DUOfNG LOI KHONG LIEN KET CUA AN DO: NHAN THtrC Ttr HIEP lX6C HOA BINH, HUU NGHf VA HOP TAC AN DO - LIEN X d NAM I97I L £ T H f CUdNG* he An Dp - Lien Xd la mdt Quan nhflng md'i quan he dac biet Chie'n tranh lanh Day la quan he gifla hai nUdc ldn khac ve y thflc he, the che chinh tri nhflng lai g i n bd chat che vdi bang Hiep Udc Hoa binh, Hflu nghi va h(?p tac - mdt loai hinh hiep Udc ve quan he dac biet ciia Lien Xo vdi cac nUde ddng minh Chie'n tranh lanh Mat khac, An Dp la qud'c gia ludn giUdng cao ngpn cd khdng lien ke't, nhUng lai hdp tac chat che vdi Lien Xd tren nhieu phUdng dien, dd cd ca hdp tac ve chinh tri va quan sil Trong bai nghien cflu "An Do cd phdi Id mgt cUdng qudc khong?", hpc gia H Harpur •vie't: "Chdc chdn Id viec ky mgt hiep Udc nhu vdy - hiep Udc ddu tien td ddt nUdc dugc dgc lap dd xdc dinh the lien kit An Xo Xet vi viec An Do quyet dinh ky kit mgt lien minh nhU thi Id vi phgm nguyen tdc cua J.Nehru nen hiep Udc da Id khdi diem khie'n cdn phdi xet lgi phUcfng hUdng ciia An Do he thdng an ninh chdu A" (1) Nhdn xdt ve md'i quan he nay, nhieu y kie'n cho rang vdi Hiep Udc 1971, An Dp da rdi xa dUdng ldi khdng lien ke't Day la v i n de phflc tap bdi nd la sU danh gia toan (hen ve dudng ldi ddi ngoai cua An Dp Chie'n tranh lanh * ThS Khoa Lich sd - TrUcing Dai hgc Vinh TrUdc het, phai nhin nh^n rd npi ham khai niem khdng lien ke't dudng lo'i ddi ngoai cua An Dp P h i n ldn cac hpc gia phUdng Tay nhin nhan ve dudng ldi khdng lien ket cua An Do tfl mdi ddi la chu nghia trung ldp, hoac la mang tinh chit trung ldp, trung ldp tich cUc, trung ldp lac (heu (2) Xem xet toan bp dUdng ldi dd'i ngoai cua An Dp chien tranh lanh va qua cac phat bieu cua J.Nehru, LGancihi, cd the t h i y ddc trUng cita chinh scich khong lien kit b An Dp la: chdng Chien tranh lanh, bao dam rdi xa cac khdi quyen lUc cho'ng dd'i nhau, chdng lai hen minh quan sil bd'i canh xung dot gifla cic nUdc ldn; khdng phai la mpt chinh sach ngoai giao trung lap thu dpng hoac dia vi trung lap, trung lap tich ciic; la mpt chinh sach hanh dpng thilc te, ung hp dudng lo'i ddi ngoai dpc lap, chung sd'ng hoa binh va khdng can thiep Cd sd ddi chinh sdch khong lien ket b An Dp x u i t phat tii sd x u i t hien trdt tU hai cUc va Chie'n tranh lanh, sU hinh cac lien minh quan sU song phUdng va da phUdng lam x u i t hien nguy cd chie'n tranh the gidi mdi; mau t h u i n sau sac vdi chu nghia de qud'c va chu nghia thilc dan nhUng khdng mudn di theo chu nghia cpng s i n Vi tri nUdc ldn va nhflng 44 dac trUng ve lich sU, van hda cho phep An Dp thUc hien chinh sach khdng lien ke't mpt each tich ciic Do vay, muc tieu cua khdng lien kit la cho'ng chie'n tranh lanh, cho'ng lai cac lien minh quan sil da phUdng bdi canh xung dot gifla cic nUdc ldn; chdng chu nghia de quo'c va chu nghia thUc dan, chdng chie'n tranh; khang dinh chu nghia dan tpc, ldi ich qud'c gia, sU cin thie't phai phat trien kinh te; yeu chupng hoa binh, khang dinh vai trd tich cUc cua An Dp nen chinh tri the gidi Day cung la muc tieu chinh tri xuyen sud't cua Dang Qud'c dai (3) Khong lien ke't dUdc Nehru khang dinh la "khong gia nhdp lien minh qudn sU vdi khdi ndy de chdng lgi khdi kia, CO the gdy nen chien tranh the gidi thd ba, An Do cd gdng thiet lap quan he hOu nghi vdi tdt ca cdc nUdc, dgc biet la cdc nUdc chdu A Mgt nUdc An Do dgc lap se xdy diing quan he hOu nghi vdi Anh, vdi cdc nUdc thugc khdi Lien hiep Anh, cUng nhU vdi My, Lien Xo " (4) Nhflng luan (hem tren hinh qua met qua trinh lau dai lich sU - van hda An Dp, khai quat h o i Nam nguyen t i c chung sd'ng hda binh, MUdi nguyen tac Bang Dung, Nam (heu kien tham gia Phong trao Khdng Lien ke't ThUc chit, chinh sach khdng lien ket la de cua Chien tranh lanh vdi npi ham can ban nha't la khdng lien minh quan sU song phUdng hoac da phUdng xung dot nUdc ldn Thiet lap quan he tfl thang 3-1947, quan he An Dp - Lien Xd da trai qua nhieu bUdc thang t r i m nham nhdn thflc •vi the lan tren trUdng qudc te Cupc chie'n tranh bien gidi Xd - Trung 1969 va sU xich lai g i n quan he Trung - My da de dpa de'n vi the cua Lien Xd Trong dd, quan h§ cang chat che gifla Trung Qud'c My - Pakistan cung dat cho An Dp nhflng thach thflc khdng nhd Nhflng xung Rghien euru Lieh sii-, s6'1.2011 dot leo thang b Ddng Pakistan day quan he An Dp - Pakistan dflng trUdc mpt cupc chie'n tranh khdng the t r i n h khdi, de dpa vi the cua An Dp d tieu luc dia Trong bd'i canh dd, sau qua trinh vdn dpng keo dai tfl nam 1969, 8-8-1947, An Dp va Lien Xd da ky Hiep (hnh Hoa binh, hflu nghi va hdp tic Hiep Udc gdm cd 12 (heu, cd gia tri 20 nam danh dau bUdc ngoat quan he hai nUdc, tfl giai doan tim tdi, nhan thflc l i n sang giai doan hdp tac chie'n lUdc toan dien, tin cay tren cd sd hda binh va hflu nghi Ngoai cic (heu khoan ve h(3p tic kinh te, van hda, "hon dd tdng" cua hiep dinh la cic (heu khoan ve an ninh quan sU - nhflng npi dung lam diy len nhflng nghi ngd ve sil tan vd cua chinh sich khdng lien ke't Dieu cua Hiep Udc ghi rd: "Trong sU phu hop vdi tinh hOu nghi truyin thd'ng dugc thiet lap giaa hai qud'c gia, moi ben tham gia hiep Udc long trgng tuyen bo' se khong tien hdnh hoac tham gia lien minh qudn sU nhdm chdng lgi ben Hai ben tham gia hiep Udc cam kit khdng xdm lUcfc ben vd khong cho phep sa dung ldnh thd cua minh gdy bd't ldi cho ben xung dot qudn sU giaa moi ben tham gia hiep Udc vdi ben ngodi" (5) Dieu khang dinh: "Moi ben ky hiep Udc cam kit ta chdi bdt ky sU trcf giup ndo cho ben thd ba xung dot vu trang vdi cdc ben Trong trUdng hcfp mgt hai ben tham gia hiep Udc bi tdn cdng hoac bi de doa tdn cdng, hai ben tham gia hiep Udc se lap tac tien hdnh cdc cugc trao doi y kien ldn de logi trd mdl de dga vd tien hdnh nhang bien phdp cd hieu lUc thich ddng nhdm ddm bdo hoa binh vd an ninh cua hai nUdc" (6) Tfl cac (heu khoan tren cho thiy, day la mpt hiep Udc cd y nghia phdng thu tUdng ho, khdng mang tinh t i n cdng, lien minh quan sU xung dot gifla cac nUdc ldn, ma chii ye'u la ung hp l i n Eu(tog lo'i hh6ng lien he! eiia ^ B6 n h i m dam bao an ninh qudc phdng Dieu cua Hiep Udc cdn khang dinh: "Lien bang Cgng hba Xd hgi chit nghla Xo viet cam kit ton trgng chinh sdch khong lien kit ciia An Do vd xdc nhgn mgt ldn naa rdng chinh sdch ndy la nhdn td'quan trgng viec tri hba binh the gidi vd an ninh qud'c ti vd viec ldm diu tinh hinh cdng thdng cua the gidi" (7) Qua dd cd the thiy, vi ly thuyit, Hiep Udc Hoa binh, Hflu nghi va hdp tac Lien Xd - An Dp ky 98-1971 phu hdp vdi dUdng lo'i dd'i ngoai cua An Dp, khdng -vi pham nguyen t i c cua khdng lien ke't Trong Hdi ky "Chan ly cua tdi", LGandhi nha'n manh: "Mgt sd ngudi cho rdng vdi hiep Udc do, An Do ta bo chinh sdch ddi ngogi truyin thdng cua minh Diiu dy khong dung Hdi do, Pakistan khoe rdng hg dUdc cd the gidi ung hg cbn d An Do tinh thdn sa sut khd ngng Trong cugc xung dot dy, Lien Xo ddng vi phia chung toi nhUng hiep Udc khong cd mgt diiu khodn ndo thay the chinh sdch khong lien kit cua chung toi Tren thiic te, hiep Udc cbn ghi ro rdng An Do dang vd se la mgt nUdc khong lien kit Mat khdc, quan he hOu nghi giaa chung toi vdi Lien Xo se khong gdy cdn trd quan he chung toi vdi cdc nUdc khdc" (8) Tren thiic ti, anh hudng cua Hiep Udc An Dp - Lien Xd 1971 da tac dpng ldn den cue dien cua Chie'n tranh lanh Hiep Udc 1971 da hinh nen quan he hdp tac chien lUdc mat thiet An Dp - Lien Xo, tao nen the can b i n g chie'n lUdc vdi lien minh My - Trung Qud'c va Pakistan tren ban cd (ha chinh tri chau A Nd cung la nhan to' thuc day quan he My - Trung tie'n xa hdn sau chuye'n tham Trung Qud'c cua Td'ng thd'ng My R.Nixon thang 2-1972 Sau hiep dinh dUdc ky ke't An Dp cd dUdc sil hau t h u i n c i n thie't de gianh thang lpi 45 quan trpng cudc chie'n tranh b Ddng Pakistan nam 