PGHISN cuu-TRflOBOI TANG Cl/dNG NHAN THlTC CUA CAC CHU THE KINH DOANH TAI VIET NAM VE THOA THliN TRONG TAI Tran Viet Long*, Tran Van Nam** Bdi viit tap trung neu nhihig hgn che thudng gap ve thda thudn tdi de gidi quyet tranh chdp phdt sinh tir cdc giao dich ihuang mgi tgi Viet Nam Tir do, bdi viet dd de xudt mot so gidi phdp dual goc chu the lua chon tdi thuang mgi de gidi quyet danh chdp, vd dirdi goc qudn ly nhd nuac nhdm khdc phue nhOng thda thudn tdi vo hieu, ndng cao hieu qud su dung phucmg thuc gidi quyet tranh chdp bdng trgng tdi a nu&c ta Dieu ndy giup doanh nghiep ndm bdt dugc nhung quy dinh ve thoa thudn tdi, ngdn ngira tdn thdt vgt chdt, nam bat ca hgi kinh doanh vd gidm ldi cho he thong toa dn gidi quyet bdng tdi irong tranh chdp thuemg mgi Tir khoa: Thda thuan, trgng tai, Uanh chap Dat van de Thda thuan trgng tai hgp ddng kinh doanh thuong mai la su xae lap bang van ban the bien sy tu nguyen cua cac ben viec giai quyel cac tranh chap kinh doanh - thuong mai thdng qua phuang thirc Ugng tai Khi Iranh chap xay ra, mgi van da phat sinh se dugc giai quyel bang phuong thiic trgng tai Ci Vidl Nam, vdi sy phat trian cua nan kinh ll thj tmdng, hoat ddng thuong mai cang dian phue tap Nham tim kiem lgi nhuan, cac chu tha quan he thuemg mai ludn tan dyng bat cac eo hpi de phat trien doanh nghiep, tang ngudn Ihu, giam ehi phi Vi vay, eac hop ddng kinh doanh thuong mai ludn liam an nhiing riii ro, nguy co dan den tranh chap De giai quyet nhihig bat ddng, nhimg xung dpi \e quyan lgi cua cac ban bi xam pham, hien nay, nhiau chu tha kinh doanh da lua chgn phuong thue giai quyat tranh chap bang Upng lai thuang mai Bai viat da cap mdt sd han che thudng gap cac chii iha kinh doanh van dyng cac dieu khoan ve Upng tai, ddng thdi, da xuat mdt sd giai phap nang cao hieu qua cua thda thuan trpng tai tranh chap thuong mai d nudc ta 2.1 Mgt so hgn che thudng gap ve thda thudn trgng tdi tranh chap thuang mgi Ihucmg mai bang Tda an dugc cac ben ap dyng mdt each bidn Dieu duge ly giai trdn nen tang van hoa "tranh chap" d nudc ta vin cdn nang quan diem xet xu mang tinh quyan luc nha nudc mdi dam bao nhat eho cac ben thuc hien triet dd Vdi su thay doi eua ca cau kmh ta, xu hudng phue tap cua cac giao dich mua ban hang hda, cung ung djch vu thuong mai hien nay, van da ap dung trpng tai vao giai quyet tranh chap dang hinh va cd xu hudng dugc cac ban tranh chap lua chpn mdt nhieu Nhirng thay ddi se lam da dang hem phuong Ihue giai quydt Uanh chap ve kinh doanh, Ihuong mai Tuy nhien, thue tiln ap dyng thda thuan trpng lai d Viet Nam cdn mdt sd han ehe dan den thoa thuan trgng tai trd nen khuydl lat hoac khdng co hieu lue; Mot la cdc hen co quy dinh ve gidi quyet tranh chdp nhung noi dung thda thudn trgng tdi chung chung khien cac ben bat ddng y kian dua Uanh chap xet xir tai mgt tmng tam Upng tai nhal dinh Dieu gay lam ly bat dn cho cac ben tranh chap, ddng thdi gay khd khan cho ca quan giai quyet trgng tai de xac dinh minh cd tham quyen giai quyet vu viec cy the dd hay khdng Vi du nhu dieu khoan trgng tai chi quy dinh "moi tranh chdp phdt sinh tit hap dong ndy duac gidi quyet bdng tdi thuang mgi" Vay, trpng tai la Id chiic trgng tai cu the nao?, dja dilm ciia Id chiic tai d dau?,ti-pnglai