NHAN TO TON GIAO TRGNG LICH sur NITDTC M Y VA TRONG QUAN H | MY - Vl|T NAM NHONG N A M 2003-2006 TRXN THJ VINH" DANG DINH Qui" T rong cfle nhfln t l chfnh trj, ehfnh afich vfi ban sfic vfin hda My, tdn giflo Ifl nhfin t l d^c bi^t quan trpng Tdn giflo Ifl chii d l xuyen suot Ijch sii nUde My Trong ehfnh afich doi ngo^ eua My, tdn giflo cd anh hfldng ldn din tu cua ngfldi Mjf v l t h l gidi ben ngofli vfl phfldng efich mfi ngfldi My phan flng vdi eae SI? ki^n diln doi vdi phin edn I ^ ciia t h l gidi Tren thi?c te, tdn gifio thi?e si? efi anh hfldng tdi qufi trinh ho^eh dinh vfl triln khai chfnh sflch doi ngo^ ciia MjF Bfii vilt nfly se t^p trung phfin tfch vai trd eiia nhfin to tdn giflo ljch sii nfldc M;^, chitih afleh dli ngo^i ciia My cung nhfl nhiing tfie dpng eua nhfin tl" nfiy doi vdi quan h§ My - Vi^t Nam giai do^n 20032006, Mjf dfla Vi^t nam vfio danh afich "Cfic nfldc ein quan tflm d$c bi|t v l tdn giflo" (Country of Particular Concern on Rehgious Freedom- CPC) vfl qufi trinh Vi$t Nam dfl'u tranh d l budc My dfla Vi§t Nam khdi danh aflch nfly Ton giflo t r o n g Heh sit nxidc My vfi chinh sflch doi ngo^i c u a My 1.1 Tdn gido • mdt chu di xuyen sudt lfch sd nudc My Ljeh sii hinh thflnh nfldc My cho thiy, nhflng ngfldi djnh cfl d i u tiln trfin d i t My lfi nhflng tfn d l b) xua duli, bi kit fin, phai vflpt biln din vflng d i t mdi d l mifu sinh vfi tim kilm tfl d l theo duli dfle tin ciia minh Nflm 1613, nhiZng ngfldi chfiu Au diu tiln d$t chfln Ifin nflde My Ifi ngfldi Tfiy Ban Nha, dfldi si? chi huy ciia Juan Ponce de Leon, hp da tim dfldng din ban dao r$ng ldn mfi ngfly Ifi Florida Tfim nfim sau, cfic mi?c sfl Cd Ddc giflo La Mfi da din dfly dl truyin gifio cho cfle t h l dfin da do, vfl tfl nflm 1564 ngfldi Tfiy Ban Nha da thfinh 14P St Augustine, m | t s l nhQng thj trln c l xfla d Bfle My, n i m d Ddng Bfle Florida TrUdc t h l ky XVT kit thfle, efic nhfi truyin giflo t h u ^ ddng thfinh Francis dfi tdi khu vi?c mfi ngfiy Ifl bang New Mexico Vflo t h l ki XVII, ddng ngfldi tfl Anh quic tim dfldng giai thoflt khdi sfl ngflpc dai tdn gifio dfl ding thdi d$t n i n mdng cho sfl ddi vfi thinh vfldng ciia nfldc My Mpt "PGS.TS Khoa Ljch sfl, Trfldng D^i hpc Sfl pb^m Hfi Ndi " ThS Hpc vidn Ngo^i giao Rhto ttf ton giAo h-ong ljeh siS- ao nhflng hp qua ciia cupe cai cflch tdn giflo d Anh dfldi thdi Vua James I (1603 - 1625) lfi vipe cac tin Thanh gifio h\ dfin fip dfl man, khid'n cho ngfldi Anh rdi bd qud hUdng di cfl sang Bfic My vdi hy vpng dflpc tl? vl tfl tfldng d l thi?e h i | n dflc tin eiia minh ngfiy mdt ddng Tfnh din nfim 1752, ehfnh quyln Anh da thfinh l^p d Bfie My 13 thupc dia vdi dfin s l 1,3 tri|u ngfldi Ngay tfl thdi ky thudc dia (1600-1776), ljch avt nfldc My dflpe dfinh dfl'u bing si? da d^ng vl tdn giflo nhflng ngfldi My ban dja, nhflng nd I | chfiu Phi vfl nhflng ngfldi di cfl din tfl chau Au Ho dfl thi?c hi^n nhflng ll nghi tdn giflo ridng ciia