TOEFL GRAMMAR Grammar – Vocabulary GRAMMAR– VOCABULARY .1 SENTENCES 1.1 Sentencepatterns .4 1.1.1 Subject 1.1.2 Object 1.1.3 Complement 1.2 Subordinateclause .5 1.2.1 Reducedclause 1.3 Reversion– Inversion– đảongữ: đảo độngtừ /đảotrợ độngtừ .5 VERBS .6 2.1 Tenses 2.1.1 Past 2.1.2 Present 2.1.3 Future .6 2.2 Verbpatterns 2.2.1 Intransitive V 2.2.2 Linkingverbs:S + LinkingV +C (noun /adj / adv) 2.2.3 Transitive V:S + Vt +DO (sb) 2.2.4 Transitive V:S + Vt +DO (sb) + IO(sth) 2.2.5 Transitive V:S + Vt +DO (sb) + Bare Inf causativeform 10 2.2.6 Transitive V:S + Vt +DO (sb) + V-ing(presentparticiple) V2 tiếptiễn 10 2.2.7 Perceptionverbs: S +Vt+ DO(sb) + Gerund/ Bare inf 10 2.2.8 Transitive V:S + Vt +O (sb/sth) + (as/ to be) + OC (complement) .10 2.2.9 S+ V + (not) + Gerund(V-ing) hòanthành công việc,đã qua, passive 12 2.2.10 S + expression+ Gerund(V-ing) .13 2.2.11 S + V+ to + V 14 2.2.12 S + V+ to-inf/V-ing 15 2.2.13 Seriesof V 16 2.3 Modal verbs – động từ hình thái 17 2.4 Condition 18 2.4.1 Tense 18 2.4.2 Conditional conjunction 18 2.4.3 Unreal expression 19 2.4.4 To Wish 19 2.5 Active- Passivevoice .20 2.5.1 Active form 20 2.5.2 Passiveform 20 2.6 Reportedspeech 21 2.7 Verb+ prepositions 22 2.8 Verbal phrases 23 2.8.1 Clichés 25 NOUNS 25 /storage/tailieu/files/source/20100706/thuyhuong282/toeflgrammar1_5 086.doc 3.1 NounsagreewithV 25 3.2 Countable anduncountable nouns 26 3.2.1 countablenouns 26 3.2.2 Uncountable nouns .26 3.2.3 Countablenouns 27 3.2.4 Uncountable nouns .27 3.2.5 Count and noncount noun meanings 27 3.2.6 Collectivenouns+ singular / plural Verbs 28 3.2.7 Patterns 28 3.2.8 Noun phrase = Adv +Adj + Noun .28 3.2.9 Noun clauses 29 3.2.10 Article 29 3.3 N + Verb 29 3.4 Preposition 30 3.4.1 Pronouns 30 3.4.2 Noun phrases 30 3.4.3 N – Idioms 31 ADJECTIVES 32 4.1 Position of adj inclause 32 4.2 Possition of adj inphrase: OPSHACOM 32 4.3 Patterns .32 4.3.1 Sentences .32 4.3.2 Adjectiveclause 33 4.4 Comparison 33 4.4.1 Equal comparision 33 4.4.2 Comparative 34 4.4.3 Supperlative 34 4.5 Vocabulary 34 4.5.1 Descriptiveadj 34 4.5.2 Limitingadj 34 4.5.3 Irregular comparativesand supperatives 35 4.6 Preposition .36 ADVERBS .37 5.1 Definition 37 5.2 Adverbial phrases= MPT= Manner + Place+ Time .37 5.3 Building words 37 5.4 Vocabulary 37 5.4.1 Frequency 37 5.4.2 Degree 38 5.4.3 Quality/manner – tính chất,cáchthức 38 5.4.4 Place 38 5.4.5 Time- thời gian .39 5.4.6 Purpose – mụcđích 39 5.4.7 Reason– nguyênnhân 39 5.4.8 Concession – nhượng 39 5.4.9 Contrast– đối lập 39 5.4.10 Vocabulary 39 CONJUNCTIONS 40 6.1 Vocabulary .40 6.1.1 Coordinatingconjunction 40 6.1.2 Subordinatingconjunction 40 PREPOSITIONS .42 7.1 Meaning 42 7.2 Phrases 43 LISTENING .47 TOEFL .48 CONFUSED WORDS .48 /storage/tailieu/files/source/20100706/thuyhuong282/toeflgrammar1_5 086.doc NUMBERS .51 9.1 Ordinal numbers– số thứ tự 51 9.2 Cardinal number – số đếm 51 9.3 Time, 51 9.4 Age 52 9.5 Measurement– units 52 9.6 Comparative 53 9.7 Maths 53 10 EXPRESSIONS - PHRASES 53 SENTENCES Main clause + subordinate clause 1.1 Sentence patterns Introductory modifier N, Adj, S Adv + definiting relative clause + , Appositive (N phrase), non-definite relative clause (V-ing, V-ed…) , Adv, Adv Prep + V-ing + O, V-ing + O, V-ed + O, To – inf + O, Adverbial clause, V–ing +O V–ed + V O Adv V V O O , V-ing + O and V + O V O ,…, and V + O V O V O Adv modifies clause Adv modifies V active passive purpose Main clause Main clause Adverbial clause SPECIAL It / there + be + adj + to-inf/ that + clause It / there + be + N + adj - clause It is likely that + clause That + clause + V + O It is the first (sb) to – inf (Sb) + first + V-ed It was 1973 that + clause It was I/she/he/we/they/you (=subject