1972, sap nhap Sikkim vao An Dp nam 1974, chdng lai cac luan (heu thu dich LGandhi ban bd' tinh trang k h i n cip nam 1975 Hiep Udc 1971 la mpt budc lfli thflc te cua chinh sach khdng lien ke't, nhUng la bUdc lui cin thie't n h i m khang dinh ldi ich dan tpc cua An Dp bd'i canh mdi Hai nUdc da cd lap trUdng chung nhieu v i n de qud'c te quan trpng nhu giai quye't chien tranh Viet Nam (1973), v i n de Campuchia (1979-1989), sil ung hp lan sau Tuyen bd' Delhi ve mpt the gidi khdng cd vu hat nhan (1986) Mac dfl vay, de gifl dfldc vi tri cua minh d phong trao khdng lien ke't va dam bao khdng trd dd'i thu trilc tie'p tfl phia My, cac nUdc chau Au, An Dp khdng the budc xa hdn Nhin nhdn quan he An Dp - Lien Xd cd phu (iinh chinh sach khdng lien ke't hay khdng chu ye'u xem xet chfnh sach cua An Dp ddi vdi cac vdn de lien quan trilc tie'p de'n hai nUdc mang tinh chit Chie'n tranh lanh nhU: Chie'n tranh An Dp Pakistan nam 1971, sang kie'n an ninh tdp the chau A cua Lien Xd, Lien Xd dUa quan vao Afghanistan sil dd'i sanh vdi cac v i n de trUdc nam 1971 nhU Lien Xd dUa quan vao Hunggari (1956), Tiep Khic (1968) Ngay 3-12-1971, An Dp dUa quan vao Ddng Pakistan vdi danh nghia la ung hp cupc dau tranh chinh nghia ciia nhan dan Ddng Pakistan cho'ng lai bao lUc quan sU cua Tay Pakistan, ngan chan ddng ngUdi ty nan dd xd vao An Dp va dam bao an ninh cho nudc Tuy nhien, sU hinh lien minh Pakistan - Trung Qud'c - My va sU hau t h u i n cua Lien Xd cho An Dp da lam cho cupc xung dot khu -vile mang tinh chat cua Chie'n tranh lanh Hiep Udc Lien Xd - An Dp dU(3c ky ket vao 9-8- 46 1971 bd'i canh mau thuan An Dp Pakistan dang len cao cd tac dung ran de thilc te dd'i vdi Pakistan va cic lilc lUdng hau t h u i n nUdc Nhflng dpng thai cua Lien Xd nhU tuyen bd' ung hp, tang cUdng •vien trd quan sil trUdc va sau chie'n tranh cho An Dp, gay sflc ep vdi Pakistan, dieu lUc lUdng hai quan de'n •vinh Bengal My dUa Ham dpi vao khu vile dfl n i m khudn khd cua dieu Hiep Udc 1971, nhUng cd anh hudng nhU la lien minh quan sil thilc te chdng lai mpt lien minh khac Day la mpt nhflng ly de phUdng Tay va cac lUc lUpng do'i lap nUde nghi ngd dUdng ldi khdng lien ket cua An Do Hiep Udc 1971 va cic hanh dpng cua Lien Xd bd'i canh dd ve ly thuyet khdng vi pham dUdng ldi khdng lien ket nhUng thilc te t i m anh hudng nd da vUdt khdi khudn khd cua dUdng ldi Su kien Lien Xd dUa quan vao Afghanistan tfl 1979 de'n 1989 la thd thach khd khan dd'i vdi An Dp •viec vda gifl vflng dudng ldi khdng lien ke't va vfla t n quan he hflu nghi vdi Lien Xd Ngay 2612-1979, Lien Xd dUa quan vao Afghanistan, Chinh phu lam thdi An Dp C.Singh lap tflc tuyen bd' phan dd'i bat cfl sii can thiep nao tfl nUdc ngoai tdi cdng viec ndi bd Afghanistan, dd cd sU can thiep cua Lien Xd va cac dpng thai cua My nhu trien khai quan dpi d An Dp DUdng, vien trd cho Pakistan, ho trd cac lilc lUdng doi ldp b Afghanistan cua My Lap trUdng diem cua Dai sfl An Dp tai Lien hdp quoc B.Mishra 12-1-1980 chi ro: "chung toi phdn doi sU hien dien ciia qudn dgi nUdc ngodi vd cdc cdn cd qudn sU tgi bdt ky qud'c gia ndo" nhUng dng cung khang dinh ring: "Chinh phu Xo viei dd ddm bdo vdi chung tdi rang lUc lUcfng qudn sU gOi tdi Afghanistan theo yeu cdu cua chinh phu Rghien emi Lieh sJr 561.2011 Afghanistan thd nhdt bdi Thu tUdng Amin ta 26-12-1979, vd nhiiu ldn bdi ngUdi ki tuc dng dy td 28-12-1979 Vd hcfn nda chung ta tin tudng rdng qudn dgi Lien Xd se rut qudn cd sii di nghi eda chinh phu hien thdi d Afghanistan hi vgng cdc lUc lUdng cua Lien Xd se khdng tri d ddy ldu hcfn cdn thiet" (9) An Do phdn ddi vdi cdc liic lugng dinh liu den cugc xung dot gom My, Trung Qudc vd Pakistan, hg da che chd vd ddo tgo cdc phdn tH phdn logn Afghanistan, cdc qudc gia ldng gieng nho khdc tich cUc ung hg lUc lUdng lgt vd cdc lUc lUcMg hdi qudn dang tich cUc hogt dgng d An Do DUcfng Cdc hogt dgng cua hg dd de dog tdi An Do (10) An Dp da bd phie'u trang Nghi quye't len an Lien Xd cua My d Dai hpi ddng Lien hdp qud'c, du nghi quye't cd 104 phie'u ung hp, dd cd nhieu qud'c gia khdng lien ke't, chi cd 18 phie'u chdng va 18 phie'u t r i n g (11) Til LGandhi len lam Thii tudng, quan (hem cua An Dp la khdng cd sil thay ddi nao dil cd sU tac dpng lien tuc tii phia Lien Xd qua cac chuye'n tham cua Bp trUdng Ngoai giao Lien Xd A.Gromyko (12 de'n 14-2-1980); Phd Chu tich Hpi ddng Bp trudng Arkhipov (2-1980); Thfl trudng Ngoai giao Lien Xd N.Firjoibin (4-1980); Bp Qud'c phdng An Dp (5-1980); Tong bi thU Brezhnev 12-1980; Thdm chi An Dp cdn cd' ging thuyet phuc Lien Xd rut quan bd phan hoac toan (hen cac cupc hpi dam gifla lanh dao hai nUdc suot nhflng nam 80 Cd the thiy, quan (hem ve v i n de Afghanistan cua chinh phu An Dp khdng phai la mot sU lung tung hay nhan nhUdng sau Hiep Udc 1971 Quan diem so vdi v i n de Hunggari (1956), Tiep Khic (1968) ' '^ ' ' Cd ban la gidng An Dp bo phieu trang tat ca cac nghi quye't len an Lien Xd tfl v i n de Hunggari, Tiep Khac, Afghanistan VI Budng 16'i hh6ng lien kei ciia ^ B6 nhUng cung bay td sU thai dp khdng ddng tinh vdi Lien Xo ve hanh dpng can thiep vao cdng viec npi bp cua nUdc khac Tuy nhien, mflc dp phan flng qua cac sU kien cua An Dp cd phan khac Trong y V * ' ^ vdn de Hunggari nam 1956, An Dp phan ling khdng qua gay git, tap trung sU chu y vao v i n de qud'c hflu hoa kenh dao Suez (hen cung thdi ky An Dp phan ddi nghi quye't b i u c^ dan chu b Hunggari dUdi sU bao trd cua Lien hdp qud'c -vi nd tao tien le x i u vdi v i n de Kashmir De'n nam 1968, phan flng cua An Dp vdi v i n de Tiep Khic cd p h i n quye't liet hdn phe dd'i ldp Dang Qud'c dai dang rat manh, Lien Xo tie'p tuc xiic tie'n vien trd quan sU cho Pakistan De'n v i n de Afghanistan nhflng nam 80, An Dp phan flng than trpng va thilc hien nhieu hoat dpng ngoai giao da phUdng hdn nham mpt mat chflng td ldp trUdng khdng ung hp hanh dpng can thiep cua Lien Xd, mat khac chip nhdn cd' gang phan flng cd chflng miic va hau trUdng, linh hoat nham mang lai ldi thoit cho nUdc Ben canh dd, An Dp lai phan dd'i quye't liet sil -vien trd quan sU cua My, Trung Qud'c va cac nude phUdng Tay cho Pakistan, dao tao cac lUc lUdng phien loan, de doa den an ninh nUdc Tii nam 1981, Lien hdp qud'c lien tuc cac nghi quye't yeu ciu Lien Xo rut quan, An Dp van ludn gifl ldp trfldng khdng thay ddi: khdng ung hp sil cd mdt cua quan dpi Lien Xd d Afghanistan, bd phie'u t r i n g cac nghi quye't chdng Lien Xd nhUng lai thien ve len an cac hanh dpng quan sU cua My, Trung Qud'c, Pakistan Ldp trUdng gdp phan lam giam sflc ep cho Lien Xo, tao sU can b i n g n h i t dinh tren ban cd chie'n lUdc Nam A An Dp thilc te da cdng •viec t n chinh sach khdng lien ke't, dam bao ldi ich dan tpc, han che nhflng tac dpng ma Lien Xd mong mud'n gay anh hudng len nUdc Sang kie'n ldp He thd'ng an ninh tdp the chau A dUilc Lien Xd dUa tfl nam 1969 nhflng chfla luc nao nhdn dUdc thai dp nhiet tinh tfl An Dp Tfl nam 1969 de'n 1985, Lien Xd da nhieu l i n de cdp de'n v i n de nhflng An Dp deu khdng ung hp Dfldi thdi R.Gandhi va M.Gorbachev, y tudng ldp Hpi nghi an ninh chau A va xay dUng long tin l i n theo kieu an ninh chau Au b Hpi nghi Hensinki nam 1975 dUdc hai nUdc thd'ng nhit, nhUng ke't cue van khdng hien thilc An Dp khdng man ma vdi sang kie'n vi ban chit cua nd la hinh nen lien minh nham phuc vu nhflng y dd chinh tri - quan sil cua Lien Xd, •vi pham nguyen t i c khdng lien ke't Mat khac, he thd'ng an ninh tdp the cd sfl tham gia cua Lien Xd se anh hudng de'n •vi the cua An Dp b chau A, lam xdu (h quan he An - Trung dang qua trinh binh thudng hoa Ben canh dd, Lien Xd cung khdng the thuyet phuc An Dp cho phep ho lam trung gian hoa giai "kieu Tasken 1965" gifla An Dp va Pakistan sau cupc chie'n tranh 1971 Lien Xo cung khdng dat dUdc ke't