minh dfldi nhilu hinh thfle khfle Vdi khoang 550 cpng dong vfi ngdn ngfl khfle t ^ nflde My vflo t h l ky XVII, nin vfln hda ciia ngfldi My ban dia da dflpc ghi nhfln bdi tinh da d^ng nd'i b$t thdi ky 14P quoc (1) T h l ki XIX, trfldc nguy cd n$i ehiln Ting thing James Buchanan, Ting thong thfl 15 eiia nfldc My nhflng nfim 1857 - 1861, da bilu th; sfl lo ngp d^c bidt cua minh vl kha nfing cupe n§i ehiln cd thl Iflm giam sut vai trd eua nflde My dli vdi eac quyln ti? edng dfln vfl tdn gifio trdn tofin t h l gidi Nhflng nflm sau Ndi ciiiln, Ulysaea Simpson Grant, Ting thong thfl 18 cua nfldc My nhflng nftm 1869-1877, trflde nhidm vi? khd khfin cdng eupc tfii thilt dfi't nfldc aau tham hpa ehiln tranh, da dl cao ti? tdn gifio, bdn eanh vfl'n d l an ninh tfii san, nhfl mpt nhu eiu thilt ylu dl dam bao "dilu tdt dpp nhfi't cho da so cdng chung" Trong the ki XX vfl nhflng nflm diu t h l ky XXI, ngfldi dan My tiep tue eoi trpng quyln ti? tdn gifio nhfl quyln tfl phflt triln kinh tl Td'ng thong thfl 43 eua nflde My nhflng nfim 2001-2009, George Sang t h l ki XVIII, ba nfim aau vilt W Bush, da nhfic nhd ngfldi My quan tam Tuydn ngdn Dpc Ifip My (1776), Thomas den nguon goc aau xa ciia quyln ti? nfiy Jefferson da soan thao Dao luflt Virginia ve xa hdi My vfi cho rflng, chinh cfle b$c tfl tin ngfldng (The Vurginia Act For tiln bdi cua nfldc My qufl trinh I4p Establishing Religious Freedom) vfio nfim quoc da nhfin thiy t i m quan trpng ciia ti? 1779 Dfiy Ifl bd lufit d i u tien nhflm bao vp tdn gifio dra vdi v i ^ xay di?ng mpt Udn tl? tdn giao tai My, dflpc ban hflnh nfim minh on djnh vfi ben vflng Si? quan tflm 1786, dd khiing djnh quyln ti? tdn ddi vdi cfle gia trj tdn giflo da giflp cho giflo vfl tl? tranh lufin dl bao vd quan George W Bush gianh dflpe si? ung hp eiia dilm tdn giao ciia ngfldi My Tdn giflo vfi mpt bp phfin khdng nhd dan chflng My quyen tfl tdn giflo lfi mpt quyln ed ban Theo thong ke, cd tdi 56% nhflng ngfldi da dflpc ghi nhfin Dilu b l sung siia "din nhfl thd ciu nguypn hflng tuIn" da bo dli thfl n h i t cua Hiin phflp My vfi dfl fin philu cho Bush eudc blu cfl Tong afiu lieh stt vfl ban sfic dfin tdc My thing nfim 2000 vfi ty Ip nfly tflng Ien 63% Vflo cudi t h l ky XVIII, tfnh da d ^ g tdu cu|e blu eii nfim 2004 (2) giao d My da rfi't noi b^t, vfi dfly lfi mdt d&c Ngfiy nay, cung nhfl lich aii trfldc tinh khdng the phu nh^n bfle tranh dfly, da so ngfldi My dl eao cae tfn ngfldng xa h$i tfl buoi binh minh cua nflde vfi nghi Ii tdn giao ed ban - mdt n i t d$e thfl My Trong the gidi tdn gifio da d^ng vfi ddi aong ngfldi dfln Thfing 6-2008, phong phu ciia nfldc My thdi ky l^p quoc, Diln dfin Pew ve Tdn giao vfl Ddi song epng dao Tin Lfinh ehilm vai trd chii d^o dong phi Ipi nhufln da cdng bo kit qua m|t Rghian cflu L{eh aiV arf 4.2011 cude dilu tra trdn quy md ldn, khao sflt trdn 35.000 ngUdi, theo dd 92% ngfldi My cho ring hp tin vfio Chua; 76% cho bilt hp