compplement) who … It is + to be + pp + by 2010 It was + to be + pp + by 1995 future invention past invention Ex Astronomer now believe them To influence farmers the most The very mistakes they make show that + clause The committeemembers resented thepresident’s not Oinforming them of meeting S V adj N N O The American dancer Maria Tellchief first became prominet in Europe 1.1.1 Subject Noun, N phrase, N clause, Pronoun, Gerund, Ex That – clause + V + O 1.1.2 Object DO = sth Patern: IO = sb S + tV + IO (sb) + DO (sth) S + tV + DO (sth) + prep + IO (sb) /storage/tailieu/files/source/20100706/thuyhuong282/toeflgrammar1_5 086.doc 1.1.3 Complement N, Adj Pattern: S + Linking V + complement ( modify S) Complement : classification (norminal), description (adjectival), location time (adverbial) 1.2 Subordinate clause Noun clause Adjective clause Adverbial clause Reduced adj-clause; appositive 1.2.1 Reduced clause If, unless, whether, When, after, before, since, while Once, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, as although, though Though While Ex Take the medicine as prescribed V-ing V- ed Active Passive Main clause (S+V+O) adj The man took the medicine as havingto After / if permitted, the student will be absent from class 1.3 Reversion – Inversion – đảo ngữ: đảo động từ / đảo trợ động từ Pattern: adv + aux/defective V + S – Strong form Weak form: emphasize Ex Money you shall have if you go and get me a magazine Negative word: not only, not until, not once, at no tim, by no mean, nowhere, never, seldom, rarely, scarely, hardly, no longer, barely, no sooner, nowhere, not, at no time, nore, neither, on no account, by no means, little, evenless, so, such Ex Never will I smoke again Ex In no circumstances must a soldier leave his cambat position = A soldier must not leave his cambat position in any circumstances Only, so, such…: only after, only once, only them, only by chance , only today, only yesterday, only on rare occational, only with dificulty, only by luck Ex So beautiful is she that… = such a beautiful girl is she that… Only + subordinate clause, + main clause Preposition phrase + V + S: in front of, in the corner of, in, outside…  đảo động từ Ex On the desk lies a spider Here / there + V + S chủ từ giả  đảo động từ Ex Here comes my taxi! Except: Here you are! If clause: unreal in the past/present; real in the present Ex Had I met you 10 years ago, I wouldn’t have married her Were I you, I would marry Should she come, I’ll tell Did you study har, you might pass the exam Comparision  đảo động từ Ex Helium is not inflamable, and is therefore safer than hydrogen /storage/tailieu/files/source/20100706/thuyhuong282/toeflgrammar1_5 086.doc New York City’s Central Park is nearly twice aslargeas is the secondsmallestcountry, Monaco {long subject} VERBS Finite verb: can combine with S Non-finite verb: to – inf; V – ing; V – ed complete sentence (chia phù hôïp với S) cannot make a complete sentence 2.1 Tenses 2.1.1 Past 2.1.1.1 Simplepast Time expression: Prehistory, deadth, ancestor, during the 1840s, the early_ , during the industrial revolution ( meaning finish) 2.1.1.2 Past progressive 2.1.1.3 Past perfect =had + pp 1st action 2nd action Now past simple Present perfect past = inf = had + pp = V-ed After + had + pp By (before) finish before another action (V-ed) , had + pp 2.1.2 Present 2.1.2.1 Simplepresent 2.1.2.2 Present progressive 2.1.2.3 Present perfect = have +pp đến finish beforeanother action: liên quan đến tại, kéo dài Time expressions: yet, already, often, as soon as, during the past few days, lately, recently, just, ever, never, so far = up to now = for some time now, frequently, finally, after, since, for, over