quy chi hay ti-png tai vu v iec? Vi?t Nam phucmg thirc giai quyet tranh chip iVIdl so thda thuan gay khd khan cho qua Uinh Mpt so han chc thudng gap ve thda thuan trgng tai tranh chap thuong mai >a kien nghi nham nang cao hieu qua thda thuan tai o Vift Nam Sfi 199 Ihdng 01/2014 36 killil liAltrlH N G H I C N CUU - TRflO giai quyet ciia co quan trgng tai nhu cdn tdn tai thda thuan trgng lai "trdng", dugc hilu la thda thuan trgng tai chi nham bay id y chi cua cac ben vi?c dua tianh chap trpng tai ma khdng chi rd viec ehi dinh sd lugng trgng tin vien hoac khdng din chieu ldi mol quy lac Upng tai hoac mot id chirc tipng lai nao Thda thuan Upng tai lua chpn mdt td chiie tigng tai khdng tdn tai hay chi djnh sai lech vl td chirc Ugng tai Mdt khuyet tat khac thudng gap la cd su thda thuan Ugng tai lua chgn ddng thai ea Ida an va trgng tai nhu: "Tranh chdp phdt sinh tir hgp ddng ndy se duac gidi quyet tai Trung tdm Trgng ldi quoc te Viet Nam vd neu vdn khong gidi quyet duac se tiep tuc dua Tda dn co thdm quyen " Hai Id, cdc ben thda thudn xdc dinh mgt to chirc trgng tdi nhimg lua chon quy tdc to tung ciia mot trung tdm trgng tdi khdc Cd tmdng hgp eac ben tranh chap lua chgn td chiie trgng tai thudng true nhung eac ben khdng chpn quy tac Id tung cua td chirc ma lai quy djnh sir dung quy tac td lung cua id chiie trgng tai khac Khi quy tac td tung duge lya chgn va quy lac td tung cua td chiic tigng tai khdng luong ddng hay td chiic trgng lai duoc lya chpn khdng chap nhan ap dung quy lac td tung cua td chiic khae thi thda thuan cd the se khdng cd kha nang thue thi Ba la, cha the tranh chdp chua tim hieu vd nam ro cdc quy dinh ciia phdp ludt ve thda thudn trgng tdi Vi dy nhu cac ban chua nam rd duge dac diem cua loai hinh trpng tin qua Uinh lua chgn giai quyet tranh chap xay sy vi pham hgp ddng, nan cdn cd tam li chi coi trgng tai thuang mai la budc dem de dua vy tranh chap tda an Ngoai ra, cac ban cdn kha chii quan viec thda thuan lya chgn trgng tin, vi quan niem rang tranh chap se khdng xay ra, ma neu xay thi vin ed tha thuong lugng tiep Bon la, cdc ben dd lua chon td chuc trgng ldi de xel xu nhung lgi thda thugn phdn quyet tdi khdng phdi la chung thdm Dd la cac ben da thda ihu^n lua chpn Upng tai de xet xir nhung khdng thua nhan tinh ehung thim ciia phan quylt trgng tai Nhirng dilu khoan thda thuan se bi vd hieu vi Irai vdi quy dmh cua Luat Trgng tai 2010 Du ring, vipe thda thugn dudng nhu khdng nhieu Uong thyc tiln kinh doanh ihucmg mai nhimg van cdn xay ching han nhu dieu khoan trpng tai mot hgp ddng mua ban xang JET Al giira ban ban Vi?l Nam \:i mpt doanh nghipp kinh doanh van tai hang khdng quoc ljch Nga theo dd quy dinh "Mgi tranh So 199 llidng 01/2014 chdp phdt sinh tie hoac lien quan den hgp dong ndy se duac gidi quyet chung thdm tgi Trung tdm Trgng tdi Quoc te Viet Nam ben cgnh Phong Thuang mgi vd Cong nghiep Viet Nam theo Quy tdc td tung tdi cua Tmng tdm ndy Neu khdng gidi quyet dugrc, thi cdc ben co quyen dua Tmng tdm Trgng tdi Quoc te Lien bang Nga (RIAC) vd phdn quyet ciia RIA C se cd hieu luc rdng bugc cuoi cimg" Neu cac ban da thda thuan nhu vay, cd uanh chap xay ra, Tmng lam Trgng lai Quoc ta Viet Nam se khdng thy Iy vu tranh chap hgp ddng ehiia dung dieu khoan trpng