ciu nguydn ft nhfi't mli tuIn m | t lin, nhilu ngfldi s l hp ciu nguy|n hfing ngfly Cfie kit quA dd cflng phfl hpp vdi cfle eudc dilu tra da cdng b l trflde dfly, theo dd cfl 10 ngfldi thl c6 trln ngfldi tuyfin b i t d n giflo ed y nghta "quan trpng" ho|c "hit aflc quan trpng" cudc sing ciia hp Nilm tin eho ring tfn ngfldng ban thfin nd cd gifi tr} to ldn da c6 tfl Iflu ljeh at! nflde My Td'ng thing George Waahington da tflng tuyen btf diln vfln k i t thuc nhidm ky ciia dng vflo nflm 1796 rflng, ngfldi dfln mdt chfnh t h l cdng hda cd t h l se khdng ti? 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tdn giflo theo quan ni^m eiia My Thyc t l cho thfl'y, ehfnh quyln My fip dyng l u | t nfiy vdi nhflng Hnh hogt nhfi't djnh Hai nfim aau lufit nfiy cd hi|u lyc, thflng 92000, Iln diu tiln Bd Ngogi giao My cdng btf danh afleh CPC gim nfim nflde: Myanmar, Trung Qutfc, Iran, Iraq vfi Sudan Hai nfldc khfic lfi Serbia vfi Afghaniatan cung bj xem lfi vi phgm d{Le bipt nghidm trpng vl ty t i n giflo, nhflng My khdng cdng nh^n Chfnh phii Serbia vfi Afghanistan ndn khdng xip hai nfldc nfiy vflo danh aflch CPC (7) Chfnh quyln My cung khdng ap dyng cfle bi|n phflp trflng phgt n$ng hdn nhflng gl da fip dung vdi Myanmar, nfldc nfly dfl bj hgn e h l xufi't k h i u vfl trung chuyin cfie thilt bi hflng hda qufin si? tfl trflde dd (8) Dtfi vdi Trung Qu6c, My cung khdng fip dyng bi$n phap trflng phat nfio n$ng hdn vide hgn e h l xufl't k h i u cfie thilt bj phdng chtfng tpi phgm dfl ap dyng tfl d i u nhflng nflm 90 t h l ky XX theo Lu^t chuin ehi Ngfin sfieh dtfi ngogi (9) Cung nhfl v|y, Cpng hda Dfin ehu Nhfin dfin Trilu Tidn bj dUa vfio danh sflch CPC nflm 2001, Chfnh phu My cung khdng flp dyng thim bidn phflp nflo vi nfldc nfiy dang bj My efi'm vfln Khi Ting thtfng Buah vfio Nhfl TrIng, ty tdn giao dflpc eoi trpng hdn cfle chfnh quyln trfldc d6, dong thdi nhflng mH quan tam ciia Chfnh phii vl ty tdn gifio d nhi^m ky thfl hai (2004 - 2008) cao hdn nhi^m ky diu (2000 - 2004) Cd ba nguyin nhfln ly giai thi?e trgng nfly Mdt Id, ban thfln Ting thing Bush Ifl ngfldi theo dgo Tin Lfinh, ddng Methodish Mdt stf nhfi nghiSn cflu cho ring, Bush thfle sy tin Chua vfi lfi mdt chidn r i t ngoan dgo M$c dfl ed mdt thyc ttf lfi, hflnh vi cua cfic chfnh trj gia, khd c6 t h l phfin bidt dflpe gifla dfle tin eiia hp vdi d|ng cd ehfnh trj, nhiln, khfle vdi eflc Tong thtfng khfle, efic phfit bilu edng khai ciia Bush, tdn giflo vfl ty tdn gifio thfldng xuyen dflpe d l C4P din (10) Hai Id, vl tfl tfldng Ting thtfng Bush chju anh hfldng ldn tfl trfldng phai Bao thii mdi Ding thdi, nhflng phy tfl thfln cfln cua Ting thtfng Bush cung theo trfldng phfii nfiy, diln hinh lfi Phd Tong thtfng Dick Cheney NhOng ngfldi bao thii mdi coi nfldc My Ifl sidu dflng, cfle gifi trj My bao gdm ca quan diem vl tfl tdn gifio mang gia trj p h i qufit vfi ngfldi My cd sfl m^nh bao v$ vfi biln cfic gifi trj nfiy trln binh di^n