qua nd lilc thuyet phuc An Dp ky Hiep Udc khdng phd bien vu hat nhan (NPT) hoac khdng phat trien •vu hat nhan Su cd' gang cua Lien Xd viec tac dpng len An Dp nham ngan chan binh thUdng hoa quan he An Dp - Trung Qud'c sau nam 1971 ke't ciic cung chi lam chdm qua trinh iy Day la nhflng chu trUdng ldn cua Lien Xd Chie'n tranh lanh nhUng nUdc da khong cdng viec ldi keo An Dp phuc vu y dd chien lUdc cua minh Du vdy, nhflng b i t ddng moi quan he An Dp - Lien Xd it hdn nhieu so vdi My Dd khdng phai la '^ qua Lien Xd tac dpng tdi An Dp, ma "nhihig diem bdt ddng thUc sU gida An Do vd My chinh Id nhdn thac qud'c tecua hg cd nhiiu diem khdc biet" (12) 48 Rghien ciJru Lich sit 56' 1.2011 Nhu vdy, xdt b gdc dp cic (hem ndng lien quan tnic tie'p de'n Lien Xd trUdc va sau hiep fldc nam 1971, An Dp van khdng thay ddi dudng ldi cua minh, nghia la khdng hoan toan dflng ve phia Lien Xd nhU khai niem "ddng minh" ma phUdng Tay thUdng hay sd dung An Dp khdng vi pham nhflng dudng lo'i khdng lien ke't each flng xd vdi cic v i n de cd lien quan trflc tie'p de'n Lien Xd, nhUng thai dp cua nUdc cung cd p h i n "thie'u quye't liet", "khdng tich cUc" nhu nhflng van de khic Thdm chi, each hanh xfl "cd p h i n nghieng ve phia Lien Xd" nhu cac hpc gia phUdng Tay nhan xet cung cd cd sd n h i t dinh Tdm lgi, nhdn thflc chfnh sach khdng lien ke't cua An Dp sau Hiep dinh Hoa binh, hflu nghi va h(3p tac An Dp - Lien Xd 1971, cd the thiy: Quan he An Dp - Lien Xd khdng •vi pham nhflng nguyen tac can ban cua dUdng ldi khdng lien ke't xet tren phUdng (hen ly thuyet lan thUc tien Tuy nhien, ban than sU gan bd mdt thie't quan he hai nUdc da tao nhflng anh hudng n h i t dinh ve thai dp, phUdng thflc hanh xfl cua An Dp ddi vdi mpt so' van de khu vile va qud'c te Sfl anh hudng ngam ngim hdn la hien hflu, giin tie'p va lau dai hdn la tnic tie'p va tflc khac, tinh t h i n va thai dp hdn la nguyen tac phap ly qud'c te Day khdng phai la sil thay ddi chfnh sach, ma la bieu hien sU thfla nhan vai trd, vi tri cua vi ldi ich chung cua hai nUdc Dieu CHU dfldc hpc gia Robert Wesson nhdn dinh: "Cd sd cua quan he vd quan diem giaa Matxccfva vd New Delhi dUdng nhU Id sU nhgn thdc ldn ddng vai trb rdt quan trgng mdl quan he hdn la cdc bien phdp triiu tUcing md hai ben dUa nhdm tdc dgng ldn nhau" (13) Trong bo'i canh the gidi bi phan cflc manh me, viec mpt qud'c gia ldn tham gia vao tfch cflc vao cac hoat dpng chfnh tri qudc te nhU An Dp gifl vflng dfl(3c nguyen t i c khdng lien ke't, (heu hoa nguyen t i c phu hdp vdi ldi fch dan tpc va quo'c te la dieu rat khd An Dp da cdng •viec (heu hoa quan he vdi ca hai khoi, khdng day quan he cua minh (h q u i xa vdi ca Lien Xd va My - du Hiep Udc 1971 cd the da tao cd sd cho (heu dd xay quan he An Dp - Lien Xd ThUc te, chi cd the xem xdt chfnh sach ' ^ khdng lien ket tren cd sd ldi fch dan tpc An Dp dan xen vao nhau, nhieu chinh sach khdng lien ke't la hien than cua lOi fch dan tpc An Dp mdi quan he vdi cic nfldc ldn, dac biet la vdi Lien Xd Nhfl Bp trfldng Ngoai giao An Dp N Rao phat bieu: "An Do khdng ung hg My cdng khdng ung ho Lien Xd, An Do ung hg An Do An Do ddng tren Icii ich qud'c gia ciia minh" (14) Sfl phat 9 «' trien cua quan he An Dp - Lien Xd la h§ qua t i t ye'u cua mpt qua trinh tim hieu l i n tfl nam 1947, tflng bfldc cd nhflng nhan thflc ve \6i fch chie'n Ifldc song trung bd'i canh Chie'n tranh lanh THICH (1) H.Rapur, An Dp cd phdi Id mpt cUdng qudc'?, Thfl vien quan dgi luc, 1980, tr (2) Day la quan diem cua cac hgc gia phfldng Tay nhu Peter Lyon, Morgenthou, H.F Armtrong Cac nha lanh dao Lien Xo trUdc nfim 1953 nhu I.Stalin, E.Zhukov, M.Molotov cung cho rfing dUdng loi khong lien ket cua An Dg la "xoa diu mau thuSn vdi cac nfldc phfldng Tay" B.S.Gupta, The fulcrum of Asia Relation Among China, India, Pakixtan an the USSR, Pegasus, New 49 Butmg 16"i Khong lien het e i a An B6 (8) LGandhi, Chdn ly cua toi, Nxb P h u Nfl, York, 1970, tr 48 (3), (14) N.Jayapalan, Foreign Policy of Publishers Atlantic& Distributors Ltd, India, Delhi, 2001, tr 84, 101 chinh hieu tU sdch ddi ngogi nUdc Cpng hod An Dp, Tap chi Nghiin ciu Lich cua si, so 3-1998, t r 62 and Cooperation, Treaty, Treaty of Peace, (7) Friendship Issues tr 182 (10) S.R.Sharma (2003), Indo-Soviet 1972-1991, A Brief Survey Relations - P a r t II; Disccvery Shadow Friendship of the bear: The Indo - Published by Shri P.KDeo, South Indo - Soviet and Cooperation, Treaty of (11) P.J.S.Ducan (1989), The Soviet Union and India, Council on foreign relations press, New York, tr 45 Avenue Lance, Ne^w Delhi, India, 1971, tr 189 (6), Relation: Publishing House, Delhi, tr 86 (5) Indo - Soviet Soviet (9) R.C.Hom, Soviet - Indian and Influence, Praeger Publishers, New Yerk, 1982, (4) N g u y i n Canh Hue (1998), Tim tudng hod binh Ha Ngi, 1987, tr 185 Peace, Sdd, tr 189, 188 (12) R.C.Horn, sdd, tr 214 (13) R.C.Horn, sdd, tr 213 VUA LY ANH TONG, CHIEN LUOC BIEN (Tiip theo trang 7) (17) Theo sach Dgi Nam thUc luc, T.IV, B a n dinh vi t r i khong t h e t h a y t h e dUdc cua t i n h dich, Nxb Giao due H a Ngi, 2004, tr 1032- t h a n h Q u a n g Yen, da k h u y e n vua M i n h Menh 1033, thi vao nfim 1836, n h a n viec Tong do'c Hai khong nen nghe theo ldi t a u t h i e n kien cua Le Yen Nguyen Cong Trfl de nghi md rgng thfinh Due Dflc va vua M i n h M e n h da y t h e e ldi ban Q u a n g Yen, Hg p h u Le Due Dflc t a u khong n e n cua Bg Cdng Dieu n a y gop p h i n ly giai tai tiep t u c d lai Q u a n g Yen ma c i n phai chuyen tfl ra't sdm, cac n h a nfldc phong kien Viet N a m s a n g dia diem mdi thugc h u y e n Thiiy Dfldng deu chgn Q u a n g Yen (ma cu t h e la k h u vflc t i n h (nay la T h u y Nguyen, H a i Phdng), vua M i n h t h a n h Q u a n g Yen) iam t r u n g t a m tra'n gifl vflng M e n h giao cho Bg Cong xem x6t lai viec cila song Bach Dling va md rgng r a t o a n t u y e n Sau t i n h t o a n ky ludng mgt each tong the, duyen hai, bien va hai dao k h u vflc Dong Bfic Bg Cong cho rfing: "Xay dflng thfinh tri, co q u a n he de'n sU che cho'ng d bien cUdng Dia thdnh cd hgt, Qudng ngodi (18) That day cung chi Ifi ten ggi khac thi'tinh cila cung mgt dia diem Ten 16 An Bang da co tfl Yen, co the khd'ng che dUgc thdi T r i n Nfim 1466, Le T h a n h Tong dfit An Bang co thi trd'n dp dUdc uung hdi thfla tuyen Den ddi vua Le Anh Tong mdi doi An cUang, t h u c la ndi h i n h t h e dep Ldi cua do'c Bang Ifim An Quang va nfim 1822, vua Minh t h a n CO d i n h k i e n da'y" Bg Cong sau xac Menh doi An (Yin) Quang thfinh Quang Yen -? VUA LY ANH TONG, CHIEN LU'OC BIEN VA HANH DINH TRAI YEN mTNG NGUYEN QUANG NGOC* V iet Nam la dau cau noi lien giiSa Dong Nam A luc dia va Dong Nam A hai dao, la giao diem cua cac nen van hoa, van minh 16n cua the gi6i Viet Nam nam tren diicing h&ng hai quo'c te tii Tay sang Dong, tii Nam len Bac nen giii mot -vi the dia - chinh tri, dia - kinh te va dia - van hoa het siic dac biet Ket qua khai quat va nghien cdu khao CO hoc S Viet Nam mot the ky qua da xac dinh dUdc kha ro rang nhiing ldp cU dan co td cac viing noi dia lien tuc tien khai pha, sinh cd lap nghiep va lam chu cac vung dao, quan dao ngoai Bien Dong Bat dau td khoang Hau ky Da cu va nha't la tii Sd ky Da mdi (khoang td 25.000 nam den 18.000 nam each nay) da co nhiing bo phan cii dan td luc dia tie'n chiem linh cac dao, quan dao ci khu viic Dong Bac Ho dinh cit tai day khai pha da't dai, diing nha, lap lang va de lai cac di tich, di vat thuoc thdi dai Da cii d Con Co, Quang Binh, thuoc thdi dai Da mdi (cac v a n hoa Hoa Binh, Soi Nhu, Da But, Ha Long, Bau Tro) tren dai dao, quan dao chay dai td Mong Cai cho den Bac Trung Bo va van hoa Sd ky Kim (Van hoa Hoa Loc) thuoc khu viic bd bien Thanh Hoa, Nghe An Sii hien dien cua cac nen