tai nudc ddi Ndm la, chu the ky thda thudn trgng tdi nhimg lai khong CO thdm quyen giao ket Tmdng hgp thudng xay cac ben cd thda thuan Upng lai nhung thdng qua ngudi dugc iiy quyen, vay, ngudi ky ket khdng dugc uy quyan tryc tiep Uong hgp ddng nay; hoac ngudi ky ket chi dugc uy quyen ky kat hpp ddng thuemg mai nhung xay tranh chap lian quan den hop ddng do, hp lai tiap tuc ky kat thda thuan trpng tai mac du khdng dupc uy quyan (Hdi ddng phd bian, giao due phap luat Imng uong, 2013 Tr.42) Tmdng hcrp phd tdng giam ddc mpt edng ty Ihucmg mai tai mian Tay Nam Bd ky thda thuan trgng lai (nhung khdng xuat trinh giay uy quyen hgp le) vu tranh chap hen quan den mdi Id bdt mi nhap khau bj udi la mdt vi du dien hinh Tda an cd iham quyen da khdng cdng nhan hieu lyc eua thda Ihuan Upng tai nay, mac dii nd da dugc giao kat tren Ihuc te 2.2 Mgt so de xudt nhdm ndng cao hieu qud thda thugn trgng tdi d Viet Nam 2.2.1 Klin nghi tic goc cua cdc chii the tham gia lira chon tdi ihicang mai de gidi quyet tranh chdp Thic nhdt ve quan he giiia hieu luc eua dieu khoan trpng tai vdi hieu lyc cua hgp ddng lien quan Thye tian xet xu va giai quyet tranh chap kinh doanh bang Ugng tai da eho thay mdi sd tranh chap bj cac ben hieu nham chua nhan thirc diing dan ve linh dpc lap giira thda thuan tai va hgp ddng ehinh Xet dudi gde dp ly luan va thue lien thi diau khoan trpng lai cd su ddc lap nhal djnh so vdi cac dieu khoan khac Uong hpp ddng Nau cac dieu khoan khac hgp ddng quy djnh quyen va nghia vu eiia eae ben hgp ddng cd hicu luc thi dieu khoan lai quy djnh ve thii tue td tung giai quyet ed tranh chap phat smb Vi vay, dc Iranh hieu nham \ e su ddc lap cac diau khoan cac ben Iranh chap can nhan thiic diing hieu lue cua timg npi 37 kinhlrJIiallripn PGHJCN CUU - TRflO iDOl dung ma minh giao kit, vira ban chi nhiing xung dpt phat sinh, vira diy nhanh qua Irinh xu ly Uanh chap Uong kinh doanh Thir hai, ddi vdi eae ben Uanh chap dua vy viec giai quylt bang ugng lai can cd su lua chpn loai hinh trpng tai phu hgp Doi vdi hau hdt eac vu Uanh chip, eac ban thudng sir dung trgng tai quy chi, tiiy nhien cac ben cung cd quyan sir dung trgng tai vu viec, lua chpn mpt Upng lai vien nhal se giup cac ben giam bdt ehi phi va thdi gian td tung (Bui Ngpc Cudng, 2008 Tr 156-157) Tuy nhidn, rit hilm mdt upng lai vian nhat Iai dugc ca hai ban tranh chip thdng nhit lya chpn, mac dii Iran thuc tl cd nhiing Upng lai vien cd the dam nhiem lot vai trd hda giai, xel xu ciia ca hdi ddng Mdt mat, cac ben can cap nhat, nam bat quy dinli cu thi cua Luat Upng tai Ihuang mai 2010 Mat khac, can tham khao cac khuyen nghj Trung tam trpng tai qude tl Viel Nam (VIAC) de xuat- nham lam cho thda thuan ugng tai khdng bi vd hieu, ban chi nhirng nii ro, bat lpi qua trinh giao ket va thuc hien hgp ddng Khi lya chpn giai quyet uanh chap bang trgng tin ndn xay dung dieu khoan thda thuan trgng tai dudi dang mot quy dinh hop ddng tmdc tranh chap xay (Ndng Quoc Binh, 2013 Tr 9) Dieu se giup cac ben ehu dpng ludng tmdc dupc nhitng tinh hudng xau cd the xay cac ben khd dat dugc quan diem chung Uong viee giai quyat uanh chap Thu hai Cin diy manh phd bien, tuyen Unyan cho cpng ddng doanh nghiep ve lac ddng tich cyc cua viec bd sung quy djnh ve luat dieu