tofln ciu (11) Ba Id, chiln Iflpc ciia chfnh quyln Bush, ben cgnh cupe chiln chtfng khiing btf, v i ^ biln dfin chii vfl ty tdn giflo tren t h l gidi Ifl mdt try c|t quan trpng (12) Trong nhidm ky diu, Tong thtfng Bush tuydn btf "ty do, dfin ehu vfl ty kinh doanh" Ifl "md hinh bin vflng n h i t eho thfinh cdng ciia quSc gia" vfi gfln thfldng mgi, vidn trp My vdi cfle dilu ki^n v l dfln chii, nhfin quyln vfl ty tdn giflo (13) Trong diln vfin nh$m chflc nhi^m ky thfl hai vfio thfing 1-2005, Ting thtfng Buah dS nhilu Iln nhfic tdi thu^t ngfl "ty khoi sy ap d$t" hay "ty hfinh dpng" vfl khing djnh, nfldc My sd hS trp cho nhflng ngfldi chiln dfl'u cho "ty do" trdn tofln t h l gidi Td'ng thtfng Bush dong thdi cung nhfiii mgnh ring, lpi fch atfng cdn ciia nfldc My hpp nhfi't vdi dflc tin sflu sflc cua ngudi My (14) Rhfln trf Mn gl6o h-ong ljeh si^ Trong qua trinh triln khai ehfnh sfieh dtfi ngogi, eflc cd quan cua chfnh quyln Bush the hidn ro tfl tfldng vfi sy coi trpng v&n dl ty tdn giflo chfnh sfieh dfii ngogi So vdi chfnh quyln Chnton, ehfnh quyln Bush rflo riit hdn vide thyc hidn Lu4t v l Ty Tdn gifio Qudc t l 1998, t$p trung nhieu hdn vfio tinh hinh ti? tdn giao tren t h l gidi vfl coi ty tdn giflo nhfl mdt edng cy ciia ehfnh sfleh dli ngogi Trong each nhin ciia chfnh gidi My vl ty tdn gifio, t h l gidi dflpc chia thfinh ba nhdm qudc gia: (i) cfle qudc gia c6 ty tdn giflo, (ii) eflc quic gia khilm khuylt vl ty tdn gifio, vfl (iii) cfle quic gia khdng ed ty tdn gifio ein d$c bidt quan tfim Quan nidm nfiy ciia chfnh quyln Bush dfl biln mdt vfl'n d l tdn giao thuin thfinh vin d l quan hd qudc tl, gfiy bfi't Ipi cho khdng ft qudc gia trdn thd' gidi, mfi Vidt Nam lfi mpt stf dd Nhan to ton gifio t r o n g q u a n h$ My - Vi^t Nam glal dogn 2003-2006 2.1 Qud trinh My dua Viet Nam vdo danh sach "Cdc nUdc cdn quan tam die biit vi tdn giao" (2003-2004) Theo Luflt Ty Tdn giflo Qudc t l My 1998, Bp Ngogi giao My chju trach nhi^m chinh vi^c theo doi tinh hinh ty tdn giao tofin ciu, bflo eflo hfing nfim vfl quylt djnh danh sfleh CPC Dtfi vdi Vidt Nam, tfl sau sfl ki^n xay d Tfiy Nguydn nim 2001, cac bao cao hfing nfim ciia Bp Ngogi giao My vl tinh hinh ty tdn giflo d Vi$t Nam dflpc nhin nh^in theo cac tidu chf ciia My vfl t h l hidn tfnh tidu eye ngfiy efing tfing Cfie bao cao tfl nflm 2002 den 2004 t^p trung vfio nhflng khfa egnh mfi My eho lfi tinh hinh ty tdn giao d Vidt Nam "xiu di" ao vdi trflde, d6 t^p trung vao ba chii de vl: vfin de Tin Lfinh d Tfiy Nguyen vfi Tfiy Bfie, "Giflo hpi Ph^t gifio Vi^t Nam Thtfng nhfi't" (UBCV) vfi vy Linh mue Nguyin Vfin Ly Trong nin chfnh trj n$i b | My, truyin bfl ty tdn giflo cung nhfl dfln chu, nhan quyln theo kilu My lfi quan dilm thtfng nhfi't gifla eflc dang phfii Tuy nhidn, tren thye tl, ludn t i n tai sy khfle bi$t vl phfldng cfich thyc hi|n gifla cfie dang vfi cfie chfnh trj gia (16) Tgi Quoc hpi My, vl cd ban, hai dang Dfin ehii vfl Cdng