran Nhat Duat (2) Bang tho'ng ke sii dung so lieu cuo'n Dia ba cd Hd Ngi, tap 2, Nxb Ha Npi, Ha Npi, 2010 GS Phan Huy Le chu bien (3) Trong mot so' dja ba khong tach biet dat a (tho trach vien tri) vdi da't den (than tfl), da't chda (tam bao hay Phat tU) ma ghi chung vao mpt loai goi U "thd trach vien tri, than t\X, PhSt tu" Loai ghi chung "thd trach vien tri, than tCr, P b ^ t tu" (4) De Lanessan, EM colonisation francaise en Indochine, dkn theo Nguyin Thiia Hy, Tu lieu vdn hii'n Thdng Long - Hd Noi: Tuyen tap tU liiu phuang Tdy, sdd, tr 712-713 (5) Ho so so' 28, Phong S6 dia chinh Ha Npi tai Trung tam Luu t r d Quo'c gia (TTLTQG) 1, trich td 8: "Nghi dinh 26-5-1891 ciia Toan quyen Dong Duong" (6) Bulletin municipal de la ville de Ha Npi 1916, p 357 (Cong bao Thanh Ha Npi nam 1916 ky hieu J 329 tai TTLTQG I) (7) Ho sd so 358, Phong Sa Dia chinh Ha Ndi tai TTLTQG (8) Ho so so 29463, Phong Tda Doc IJ Ha Npi, TTLTQG I (9) Ho sd sd 759 Phong Sa Dia chinh Ha Npi TTLTQG L (10) Ta Thi Thiiy, Don diin cua ngUiJi Phdp d Bdc Ky 1884-1918, Nxb Th^ gidi, Ha Npi, 1996, tr.ll i