van hoa khao CO d day vdi so^ liidng, quy mo cac di tich nhii vay chdng to so' liidng ngifdi di cii cac -vCing bien dao khong nho va tii ho da thuoc nhieu nhom ngiidi, nhieu ldp ng^iidi khac Khong phai ngau nhien, tran danh lich sd ket thiic 1000 nam Bac thuoc, md thdi ky doc lap lau dai cho dan toe Viet Nam lai dien cl -viing ciia song Bach Dang vao nhiing cuo'i nam 938 Tran thang md truyen tho'ng Bach Dang, truyen tho'ng thuy chie'n, nghe thuat tieu diet that nhanh chong va triet de cac doan quan xam liidc manh d dia dau song bien cua To quo'c chi vong mot niidc trieu Ciing td sau chien cong ky dieu nay, cac nha niidc doc lap Viet Nam td Ngo, Dinh, Tien Le cho de'n Ly, Tran, Le, Mac, LeTrinh, Tay Sdn va Nguyen luon luon y thdc mot each day du tam quan trpng ciia bien, hai dao va hau nhii trieu dai nao cung deu CO chien liidc do'i vdi cac -vung bien dao Tiec rang sd sach ddi xiia ghi chep qua co dong nen du co co' gang den may, chung ta ciing khong the nhan dUdc mot each chinh xac nhiing hoat dong ciia cac chinh quyen doc lap dau tien tren linh viic Mai de'n GS-TS Vien Viet Nam hoc va Khoa hoc phat trien - DHQG HN Rghien cihi Lieh sir, so 1.2011 thdi Ly, dac biet vao thdi vua Ly Anh Tong m6i tha'y sii cii chep ve cac hoat dong ciia nha vua va trieu dinh d cac -vung bien dao hay CO lien quan de'n cac vung bien dao Trong bai vie't nay, chu ye'u diia vao nguon tai lieu thii tich co, chiing toi biidc dau xac dinh thdi ky -vua Ly Anh Tong (1138-1175) la thdi diem md d i u cua cac nha niiSc Viet Nam xay diing va thiic thi cac chie'n liidc cua Viidng trieu minh do'i vdi viing bien dao thieng heng va mau thit cua To quo'c Vua Ly Anh Tong va chie'n liitfc do'i v6i cac vung bien dao Ly Anh Tong la -vi -vua thii cua -viidng tneu Ly, sau Ly Thai To (1009-1028), Ly Thai Tong (1028-1054), Ly Thanh Tong (1054-1072), Ly Nhan Tong (1072-1127) va Ly Than Tong (1127-1138) Ong sinh thang nam Binh Thin (1136), len ngoi Hoang de' thang 10 nam Mau Ngo (1138), m6i chxia tron tudi, ci ngoi 37 nam, mat thang nam At Ty (1175), tho 40 tudi Danh gia ve sii nghiep cua Ly Anh Tong cho de'n gi6i sii hoc ciing cdn co nhiing y Iden khac ve tufng linh viic cu the, nhiing tren tong the deu tho'ng nha't khang dinh thdi ky Ly Anh Tong tri vi v&n nam gia: doan phat trien va thinh dat cua viidng trieu Ly Trong thdi ky tri vi cua Ly Anh Tong, toan ven lanh thd va lanh hai cua da't nii6c diidc giii viing, vi the cua quo'c gia Dai Viet, cua viidng trieu Ly diidc de cao, diing nhii sii gia Ngo Thi Si the ky XVIII ca ngdi: "Nghi thiic khdc thudng, dien le long trong, hdng may ngdn nam ve triidc chiia titng co Cong gay diing niidc thiic hat ddu tii vua Anh Tong cd the noi la toi ddy" (1) Cac tli lieu va sii kien lich sii d\idi day chinh la nhiing minh chiing cho mot chie'n liidc tiidng do'i day dii va he tho'ng cua trieu dinh Ly Anh Tong do'i vdi cac -vung bien dao, tii viec xay diing cac cd sd quan ly, to chiic cac doi tau thuyen cho de'n viec tien hanh kiem tra, kiem soat, xac dinh ranh gidi tren bien, bao ve dan chiing va md rong cac quan he giao thiidng buon ban vdi tau thuyen ngoai quo'c - Thang 10, nam 1147 Ly Anh Tong cho "diing hdnh dinh d trai Yen Hiin^' (2) - Thang 2, nam 1149 nhan viec thuyen buon nifdc Trao Oa (Java, Indonesia), Lo Lac va Xiem La (deu thuoc Thai Lan nay) vao Hai Dong xin cii trii buon ban, •vua Ly Anh Tong "ben cho lap trang d ncfi hdi ddo, ggi la Vdn Don de mua bdn hdng hoa quy, ddng tie'n sdn vat dia phiicfng" (3) - Thang 11, nam 1161 Ly Anh Tong "sai To Hien Thdnh ldm Do tiidng, Do An Di ldm phd, dem van qudn di tudn cdc ncfi ven bien Tdy Nam, de giQ yen mien bien gi&i Vua thdn di tien den cita bien Thdn Ddu d Dgi An (nay la ciia bien Thdn Phii) mdi trd vi' (4) - Thang 2, nam 1171 "Vua di tudn cdc hdi ddo, xem khdp hinh the nui song, muon biet ddn dinh dau kho vd diidng di xa gdn the ndo" (5) - Thang 2, nam 1172 "Vua di tudn cdc hdi ddo d dia gich cdc phien bang Nam Bdc, ve bdn ghi chep phong vat roi ve" (6) - Thdi Ly Anh Tdng, nha vua lien tuc cho dong thuyen ldn tham gia vao viec kiem tra, kiem soat, khai thac va bao ve cac viing song nifdc, bien dao nhif dong thuyen Vinh Long, Thanh Lan va thuyen ldn TrUdng Quye't, Phung Tien (1147); dong thuyen Vinh Dieu, Thanh Lan (1151); dong thuyen Vinh Chifdng (1154); ddng thuyen to ban cua ngii trii, thuyen to ban cua cung noi (1156); dong thuyen Nhat Long (1167) va ddng thuyen Ngoan Thiiy (1173) (7) Vua Ly ?Tnh Tong Chac chan -vi nhiing cong cua cac chinh sach ma trieu dinh nha Td'ng da phai phong cho Ly Anh Tong lam An Nam Qud'c Vuang va chinh thiic cong nhan nifdc ta la An Nam Quoc (8) Ngo Thi Si da hoan toan CO ly cho r i n g thdi -vua Ly Anh Tong tri -vi: "luyen binh gidng vo, chgn tiidng sai sii khien cho Chiem Thdnh phdi gia le phien thdn, nhd Tong phdi phong la niidc ldn, trieu dinh sdng sua, bien gidi yen ldnh, hdu nhii dem lai diidc nin thinh tri nhu thdi Thdi Tong, thcfi Nhdn Tong' (9) va "neu khong phdi la ngUdi rdt sdng suot, rdt anh dung thi khong dUc/c nhU vay" (10) Hanh dinh trai Yen Hifng va vi tri cua no chie'n lUtfc bien Cong -viec quan dau tien ciia -vua Ly Anh Tong (va cung co the difdc coi la ciia ca Vifdng trieu Ly) do'i vdi cac -viing bien dao la dat hanh dinh d trai Yen HUng (11) nhii la mot cd quan quan ly cua trieu dinh trung ifdng do'i vdi ciia ngo yet hau song nifdc quan nha't cua da't nifdc, ciing nhii toan bo cac -viing bien dao ciia quo'c gia Dai Viet noi chung cat ban cho An Sinh Vifdng Tran Liiu (cha de cua Tran Hifng Dao) vao nam 1237 (12); hay mot vung lang que trii phii, mot cii diem manh tra'n giii vung quan Bach Dang ma sau khong don difdc thuyen lifdng cua Trifdng Van Ho, Ma Nhi da cho danh vao trai Yen Hifng viia de ciidp lifdng thao ve nuoi doi quan dang chet doi d Van Kiep, -vifa triet pha mpt cd sd quan sii trpng yeu cua nha Tran (13) Theo chiing toi, trai Yen Hifng khong ldn nhif mpt ddn vi hanh chinh ngang vdi cap phu, lg, nhifng ciing khdng phai la ddn vi hanh chinh cap cd sd, ma chi la tap hdp mpt so' cac ddn -vi cif trii ca dan sii va quan sii d khu viic tifdng difdng vdi cac xa Yen Hifng, Quynh Lau tong Ha Bac trifdc day (14) Ve •vi tri ciia trai Yen Hifng, ban dich cac sach Dg,i Viet sii ky todn thU, Dg.i Viet sii ky tuc bien deu thoang nha't chii giai "nay Id ddt huyen Yen HUng tinh Qudng Ninh", hay noi mpt each cu the hdn tiic la da't thi tran Quang Yen va cac xa phu can nhif Yen Giang, Cpng Hda huyen Yen Hifng Thdi Ly, de tang cifdng cho trieu dinh kiem tra, quan ly cac dia phifdng trpng ye'u, Trai Yen Hifng cd quy mo va -vi tri nhif nha Ly cdn dat cac hdnh cung, hdnh dinh the nao ciing la van de can phai ban Difdi va phil de Sau hanh dinh d trai Yen Hifng thdi Ly, he tho'ng hanh chinh d cac dia diing nam 1147, hen tuc cac nam phifdng cd 24 16 (tuy nhien hien ciing 1154, 1155, 1156, Ly Anh Tdng cho diing cac khong cd tai lieu xac dinh difdc day du ca hanh cung Ung Phong d Nam Dinh, hanh ten goi va -vi tri ciia 24 lo nay) Ngoai lg cung Ly Nhan d Ha Nam, hanh cung Ngii CO phu, d mien niii hay cac mien xa xoi Thien d Thai Binh, phu de d Phii Lifdng CO cac dao, chdu, trai Ben difdi cac (Thai Nguyen), phu de d chau Quang phil, chdu, trai la hUctng, gidp That Nguyen (Cao Bang) (15) Phu de d Phii khong the hinh dung trai Yen Hifng d day Lifdng, Quang Nguyen de danh rieng cho lai tifdng difdng vdi cac lg, phu giong nhif Phd ma, Cong chiia cai quan cac viing bien cac viing chau Hoan, chau Ai Chiing toi gidi phia Bac Hanh cung ciing giong nhii Cling khong nghi quy mo cua trai Yen Hifng cung dien difdc xay diing giiia -vung nong chi nhif mot xdm nho ciia mot ddn -vi thon nghiep trpng yeu de nha •vua mdi di lang dang hinh sau Sii cu ciing kiem tra, khuye'n khich phat trien san xuat ttfng