chinh, ciing nhu vl dilu khoan miu ve lua chpn ti-png tai Uong cac hgp ddng tiiuong mai Day la npi dung rat quan tigng ddi vdi viec giai quylt cae Uanh chap cd lien quan den thuemg mai qude ll Viee chpn lual ap dung duge dal d hai tinh hudng, dd la chpn luat ndi dung de xet xu Uanh chap giiia cac ben va chpn luat hinh thuc (quy tac td tung Upng tai cu tbi) de ap dung cho td timg upng lai Ddi vdi boat ddng Ihuang mai quoc te d Viet Nam, nhilu chu the chua ed cd each hieu thdng nhat va rdng rai uong viee lya chgn luat ap dung, dan den nguy eo cac ban Uanh chap bugc phai nhudng l£ii quyln lya chgn lual ap dyng cho ehinh hdi dong trpng tai, tmdc cae ben da ty tudc bd quyen cua minh giao kit hgp ddng Dieu dupc hilu, ap dung Uong timg tmdng hgp giai quyet Uanh chip, hdi ddng upng tiu se lua chpn mdt each ap dung luat ma Hpi ddng Upng lai cho la phii hgp Chinh each lua chpn cd nguy co luat dugc Hpi ddng trgng tai lua chpn se bat Igi cho mgt hoac ca hai ben Uanh chap Do vay, ca quan cd chuc nang tuyan tmyan phap luat, chang han nhu Vu Uiyen tmyen phap luat Bp Tu phap, can chinh thuc phd bien rdng rai, nham giup doanh nghiep nhanh chdng khac phue khiam khuyet ve lya chgn luat ap dung, va lua chpn phuang thuc upng tai de giai quyet tranh chap, gop 2.2 Kien nghi tic goc qudn ty nhd nuac ve phan nang vi Ui cua trpng tai Ihuang mai Viet Nam thda thudn tdi ihircmg mgi ngang tam vdi cac nudc khu vyc va Uen the Thir nhdt, can bd sung Lual Trgng tai 2010 tbeo gidi (Tmng tam trpng tai qude ta Viel Nam (VIAC) hudng da dang hda hinh thiic cua thda thuan trpng lai & Tmng lam thuong mai qude te (ITC), 2013, Tr Theo quy djnh cua phap luat hien hanh, thda 127- 131) Thie ba can tiep tue phd cap rdng rai cac hudng thuan trpng tai phai dugc thiel lap bang van ban hoac cac hinh thue khac cd gia tri tucmg duong din Lual Trpng tai 2010 bang van ban va thdng qua (Qude hpi nudc CHXHCN Viet Nam, Lual Trgng cac kenh Uuyen thdng khac cho cac thuang nhan tai thuong mai (2010); khoan Dieu 16) Tuy nhian, hiau rd ve cac uu diam eua phuong thue Ugng tai, tir tren Ihyc te thda thuan bang mieng de xac dinh hpi dd din den ehuyen bien ve nhan thiie hp soan ddng tai ed duge xem la mdt hinh thire ciia thao va dua didu khoan thda thuan ve Irpng lai vao thda thuan de giai quyat tranh chap hay khdng? Rd Uong cae hgp ddng kinh doanh, thuemg mai rang, day la mdt diam can dugc phap lual ghi nhan De hd trg, tu van cd hieu qua cac ben lya nham da dang hda hinh thirc cung nhu dam bao chgn Upng tai lam can cii phap ly giai quyat tranh quyen ly lya chgn cua cac ben Vi vay, Luat Ugng chap, Nha nude can cd ca che khuyen khich lai nan quy dmh thda thuan trpng tai ed the dugc xac lap Tmng tam hd up tu van phap ly eho doanh lap bang cac hinh thiic phap li khac khdng phai la nghiep, Uong cd ki-dt Ihdng tin nhan manh tuyen van ban, neu cd sy chung kien ciia hdi ddng Ugng tmyan ve thda thuan tipng tai d eac tinh, tioiig lai de dam bao linh da dang viec lua ebon dilu ca nuac Mot mat, viec giup cho cac ban hieu khoan Ugng tai cua cac ben lam can cu giai quyll sau hon ve lgi ich cua giai quyet tranh chap bang cac van de phap !y lien quan Upng tiii, mat khac se giiip giam tai cho Tda an irong Sd 199 Ihdng 01/2014 38 kinhteihillrM NGHI6N