hda thtfng nhfi't vl dfldng Itfi dtfi vdi Vidt Nam cae vfiii di dfln chii, nhan quyln vfl ty tdn giao nhflng trdn thfle tl, ludn ton tgi hai trfldng phfli vl phfldng cflch giai quylt linh vye nfiy Mdt phai chu trfldng trt vfi thiic diy hpp tflc vdi Vidt Nam de din din giai quylt vfl'n de ty tdn giflo theo hfldng My mong mutfn, dflng diu Ifl hai Thfldng nghj si John McCain vfi John Kerry eflng hai Hg nghj si, Dong ehu tjch Nhdm nghj vi quan hd My - Vi^t Ifl Lane Evan vfi Robert Simmon Phai thfl hai ehu trfldng dflng eflc bipn phap cflng rfin, trflng phgt de Ip Vi^t Nam thay dd'i, dflng diu Ifl Thupng nghj si Brown Back vfi cac Ha nghj sT Loretta Sanchez, Chris Smith, Tom David Cac nghj s^ My bfiy td quan diem vfi gfly sflc Ip vdi ehfnh phii eac vfin di dli ngoai b ^ g cfle hinh thfle nhfl: tuydn btf ridng, vilt thfl eho Ngogi trfldng, yeu eiu dilu trln, dfla dy thao nghj quyet, dy thao lufit Cac hinh thfle tfic dpng nfiy diu cd anh hfldng tdi qufl trinh hogeh djnh ehfnh each dfii ngogi Tuy nhidn, chi nflo cfic dy thao lu^t dflpe qudc hdi thdng qua vfi ting thtfng ky thfinh l u | t thi mdi cd gifl trj rfing bupc Tfl diu nfim 2000, d§e bi^t lfi sau ay ki^n xay d Tay Nguyen nfim 2001, moi nfim cd hfing trflm bfii phat bilu, thdng eao bao chf, thfl ciia ea nhfin vfl eiia nhdm eflc nghj Sl giii tdi Tong thtfng vfl Ngogi trfldng Rghian eiJru L|eh ai^ arf 4.2011 USCIRF cd anh hfldng ldn tdi chfnh sflch tdn gifio cua ehfnh quyln My Trln thi?c ttf, USCIRF dfi cd cfic bfio cflo dflnh gifi tidu eye tinh hinh tAn giflo d Vi|t Nam cfic nfim 2001-2002 vfi khuyin nghj Chfnh phii My dfla Vidt Nam vflo danh afich CPC tfl nfim 2003 Trong btfi canh dd, tfl cutfi nflm 2003, Chfnh phu Vi|t Nam dfi n l lyc dtfu tranh chtfng vi|c My dfla Vi|t Nam vfio danh sflch CPC Cflng vdi nhflng dli mdi chinh sfleh ttfn gifio k l tfl d i u th$p niln 1990, Nghj quylt TW (Nghj quylt 25) nflm 2003 vl Tdn giflo da tgo nhiJng thay dli quan trpng v l nh^n thfle vfl quy djnh dtfi vdi tdn giflo Thflng 6-2004, Oy ban Thfldng vy Qutfc bdi da thdng qua Phfip l|nh Tfn ngfldng Tdn gifio vdi nhflng dilm mdi cfic quy djnh v l quan ly Nhfi nflde dtfi vdi linh vyc ttfn gifio Trong Phfip Idnh cd ba dilm mfi phfa My quan tflm: (i) quy djnh rd quy trinh dflng ky cfle t l chflc tdn giflo; (li) quy djnh rd hdn v l vi|c phong ehfle, phong phim, bo nhi$m, b l u cti, suy Bdn egnh dd, hogt dpng ciia cfle t l chflc cii cfic t l chflc tdn giflo; (iii) quy djnh nhfln quyln nhfl An xfi Qudc t l (Amneaty v l hogt d | n g xa hpi, tfl thidn nhan dgo cua International - AI)i Theo doi Nhfin quyln cfle chflc sfle, nhfl tu hflnh vfl to ehfle tdn (Human Right Watch - HRW), Ngdi nhfi Ty gifio Dong thdi, Vidt Nam cung tflng (Freedom House - HS), Oy ban Ty efldng cfic bi$n phflp t r l n cfle kenh ngogi Tdn giflo Qudc ttf My (United Statea giao cung nhfl cfle hogt ddng xa hpi khfie Commission on International Religious nhfl tflng efldng stf lfl