nhieu l i n nhac de'n ten trai Yen Hifng nong nghiep (nhif xem cay rupng, xem gat nhii -viec dat ttfng difdc Tran Thai Tong Ilia ) ma phai nghi lai Con hanh dinh la Rghien euru Lieh sit so 1.2011 dinh thli, doanh trai d ngoai Kinh tren nguyen tac xay diing phuc •vu cho •viec quan d ndi quan yeu, nhifng thiic te, ngifdi ddng dau hanh dinh thay mat cho trieu dinh van phai cai quan nhiing "viec dan sii ma trieu dinh uy thac Sach Dg.i Viet sH ky todn thu cho bie't vao thang nam 1044 sau danh thang Chiem Thanh, tren diidng tif Phat The trd ve Kinh Thang Long, -vua Ly Thai Tong "den hdnh dinh Nghe An, ggi Uy Minh hdu Nhat Quang den uy lao roi trao cho tiit viet trdn thu, chdu dy, gia phong tudc vUdng TrUdc day vua uy cho Uy Minh thu to hdng ndm d Nghe An vd sai lap trg.i Ba Hoa khie'n cho [trdn dy] dUdc vUng chdc, lg,i dat die'm canh cdc ndi cdt chda lUcfng thiic ddy du, cdi gt cdng viia y vua, cho nen dUdc tudc phong nhU the" (16) Tiec rang cho de'n chiing ta chifa cd nghien cdu cd ban va nha't la chifa tufng td chdc khai quat khao co hpc quy mo ldn de xac dinh chinh xac -vi tri va quy mo cua hanh dinh Yen Hifng thdi Ly Thee quan sat bifdc dau cua chiing toi thi d •viing eda song Bach Dang chi cd hai dia diem cd nhieu kha nang c6 lien quan de'n •vi tri hanh dinh nay: Thli nhdt la khu viic Quang Yen thdi Nguyen Toa nam tren go niii Tien Sdn, xa Quynh Lau, triic tie'p an ngii eda seng Bach Ddng va sdng Chanh, la •vi tri trpng ye'u nha't cua toan •viing (17) Khi •vua Gia Long lap •vifdng trieu Nguyin lap tran Yen Quang cai quan toan bp mien Dong Bac, nam 1804 da quyet dinh chpn go nui lam ly sd ciia toan train Liic tren go da cd ddn An Bang vd'n la tri sd cua phu Hai Dong gdm huyen Yen Hifng, Hoanh Bd va chau Tien Yen, Van Ninh, Van Ddn Hdn chuc nam dau difdi thdi Gia Long va Minh Menh, tran ly Yen Quang rdi Quang Yen (18) vSn chi nhan lay nui lam ma hdu nhii chifa cd xay diing mdi Den nam Minh Menh thd (1826) mdi dap them liiy da't va nam Tii Diic thli 12 (1859) mdi xay gach chu vi 295 trifdng, md ciia, ma mpt phan dau tich lai den Diidi chan gd la Ben Ngli sdng Chanh ma cac •vi hoang de - thi nhan liing danh lich sd nhif Tran Thanh Tong, Le Thanh Tong deu da tifng difng thuyen ngii, lam thd ca ngdi canh sac va ngifdi cua quan tri An Bang Chung tdi hy vpng rdi day chifdng trinh qudc gia bao tdn va ton tao •vung chie'n trifdng Bach Dang, cac chuyen gia khao cd hpc se cd cd hpi khai quat d khu •viic ben cua tda thdi Nguyen va qua dd cd the tim dd'u tich cua ddn An Bang xiia Ne'u xac dinh difdc chinh xac -vi tri cua ddn An Bang thdi Le thi cung cd nhieu kha nang se tim diidc da'u vet cac hoat dpng ciia td tien ta d •vi tri difdc coi la quan trpng nha't cua viing ciia song Bach Dang vao thdi diem cua chie'n thang Bach Dang nam 1288, ciing nhif vet tich lai cua cac thdi ky trifdc, dd khong loai trii hanh dinh trai Yen Hifng thdi Ly Tha hai la khu •viic niii Dinh chi each Quang Yen khoang km ve phia Dong Bac Day ciing la mpt qua nui tha'p, dinh niii kha rpng, xifa cd Thanh Tre, tifdng truyen la Dinh Phu vd cung linh thieng, hau nhif khong dam dung tdi (nhifng vi qua lau ddi nen ciing khdng co bie't day la dinh hay phil nao) Thanh no'i thong vdi song Chanh va sdng Bach Dang ma ddng song cd, ben Xifdng tii dau niii (nay la xdm Dinh, xa Cpng Hda) chay Khe Chanh van cdn nhan difdc da'u vet Tuy chifa bie't difdc -vi tri that chinh xac ciia hanh dinh Yen Hifng, nhifng hoan toan cd the khang dinh nd khong the d ngoai khu viic xa Quynh Lau, tdng Ha Bac xifa Vua Ly Enh Tflng (nay la Thi tran Yen Hifng va xa Cpng Hda, huyen Yen Hiing) Day chinh la ndi d i u tien vua Ly Anh Tong, vifdng trieu Ly va cac nha nifdc phong kie'n Viet Nam da trien khai va thiic thi mpt chie'n lifcfc xay diing va bao ve cac vung bien dao, cac ke hoach chan ddng va danh tan cac dao quan xam lifdc tai viing ciia ngo yet hau cua dd't nifdc, du chiing hd keo quan tif bien vao da't hen hay da bi danh bai da't lien dang tim difdng thao chay bien Truyen thd'ng Bach Dang - mpt truyen thd'ng ldn cua dan tpc Viet Nam da difdc hinh thanh, tie'p no'i, nhan len va thang hoa tif •vung eda sdng Bach Dang, tif khu •viic trai Yen Hifng ndi tie'ng Day cung chinh la chieu sau lich sif-van hoa cua thi Quang Yen, thi trail giii bien dao, dd thi che chan cho Kinh dd Thang Long, hifng vong ciing non song da't nifdc nghin nam qua va mai mai ve sau Hda vao xu the phat trien cua da't nifdc thdi dai cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda, bie'n ddi toan cau, Quang Yen - Yen Hitag khong the khdng gdng minh len, triet de huy dpng mpi ngudn liic, phat trien thi ben •viing, nang tam dd thi theo hifdng tii chu cao ve tai chinh va chuyen manh dai difdng, tang cifdng hdp tac va hdi nhap qudc te, thiic hien sii menh cao ca ma each day 864 nam "vua Anh Tdng nha Ly chie'n lifdc bien dao dau tien cua quoc gia Dai Viet da tim chpn va uy thac vao hanh dinh trai Yen Hiing CHU THICH (1) Dai Viet sii ky tiin bien Ban dich, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1997, tr 294 (3), (4), (5), (6), (8) Dai Viet su! ky todn thti, T.I, T.I, sdd, tut t r a n g 316 den t r a n g 325 hien chitdng lotii chi ciing n h a n x6t tUdng tii: "Vua cUng ran viec triidc, cdn than viec sau, di2c nghiep ngdy mot tien; luyen vu, chpn tU&ng sai sii [khien giii le phien Yen thdn, nhd Tong moc Nhdn ddt diidc phong md Lieu co ten hieu la Yen Sinh (9) Dai Viet sil ky tien bien, sdd, tr 295 P h a n Thdnh Yen Diidng, Sinh, Yen Hiing, Yen Bang cho Lieu ldm dp thang (7) Thong ke theo sach Dai Viet sit ky toan thii, gidng (12) Dai Viet sU ky todn thU, T.II, sdd, tr 16 Sach ch6p: "Lay ddt Yen Phu, sdd, tr 317, 323, 324, 325, 323 binh, "hdnh dinh" (tf S ) th&nh "hdnh cung" (f? §•) la lam sai di noi dung v^ y nghia ciia sii kien Khoa hoc xa hoi, H& Noi, 1993, tr 316 Chiem ) , mim, dong, thdng 10, diing hdnh cung d trai Yen Hiing" (tr 282) Theo chung toi chuyen dich (2) Dai Viet sH ky toan thit, T.I, Ban dich, Nxb Huy Chu Lich triiu [1147] ( cho] Vitcfng" NhvJ the ro r^ng Yen HiJng (cung Yen Phu, Yen DifSng, Yen Bang) khong phai la nhOng trai nho n h u cac thon trai hien (13), (16) Dai Viet si ky todn thii, T.I, sdd, tr 61, 266 (14) Dang Xuan Bang SH hgc bi khdo sdch Ban dich, Nxb Van hoa Thong tin, H^ Noi, 1997, phong coi nhu: nitdc ldn Trong triiu lite dy, cung tr 427 lai cho trai Yen HUng thdi Tran tUOng khen la minh tri" (T.I, Ban dich, Nxb Khoa hoc xa dUdng vdi huyen Yen H u n g thcii Nguyin hoi, Ha Noi, 1992, tr 194-195) (15) Dai Viet sH ky todn thii, T.I, sdd, tr 321- (10) Dai Viet sit ky tiin bien, sdd, tr 295 322 Cling can phai noi them la cac hanh cung (11) Dai Viet si Ung Phong va Ly N h a n von da r a t noi tieng tii ky todn thit, sdd, tr 316 Nguyen vSn chQ H a n tci 6a, quyen la "tao Yen Hiing trai hdnh dinh" ( i t S S ^ t ? S ) Ban dich sach Dai Viet sH ky tiin bien, ciing sii kien nhifng lai dich la "Dinh Mdo, nam thit duai thdi vua Ly N h a n Tong (1072-1127), bay gici Ly Anh Tong chi cho diing lai hay tu sita lai, chit khong phai \k xay diing hoan toan mdi (]^m liep trang 49) 49 Butmg 16"i Khong lien het e i a An B6 (8) LGandhi, Chdn ly cua toi, Nxb P h u Nfl, York, 1970, tr 48 (3), (14) N.Jayapalan, Foreign Policy of Publishers Atlantic& Distributors Ltd, India, Delhi, 2001, tr 84, 101 chinh hieu tU sdch ddi ngogi nUdc Cpng hod An Dp, Tap chi Nghiin ciu Lich cua si, so 3-1998, t r 62 and Cooperation, Treaty, Treaty of Peace, (7) Friendship Issues tr 182 (10) S.R.Sharma (2003), Indo-Soviet 1972-1991, A Brief Survey Relations - P a r t II; Disccvery Shadow Friendship of the bear: The Indo - Published by Shri P.KDeo, South Indo - Soviet and Cooperation, Treaty of (11) P.J.S.Ducan (1989), The Soviet Union and India, Council on foreign