cuu-TRflO qua tiinh xii ly eac vu tianh chip kinh tl dang phat sinh mot da dang va phirc tap tiong nhiau lmh vuc ciia hoat dpng kmh doanh d nude la Ket luan chiing ta phai hoan thien hon niia nhijng chi dinh thda thuan tipng tai ddc lap, tao kha nang ap dyng thuc tiln eao, giup doanh nghiep dinh hudng tdt lya chpn phucmg Ihiic giai quyat tranh chap phu Viet Nam dang cang khing djnh vai Ud cua minh sau gia nhap WTO qua cac hoat ddng kinh tl, ngoai giao, van hda, xa hpi Viec cae chii Ihl lua chgn Upng tai giai quydt tranh chip la mol xu thi van dpng phu hgp vol su phat trian nan kinh tl thi gidi Tuy nhien, qua trinh hgi nhap qude te ddi hdi hop Vi vay, de Uanh nhiing bit lgi cd ihl xay h-ong qua trinh giai quyll tianh chip, cac bdn giao kat hgp ddng kinh doanh, thuang mai can quan lam thoa thuan ky ludng ve dieu khoan trpng lai, xac djnh rd luat ap dung da dy lieu va giai quyet hieu qua eac tianh chap cd tha phat sinh.O Tai lieu tham khao: Bui Ngoc Cudng (Chu bien, 2008), Gido trinh Lugt Thuang mai, NXB Giao due, Ha Npi Hpi ddng bien, giao due phap luat tmng uong (2013), Dgc san tuyen truyin phdp lugt, Chu dl Trpng tai thuemg mai va phap luat Upng tai thuong mai Ndng Quoc Binh (2013), "Ve dieu khodn thda thudn tdi Irong hgp ddng thuemg mgi quoc te", Tgp chi Lugt /jpc, so 7, Tr - 10 Tmng tam Uong tai quoc te Viet Nam (2013), Dieu khodn Irgng tdi mdu cua VIAC, tmy cap 10 thang 12 nam 2013, tir http://www.viac.org.vn/vi-VN/Home/dieu-khoan-mau-101/154/Dieii-khoan-trong-tai-mau-cuaVlAC.aspx Tmng tam tai quoc te Viet Nam (VIAC) & Tmng tam thuang mai quoc te (ITC), (2008), Trong tdi vd cdc phuang thuc gidi quyet tranh chdp chgn lgc, NXB Tai chinh Ha Noi Vu Anh Duong (2009), Phuang Ihuc giai quyel tranh chdp hieu qud tmy cap 15 thang 11 nam 2013, tir http://www2.viac.org.vn/vi-VN/Home/baivietlienquan/2009/255 QuIc hpi nudc CHXHCN Viet Nam (2010), Lugt Trgng ldi thircmg mgi, NXB Lao dpng Ha Noi Enhancement of commercial disputing party's awareness on arbitration agreements in Vietnam AbstractThe paper focuses on the limitations of arbitration agreements in trade disputes From this situation, the paper proposes a number of solutions on the view points of the disputing parlies who have chosen arbitration, in order to rectify the invalidity of arbitration agreement, to improve the effectiveness of arbitration approach in our countiy Such agreement helps businesses lo grasp the niles of arbitration agreements, prevent loss and damages, capture business opportunities and reduce the burden of the court system when addressing commercial disputes Thong tin tac gia: *Trdn Viet Long, Hgc vien Cao hgc - Nai cdng ldc: Khoa ludt - Dgi hgc Hue • Linh vuc nghien cuu: Ludt thuang mgi Viet Nam Lugl thuang mgi quoc le - Email, vietlongl986@gmail.coin **Tran Vdn Nam, Phd gido su, tien sT - Nai cdng ldc: Khoa Ludt, Dgi hgc Kinh te quoc ddn - Linh vuc nghien cuu: Ludt thuang mgi i let Nam, Lugl thuang mai quoc te: Ludt sa huu tri tue - Tgp chi dd ddng bdi: Kinh lc vd Phdt trien: Phdt tnen Kinh le: Ludt vd phdt Irlen (Law and development): Indersciences (Hoa Ky) Tgp chi Lugl vd Dien ddn phdp ludt Viet Nam (Vietnam Law and Legal Forum) - Email:namt\'@neu.edu.vn s/ 199 fhdng 01/2014 39 kinlili'J'liiillni'n