relations press, New York, tr 45 Avenue Lance, Ne^w Delhi, India, 1971, tr 189 (6), Relation: Publishing House, Delhi, tr 86 (5) Indo - Soviet Soviet (9) R.C.Hom, Soviet - Indian and Influence, Praeger Publishers, New Yerk, 1982, (4) N g u y i n Canh Hue (1998), Tim tudng hod binh Ha Ngi, 1987, tr 185 Peace, Sdd, tr 189, 188 (12) R.C.Horn, sdd, tr 214 (13) R.C.Horn, sdd, tr 213 VUA LY ANH TONG, CHIEN LUOC BIEN (Tiip theo trang 7) (17) Theo sach Dgi Nam thUc luc, T.IV, B a n dinh vi t r i khong t h e t h a y t h e dUdc cua t i n h dich, Nxb Giao due H a Ngi, 2004, tr 1032- t h a n h Q u a n g Yen, da k h u y e n vua M i n h Menh 1033, thi vao nfim 1836, n h a n viec Tong do'c Hai khong nen nghe theo ldi t a u t h i e n kien cua Le Yen Nguyen Cong Trfl de nghi md rgng thfinh Due Dflc va vua M i n h M e n h da y t h e e ldi ban Q u a n g Yen, Hg p h u Le Due Dflc t a u khong n e n cua Bg Cdng Dieu n a y gop p h i n ly giai tai tiep t u c d lai Q u a n g Yen ma c i n phai chuyen tfl ra't sdm, cac n h a nfldc phong kien Viet N a m s a n g dia diem mdi thugc h u y e n Thiiy Dfldng deu chgn Q u a n g Yen (ma cu t h e la k h u vflc t i n h (nay la T h u y Nguyen, H a i Phdng), vua M i n h t h a n h Q u a n g Yen) iam t r u n g t a m tra'n gifl vflng M e n h giao cho Bg Cong xem x6t lai viec cila song Bach Dling va md rgng r a t o a n t u y e n Sau t i n h t o a n ky ludng mgt each tong the, duyen hai, bien va hai dao k h u vflc Dong Bfic Bg Cong cho rfing: "Xay dflng thfinh tri, co q u a n he de'n sU che cho'ng d bien cUdng Dia thdnh cd hgt, Qudng ngodi (18) That day cung chi Ifi ten ggi khac thi'tinh cila cung mgt dia diem Ten 16 An Bang da co tfl Yen, co the khd'ng che dUgc thdi T r i n Nfim 1466, Le T h a n h Tong dfit An Bang co thi trd'n dp dUdc uung hdi thfla tuyen Den ddi vua Le Anh Tong mdi doi An cUang, t h u c la ndi h i n h t h e dep Ldi cua do'c Bang Ifim An Quang va nfim 1822, vua Minh t h a n CO d i n h k i e n da'y" Bg Cong sau xac Menh doi An (Yin) Quang thfinh Quang Yen TU UEU - OiNH CHiNH sa UEU DON DIEN NAM KY THGfl PHAP THUOC CUOI THE KY XIX DEN NAM 1924 NGUYfiN PHAN QUANG* I KHAI QUAT TINH HINH TU" CUOI THE KY XIX DEN NAM 1913 Hai thap nien cuoi cung cua the ky XIX, chfnh quyen thupc dia cl Nam Ky diy manh viec "cip nhupng" rupng dat, trU6c het cho cac loai thUc dan Phap Cai gpi la "quy che chuyen nhUdng rupng dat" dUdc mei d i u bing dinh nghia nhu sau: "Cong cupc khai hoa xfl dat tren nen tang xac dinh quyen sb hflu rupng dit, dong thdi bao ve quyen ldi cua cpng dong (?) cung nhU tai s i n cong [cong san] dupc chuyen nhUdng" Tren thUc te, day la mpt qua trinh cU6p d i t t r i n g trdn cua nong dan, b i t d i u tfl nhflng nam 70 cua the ky XIX, v6i quyen dupc chie'm hflu cong san khong gi6i han, khong phai tra tien (chung toi n h i n manh - NPQ) doi vbi dien chu thUc dan va tay sai cd bu Sau mpt thdi gian, cac (hen chu m6i phai dong thue va khong b i t bupc phai khai khan Cac chu tinh dUdc quyen cho chuyen nhUdng dUcli 20 Mai den nam 1914, chfnh quyen thUc dan ci Nam Ky mdi quy dinh (hen chu phai tra met sd' tien dUdc chuyen nhUdng, nhUng tren thUc te viec chuyen nhUdng miin tra tien (concession gratuite) van tie'p tuc dupc thuc hien, gidi han tfl 300ha trcl xuo'ng; ne'u mpt gia dinh co nhieu ngUdi, thi sd' dien tich d i t rupng dUdc chuyen nhUdng mien tra tien cung khong dupc •vUdt qua 500ha MUdi lam nam sau (1930), theo bio cao tren giiy td, d i t dai chuyen nhUdng miin tra tien "ft vflpt qua 20ha", nhUng dong thdi lai thfla n h i n nhflng (hen tfch da dong thue tren 15 nam va khong vU(3t qua 500ha thi van dUdc hudng che dp chuyen nhU(3ng mien tra tien, vdi (heu kien phai la (hen chu Phap hoac cong ty cua Phap (1) Tfl nam 1897 de'n nam 1913, cac ca nhan va cong ty thUc dan da cUdp chie'm 470.000 ha, rieng Nam Ky Ik 306.000 ha, chUa ke 90.000 nhUdng cho Cong ty khai thac lam san (Societe d'exploitation forestiere) Cho de'n trUdc nam 1918, h i u het (hen tich cip nhUdng cho cac ca nhan va cong ty thUc dan Phap deu da dUdc canh tac lua Theo tac gia Aumiphin (2), "cho de'n nam 1913, quy che rupng d i t cua thUc dan •pGS TS TrUdng Dai hpc SU pham Tp Ho Chi Minh Eon dien Ram K^y thai Phap thuoe 51 - Cdn cd Nghi dinh ngdy 29-12-1880 vd Phap d Dong DUdng chUa dUdc xac dinh va CO sU khac gifla cac vung" Nam 28-10-1881 lien quan din viec khdm Ky, "quy che khong dn dinh; vao thdi nghiem rugng dd't d cdc hgt Soc Trang vd ky chinh phuc, •viec mua ban treng xfl Trd Vinh, la phUdng thflc chuyen dung dat dai thong - Cdn cd Nghi dinh ngdy 24-3-1887 vi dung" viec thdnh lap Sd Thanh tra dia chinh "Nam 1874, mpt nghi dinh da lam cho phuc VU thui rudng ddt, he tho'ng c i t nhUpng dat khong phai tra - Cdn cd hieu lUc cua hai Nghi dinh tien thang the Tam nam sau (1882), mpt tren, dUa vdo sU chinh xdc eda cdc so'lieu nghi dinh thfl hai phan biet hai loai d i t dia bd cung cdp vd cdc nhdn vien dia chinh: mpt la dat lang bd hoang, co the chinh thiic hiin, ldm cd sd ddnh thue rugng nhUdng khong phai tra tien cho ngUdi cd dd't, ddn xin (cac dat nhUdng khong dUdc •vUdt - Theo di nghi cua Gidm dd'c Nha Ngi qua 500 va ngUdi dUdc nhUdng dat vu khong phu thupc vao khu dat dUdc chia QUYET DINH mpt thdi gian quy dinh [?] Mat khac + Diiu 1: Tren todn xd Nam Ky, nhang la cac d i t dai cung cd the la do'i tUpng ddn xin ddng ky vdo dia bg tgi ly sd cdc hgt chuyen nhUdng bang hinh thflc ban dau gia nhdng ngUdi chiem gia rugng ddt md cong khai khong cd chdng khodn thi se Uu tien lay cdp "Nhu vay, cho de'n nam 1913, ro rang cho nhdng ddn xin cap nhUcfng ddt hoac cac quy che khac da tao dieu kien cho dem cdc rugng dd't bdn, ke td ngdy 1viec d i u cd dat dai Nhieu thUc dan, p h i n din ngdy 31-12-1887 dong la chu nhflng so' vd'n nhd, da t h i y •I- Diiu 2: Nhdng khiiu ngi vi cdc ddn minh dUdc cip nhUdng nhflng dien tich qua xin cdp nhUdng dd't phdi nop trUdc ngdy 1ldn dd'i vdi thdi ky (Nghi dinh cua 7-1888, cUng la thdi gian thong qua cdc ddn Kham sfl, Tho'ng sfl doi vdi dien tich cap xin ddng ky dia bg khdng cd tranh chdp nhUdng lOOOha; Nghi dinh cua Toan quyen •\- Diiu 3: Viec ddng ky dia bd sau thdi dd'i vdi nhflng dien tich tfl 1000 - 4000ha, hgn tren, tdc ngdy 1-8-1888, cd gid tri nhu dien tich tren 4000ha Nghi dinh cua Bp chdng khodn sd hUu Thupc dia)" + Diiu 4: Quan cai tri cdc hgt, vdi sU ho II LAP DL!\^ BA trd cita nhan vien dia chinh cita hgt ciing Ngay 30-7-1887, Thong dd'c Nam Ky hUdng chdc cua ldng cd trdch nhiem xd ly Nghi dinh so' 22 ve •viec lap dia bp va quy mgi khiiu ngi hgt Chu hgt dUdc che sd hflu rupng dat Nghi (hnh gom quyin gidi quyit ddt diem nhang trUdng dieu, n h i m soit toan bp rupng d i t b hdp chiem dung rugng ddt md khdng cd Nam Ky de danh thue, dong thdi de tien chdng khodn hcip le hanh thuan ldi hdn viec cUdp chie'm rupng dat cap cho dien chu - chu yeu la dien chu ngUdi Phap Sau day la toan van Nghi dinh: Thdng dd'c Nam Ky + Diiu 5: Nhang ddng ky mcfi vi rugng ddt khdng cd chdng khodn chi thiic hien ddi vdi cdc ddn ddng ky trUdc ngdy 1-1-1888, nhdm trdnh xdy khiiu ngi hoac cd khiiu ngi thi cUng da dUdc gidi quyet Rghien euu Lich 5i3r s6" 1.2011 52 -I- Diiu 6: Tii sau ngdy 1-8-1888, nhOng ngUdi ddng ky dia bg se nhdn dUdc mgt chdng khodn hcip phdp vd mdt sd rugng ddt sd hOu cua minh , vd cUng dUdc cd'p mgt bdn dia bg de tgm thdi sd dung nhu mgt chiing khodn sd hau rugng ddt Cdc quyen sd dung theo Nghi dinh ngdy 228-1882 lien quan din nhdng rugng dd't khdng cd chang khodn vd ngUdi chiim hUu khdng xin ddng ky ten minh vdo dia bg, thi ke ta ngdy 1-1-1888 se phdi dp dung nghiem nggt [ bdn chup bi md ] sut nhieu, nhUng khdi lUdng cdng •vdec khdng nhflng khong giam ma trai lai tang len dang ke: + Diiu 7: Mgi quyin sd dung rugng ddt trdi vdi Nghi dinh ndy diu bi bai bo ( ) Dia gidi gifla cac tinh Rach Gia, Bac Lieu, C i n Thd, Long Xuyen va Chau Ddc da dupc xac dinh tai chd b i n g nhflng cot md'c gidi Nhd vay, se cham dflt tinh trang khieu td've dia gidi keo dai nhieu nam Sdi Gon, ngdy 30 thdng ndm 1887 Thd'ng do'c Nam Ky (3) Ba mUdi nam sau - nam 1917 - chinh quyen thupc dia Nam Ky ban hanh nhflng quy che mdi n h i m hoan thien •viec lap dia ba phu hdp vdi nhflng thay ddi ve hanh chinh, trUdc he't la viec xdc dinh ranh gidi dd't dai gida cdc tinh Theo bao cao cua cac dia phUdng, nhan sU thieu nghiem trpng, viec dinh gidi tdng quat v i n dUdc tie'p tuc kha quan nam 1917 Dudi sU chi dao ciia cac 'TJy ban dinh gidi" va sU ho trd ciia cac chuyen vien trie dia, viec dac tai cac tinh Gia Dinh, Bac Lieu, Ben Tre, Chau Do'c, Rach Gia, Tan An va Tra Vinh dUdc tie'n hanh thuan ldi Dac biet cac 'TJy ban dinh gidi" cua cac tinh Gia Dinh, Bac Lieu va Rach Gia hoat dpng rat to't, khong gap trd ngai gi va da cung cap nhflng ket qua trie lUdng tren mpt chen tich rat rpng, dilng lam can cfl dau tien de lap sd dd cac khoanh rupng d i t cua rat nhieu lang xa vdi tdng dien tfch 80.000 Bang dudi day cho thay: ke tfl nam 1912, mac dau so' nhan vien trie dia giam Bang 1: So n h a n vien va so lang da dac tfl 1912 den 1917 Nam 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 So nhan vien 41 44 35 30 22 28 So lang da dac 24 36 33 30 20 45 Viec tu chinh dia bp ciia phd Chd Ldn da hoan thang 12-1917 va viec thiet lap sd dd se tie'n hanh vao d i u nam 1918 III QUY CHE CAP RUONG DAT CHO DIEN CHU Khoang 20 nam cud'i the ky XIX, nhflng ngUdi Phap mud'n dfldc cip nhUdng dat phai lam ddn xin d i t kem theo sd khoanh dat, nop len Phd Tho'ng dd'c Nam Ky d Sai Gdn hoac nop cho chfnh quyen d hat sd tai (cd dat xin cap) Sau thang (heu tra va dUpc Chu tinh (hay chu hat) cd y kie'n chip thuan, ddn dUpc chuyen len Tho'ng dd'c Nam Ky de chuyen sang Hpi ddng Thupc dia xem xet phien hpp gin nhat Hpi ddng se bd phie'u, ne'u dUdc chap thuan thi Thd'ng dd'c nghi (hnh cip dat NgUdi de ddn se dfldc quyen sd hflu kheanh dat dd sau mpt nhan •vien Sd trac dia da dac, xac dinh •vi trf va dien tich khoanh dat (chi phf dac ngUdi dUpc cip d i t toan) Viec cap dat khdng Edn dien Ram Ky thcri Phap thuoe kem theo bat cfl mdt khoan thue nao Ve nguyen tic, loai d i t cap theo phUdng thflc "cho khdng" (gratuit) khdng vUdt qua 500 D i t cap nhupng chi b i t d i u phai nop thue tfl thang gieng cua nam thfl hai, tfnh tfl cd quye't dinh cap dit, vdi mflc thue thupc hang t h i p nhat (trfl trUdng hpp ngoai le) Dien chu dUdc hUdng mflc thue thdi han nam de cd du (heu kien hoan viec canh tac tren toan bp (hen tich dUdc cip Ddng thdi vdi viec "cip nhUdng mien phf (thUc chat la cUdp rupng dat cua ndng dan), chfnh quyen thudc dia tie'n hanh •viec "bdn dd't cdng sdn" Theo quy dinh, dat cdng san dang canh tac hoac dang trdng cay an t r i i khdng thupc (hen d i t dU trfl dac biet, deu cd the dem ban ne'u cd ddn xin mua hpp thflc NgUdi xin mua phai cam doan dat trUdc vdi gia cao hdn gia dd chinh quyen quy dinh Ne'u gia ngang b i n g thi ngUdi cd ddn xin mua dUdc quyen mua trUdc ngUdi khac, nhUng quyen ldi chi thUc hien ddi vdi ngUdi cd dat tien trUdc IV DON DIEN d GIA DINH Theo Dia chi tinh Gia Dinh (1902): nhflng thfl nghiem budi d i u cua ngUdi Phap lanh vUc ddn (hen khdng mang lai hieu qua Mdt bang chflng la trUdng hdp dng BLANCHY: nam 1875, dng dupc cap nhUdng mdt khu ddi d i t cat d Binh ThUng, tdng An Thuy (tuc gpi la Nui Dat) Day la dai ddi n h i t cd chit d i t set pha cat, cdn cac ddn (hen lan can h i u he't deu la ddi d i t da Bien Hda va da hoa cfldng BLANCHY trdng tieu, ca-phe, xoai, dfla, nhUng chang cay gi cd ke't qua Cay ca-phe chet sau nam thie'u nUdc tUdi; cay tieu tdn tai dU(lc lau hdn, nhUng de'n 53 nam thfl cung chet d i n khd han, thu hoach qua it di Cac loai cay khac cung chet d i n sau nam nang chay cay chUa kip ben re vao ldp dat am d dUdi t i n g sau Tdm lai la that bai hoan toan NhUng BLANCHY da dat dflpc ke't qua kha quan d nhflng ddn (hen khac, nen dng khdng tiep tuc thfl nghiem d ddn dien Gia Dinh nfla Thdi gian BLANCHY that bai d ddn dien Binh ThUng thi met Hpi ky nghe dUdc lap d Sai Gdn nham khai thac ddn (hen Hpi chpn mpt khoanh dat 60ha d Xuan Vinh (thupc tdng An Dien), each Thu Dflc 5km ve phfa ddng-bac Hp lam dUdng sa, dao mdt he thd'ng kenh de tUdi tieu Cudi cflng, hp trdng tieu, dfla va xoai Do td chflc td't, ddn (hen phat trien thuan ldi Chit d i t pha cat vfla phai nen kha phi nhieu, r i t hdp vdi cac loai cay an trai, lai nhd cd ddng sudi gin ke, cung cip du nUdc tUdi cay The nhUng, thie'u theo ddi cham sde, ddn (hen suy dan, cudi cung pha san Nam 1880, Cong ty "NouvelleEsperance" lap mpt ddn chen trdng mia d Tan Sdn N h i t (thupc Phu Thp), phfa tay Sai Gdn, nhUng dia (hem lUa chpn khdng thfch hpp, •vi day la mdt khu dat canh tac tdi n h i t cua tinh Gia Dinh Sau vai nam, san lupng mfa mdt kem, cdng ty phai dUa vao mfa cua dan cung cip de chay may dudng Cudi cung nha may dUdng cung ddng cfla not; vay la ca trdng mia l i n lam dfldng deu t h i t bai Hai ddn dien cua FARGUES va cua PATERNELLE cung tinh trang tUdng tu FARGUES (mdt dai fly hai quan) lap ddn (hen d Phu Nhuan nam 1880, trdng cay an trii, tieu, va-ni va cham (indigotier), nhUng khdng ke't qua •vi thie'u cham sde PATERNELLE (mpt vien chflc ke toan) \kp trai cay va-ni d Binh Hda thi cd hieu qua 54 hdn Nhflng rdi ong ta cflng bd ludn, vi khdng thUc hien dUdc khau che bie'n san pham hang hda Tai tinh Gia Dinh, cho de'n cud'i the ky XIX, xuat hien hang loat ddn dien ciia cac (hen chu sau: BERLAND (Giim dd'c Nha canh sat trung tam d Sai Gdn) cd d i t d Binh Hda, trdng 6000 gd'c ca-phe va 200 gd'c vani, chi mdi dupc nam, xem cd trien vpng BOCK (Giam dd'c canh sat Sai Gon) la chu nhan mdt p h i n ddn dien cu cua Cdng ty 'Nouvelle-Esperance" Ong da chuyen (hen tfch trdng mfa trUdc rupng lua Khu d i t cao trd ddng cd nudi gia sue vdi mdt dan trau bd 250 (BOCK da chet tfl lau, ddn (hen dUdc Hpi Truyen giao nUdc ngoai mua lai) BOULLOCHE (Kham sfl Trung Ky) dap bd ngan nUdc thuy trieu, lap trai trdng lua tren khu dat d C i n Gid, tren bd song Soi Rap (trUdc khu d i t dUdc cip nhUdng cho JACQUET) CANAVAGGIO la mpt nhflng (hen chu kinh doanh cd hieu qua nhit, vdi 300ha rupng thue lai cua ngUdi ban xfl Ong cdn cd nhflng •vUdn trai trdng dfla, cau, dfla va mpt trai ca-phe d vflng phu can Thu Dflc, va cdn dU tinh trdng dfla d mdt trai khac tai An Thiet CLARET (Chu nha in thupc dia) lap ddn (hen tfl nam 1898 vdi 5000 gd'c ca-phe "Liberia" COURTEAUD (Giim ddc hpc chinh), cd 30ha d khu d i t cao thudc Tan Sdn Nhat Thfl nghiem nudi de nhUng khdng ke't qua (•vi gap mpt nan dich), ben chuyen sang trdng cay, vdi 500 gd'c dfla, 300 gd'c xoai, 2000 cay gd teck va 3200 cay gd Rghien euru Lieh sit 561.2011 CREVOST (Ke toan hai quan) thxi nghiem trdng bdng (gd'c Java) va nho tai trang trai d Tan Sdn Nliit, khdng hieu qua, dng chuyen sang trdng Ifla va thud'c la, nhUng ke't qua cung r i t tdi •vi chat d i t xiu CROUZAT (Ky sU cdng chinh) cd ddn dien d Thai Hiep vdi 80 rupng lua, cho ngUdi ban xfl thue mUdn DOMENJOD (ThUdng gia d Sai Gdn) cd ddn dien d Hanh Thdng Tay vdi 12000 gdc ca-phe, ke't qua kha quan 10 FUYNEL (Trang sU) cd ddn dien trdng lua b •vflng ddng liy Vinh Lpc Sau vai thfl nghiem, da cd trien vpng Da chuyen dUcic 100 d i t canh tac va dang d i p bd khoanh toan bp dien tich ddn dien 400 11 GUERY (Giao sU) thfl nghiem trdng dau phdng, thud'c la va mia, nhUng tieu thu khd khan, dng chuyen sang trdng caphe Ddn (hen ca-phe cua dng d Hanh Thdng Tay la mpt nhflng ddn (hen phat dat n h i t Nam Ky, vdi 45.000 gd'c, gdm 10.000 gd'c gid'ng Java* va Moka, 5.000 gdc gid'ng Java ghep vdi gid'ng Liberia va 30.000 gd'c gio'ng Liberia Ong cflng trdng them 4.000 gdc xoai dUdc chiet tfl cac gidng xoai ngon n h i t 12 JOSSELME (Giao sU) ddn dien d Vinh An Tay cua dng la mpt •vUdn thf nghiem thUc sU, gdm cay rocouyer (mdt loai cay cham de che bie'n thud'c nhudm), caphe, cacao, tieu, cao su, cau, Ifla, cay gdn, cay sdn, cay diu, mfl-u, cay ciy [?] tre, t h i u diu D i u tien, dng trdng cay reucoyer r i t cd hieu qua nhUng phai bd, •vi hat y tfl (roucou) bi sut gia tren thi trUdng Hien nay, ddn dien cd 6000 gd'c ca-phe phat trien td't, san lupng tang deu mdi nam Cic loai cay gdn, mfl-u, cao su cung cho ke't qua td't Bgn di^n Ram K-y thcrt Phap thu6c 13 MONTAGNE (Dd'c cdng Sd cdng chinh) ddn (hen b Khanh Do, la •vflng d i t thip, sinh l i y nen qua trinh khai pha cham Da cd 100 trdng liia DU tinh trdng them dfla, cao su, day va mfa 14 VIDAL (Dd'c cdng Arsenal) cd ddn (hen b An Thiet; 1.252 dang qua trinh khai pha (bit d i u tfl 1893), da cd 500ha trdng lua, p h i n ldn cho ngUdi ban xfl thue mUdn 15 VILSON (Chu nha ga Sai Gdn) cd ddn dien trdng va-ni ci Phfl Thanh (gin Chd Dudi), r i t cd trien vpng vdi hdn 22 dat set pha cat khai thic tfl nam 1898 Ngoai 15 dien chu thUc dan ndi tren, cd the ke them mpt sd (hen chu khac cd ddn (hen trang trai nhd hdn tren dia ban tinh Gia Dinh: * BLANCHY (Ddc ly Sai Gdn) cd hdn 17ha d i t cat d Binh ThUng, trdng tieu, caphe, dfla, xoai, khai thac tfl nam 1875 nhUng da bd nam 1892 * DECROrX cd hdn 17ha d i t cat b Binh ThUng, trdng tieu, khai thac tfl nSm 1882 (da bd) * ANDRE cd mpt ddn (hen (chUa ro (hen tfch) -vflng d i m liy b Khinh Dp va An Ldi, trdng lua, cau, khai thac tfl cac nam 1888 va 1895 * RELLAND (Giam dd'c Nha canh sat) cd d i t set pha cat d Binh Hda, trdng ca-phe Liberia tfl nam 1897 * BERENGUIER (DUdc si) cc dat s6t pha cat b Tan Sdn Nhit, trdng lua va vUdn rau tfl 1897 * CLERVOY (Ddc cdng Nha thuy lpi Sai Gdn) cd 59 d i t d i m liy d Khanh Dp, trdng lua tfl nam 1894 * COMBES LEON (ThUdng gia d Sai Gdn) cd mdt ddn dien d i t d i m liy d An Phu, trdng lua, ca-phe, cau tfl nam 1894 55 * GENET cd 700 dat dam liy ci Binh Khanh, da trdng 70ha lua tfl nam 1896 * LAURETTE (Do'c cdng Sd luc Id) cd lOha dat set pha cat d Trung Chanh Tay, trdng 1.100 gd'c ca-phe tfl nam 1896 * MAULER (Ke toan) cd 40ha6n d i t set d Binh Qudi Tay, trdng lua tfl nam 1893 * MOTTET (ThUdng gia b Sai Gdn) cd 4ha d Tan Sdn Nhit, trdng ca-phe, xoai tfl nam 1894 * PASSARET DE LA CHAPELLE cd 17ha d i t set b Thuan Kieu, trdng lua, xoai tfl nam 1893 * PAREIRE (Giam ddc Cdng ty Xuyen Dai Tay DUdng) cd 25ha d An Ldi, Xuan Vinh, Hanh Thdng, trdng lua, dau phdng, thudc la tfl 1893 * PERRIN (Thu quy Ngan hang Hdng Kdng-ThUdng Hai) cd 750ha dam liy d Binh Khanh tfl 1894 * Gda phu VIALIS (Vd gda SPOENER) cd 25ha d Tan Thu^n Ddng, trdng Ifla * De VILLENEUVE (nhan vien Sd Doan) cd 150ha d Thdi Hiep Tdm lai, •viec khai thac ddn dien cua cac (hen chu ngUdi Phap trdng tinh Gia Dinh dang budc vao thdi ky phat dat Viec trdng ca-phe chUa nhieu •vi cdn mdi me, nhUng nhd cham sde td't nen cd nhieu hfla hen Trong viec canh tac cac loai cay ban xfl, cd the phan biet hai loai (hen chii ngUdi Au: + Loai thfl n h i t dUdc cip nhUdng nhflng dien tfch da canh tac, chat dat dUdc cai thien trai qua nhieu mfla •vu, bao dam thu hoach chic chin, khdng lo gap rui ro + Loai thfl hai phai khai pha nhflng (hen tich bo hoang hoac chUa he dUpc khai pha Hp gap khd khan thUc sU, tham chi thua Id Dac biet •viec trdng lua ddi hdi nhflng bien phap thuy ldi td'n kem Mat Rghien cflu Lieh siSr s6 1.2011 56 khac, dat rudng sinh liy cua tinh Gia Dinh cho thu hoach r i t thap nhflng nam diu Cung thdi gian nay, nhieu ddn (hen ciia thUc dan Phap ci Nam Ky cung dUdc lap tai nhieu tfnh khac (Bien Hda, Thu D i u Mdt, Ba Ria ) -I- Mdt ddn (hen trdng tieu va ca-phe d Chanh Hflng (Bien Hoa) + Mpt ddn dien trdng lua, mia va chudi d Due Quan (Bien Hda) -I- Mdt trai tieu 60.000 gdc d Tan Nhuan (Bien Hda) -(- Mdt trai ca-phe 15.000 gd'c d Phuoc Tan (Bien Hda) + Hai trai ca-phe "Liberia" d Binh Truoc va Xuan Ldc (Bien Hda) + Mpt ddn dien trdng day 4000ha d Thu Dau Mpt (•vfla cip cho mpt (hen chu) + Hai ddn (hen ldn d Ba Ria dang sinh ldi r i t kha quan: ddn (hen ca-phe va tieu vdi 14.000 gdc ca-phe san x u i t dUdc 500kg va 3.300 gd'c tieu cho san lUdng 450kg; chUa tinh nhflng trai tieu va ca-phe vdi hang ngan gd'c d Ha Tien Chd de'n cudi the ky XIX tren dia ban Nam Ky, nhflng dien tfch cliUa canh tac cdn chie'm mdt ty le ldn Trong tdng dien tfch hdn trieu ha, chi cd 1.200.000ha dUdc canh tac Nhflng hat cdn nhieu (hen tfch "nhan roi" la Rach Gia, C i n thd, Sde Trang, Bac Lieu, Long Xuyen, Sa Dec, My tho Dat dai nhflng -vflng dfldc phu mpt ldp dat mau nguyen thuy kha day nen r i t mau md, thfch hdp vdi •viec trdng lua va cac loai canh tac khac V DON D I E N CAO SU Ben canh cac ddn (hen canh t i c Ifla va chuyen canh cac loai cay trdng khac (tieu, ca phe, mfa, day thud'c la ), cic ddn (hen cao su cd vi trf quan trpng Dien tfch trdng cay cao su phat trien dang ke Nam 1917, cac (hen chu da cd nhieu cd' ging ldn, n h i t la tai hai tinh Gia Dinh va Thu D i u Mdt Tai tinh Gia Dinh da cd them 19 ddn dien cao su, dd cd ddn (hen cua ngUdi Au Cd nhieu ddn xin lap ddn (hen cao su va mdt so' ddn da dUdc giai quye't Nam 1916, (hen tfch trdng cao su chie'm 3.755ha Nam 1917 dien tfch da tang len 4.560ha Tong s i n lUpng cao su nam 1916 la 189 t i n , nam 1917 tang len 320 t i n Bang cung cap nhflng sd' lieu ve sU phat trien cac ddn (hen cao su pham •vi tinh Gia Dinh Tai tinh Thu D i u Mpt, nhflng cd ging cua cac (hen chu cdn ldn hdn Thang 121916, (hen tfch canh tac la 5.572 vdi 1.592.000 gd'c cao su Tinh de'n 31-121917, (hen tfch cic ddn dien cao su Bang 2: Dien tich, nang suat cua mot so don dien cao su b tinh Gia Dinh cac n a m 1916 va 1917 Vi tri d o n d i e n Hoc Mon Thu Dflc Gd Vap Chu d o n dien NgUdi Au Ngfldi ban xfl Ngfldi Au NgUdi ban xfl Ngfldi Au NgUdi ban xfl Tong cong D i e n t i c h (ha) Nfim 1917 Nam 1916 2303.00 2619.00 457.50 636.00 784.30 902.80 114.00 259.00 132.22 95.72 17.10 0.50 4566.12 3755.02 N a n g s u a t (tan) Nam 1916 Nfim 1917 133.700 235.500 3.000 5.000 16.700 38.100 0.270 1.600 35.000 40.000 188.670 320.000 57 Edn dien Ram Ky thdi Phap thu6e (Iha60), Thanh An (6ha), Phu Huu (2ha), Tan Binh (Iha), Tuong Hoa (lha80) tinh la 8.699 vdi 2.528.000 gdc cao su; nhu vay la tang 3.127 ha, tUdng dUdng vdi 935.000 gd'c cao su dUdc trdng them Sau day la Bang tdng help (xem bang 3) Bang 3: Dien tich va so' goc cao su cua mot so ddn dien of tinh Thu Dau Mot cac nam 1916,1917 Loai d d n d i e n Tong d i e n Cuoi So g o c Cudi S d goc 1916 cao s u 1917 cao s u 20842ha 5332ha 1483.276 7844ha 2229.740 Chfnh quyen 656ha 147ha 38.773 159ha 41.578 NgUdi ban xfl 83 I h a 175ha 68.028 682ha 253.623 tich NgUdi Au L&ng xa Tdng cpng 17ha lOha 3.209 13ha 3.699 22347ha 5664ha 1590.000 8700ha 2529.000 R i t nhieu ddn xin mua d i t hoac xin lap ddn (hen chflng td xu the phat trien day khdi sac cua nganh canh tac Sau day cd the tdm lupc mpt sd'^vf du: + Ddn dien cua ngUdi Au: trdng sd' hdn 30 ddn (hen cua ngUdi Au tinh vdi tdng dien tich 20.842ha, cd the ke cac ddn dien d Xa Trach (1148ha98), Ldc Ninh (9057.94ha), cac ddn dien cua HALLET d Xa Cam, An Lpc, Phu Mieng, Quang Loi (ngdt 4000ha), ddn (hen cua Cdng ty cao su Hon Quan (Xa Cat) (3164ha68), cua cac dien chu Le CUIDEC & Paul SERSOT d Hon Quan, cua PACHOD d Lai Khe, cua DELOST d Phu Trung, cua CASANOVA d Tan Khanh, cua GUILLEMET d Chanh Thien + Cac trang trai cua chinh quyen: gdm Trai Thi nghiem b Ong Yem (333ha), trai cao su d dao Cdn Ldn (131ha), lam trai Bung Cau le thudc Nha tu Ong Yem (192ha) + Ddn dien cua ngUdi ban xfl: gdm 38 ddn dien vdi tdng (hen tich 831ha -