the past few years, during the past three decades, by the end of Formular: S + has/have (not) + pp + (yet) S + has/have + yet + toinf + 2.1.2.4 Present perfect progression:S+ has/have +been+ V-ing Time expressions: for, since, all day (morning… ) 2.1.3 Future 2.1.3.1 Simplefuture: will/shall+ inf Time expressions: next time, 2.1.3.2 Futureprogressive: will/shall+ be + V-ing Time expressions 2.1.3.3 Futureperfect:will /shall +have+ pp Time expressions: by…, by that time, by then, in a few hours, by the end of next year… Note: /storage/tailieu/files/source/20100706/thuyhuong282/toeflgrammar1_5 086.doc Don’t use perfect tense in time clause, except in reported speech In In advance = Ahead of = before In vain = without success – thất bại In: century, decade, year, season, month, part of day (in the morning, in the evening) In the wrong direction In the large multilevel In the forth structures In effect, In use – century BC In the lưu hành In existence mid-1980s In detail In the future, in the past on the whole century In the In general In common In: continent, country, state, city, building, room, the world In part = partly In the world = All over the world In practice, In theory In the house = domestic In line, in a row In the night sky In style In the front / middle / back In popularity In luck In army/ air force / wavy In motion In a book/ magazine/newspaper In the street obstructing –tắc nghẽn In bills In conflict – trái In some culture The first stage in the manufacturing of với In greater number In charge In a/an adj (hình thức adv) + manner of In danger of Rich in fat In favor of – thiên vị, ủng hộ In spite of In need of In parnership with – cộng tác với In search of (get) In contact with = in touch with In consideration of In common with In term of In addition to = besides In the process of In opposition to In particular with In view of On On diet On top of the world On fire On place On the other hand On land On hand – available ? On Earth On radio / television / the telephone On the frontier On the whole = in general On the slope – sườn dốc On sale On the average On purpse On the clear night On time = punctual On account of On behalf of On the basis of On long sea voyages On the street, on the cooner, on the side walk, On the way = enroute, On the right / left On the 5th f l oor, On train Out of Out of town – away Out of date – old Out of fashion ?? Out of work – jobless, unemployed Out of question – impossible Out of order – not fuctioning, broken Over All over the world To To some degree chừng mực Prior to According to – theo Under Under consideration for a job Upper Upper middle class With With regard to With the exception Together with of With the purpose In particular with of With + instrument In contact with In parnership with – cộng tác với In common with /storage/tailieu/files/source/20100706/thuyhuong282/toeflgrammar1_5 086.doc 47 Listening Agreement Neither I So I I don’t either I do, too I also TOEFL CONFUSED WORDS Percent – percentage Percent (đơn vị) + singular verb Percentage (con số) Kind – type Kind + count noun Type + noncount noun Not only… but also – not … but Not only… but also – hai not N1 … but N2 không N1 mà N2 But = except I am but a fool  only - người khờ dại No – not – none No (a) + noun Not (adv) + verb / adj None (pronoun) Besides – beside Besides (prep, adv) = in addition to, moreover – nữa, Beside (prep) = near, next to – bên cạnh Instead of – instead Instead of + N/ adj/ adv Instead (adv.) at the end of a sentence Most (a) – Almost (adv) Almost all (of the) = most (of the) After (prep) – Afterward (adv) After (prep) + phrase – sau Afterward (adv) + clause – sau Around (prep) – Round (a) Around (prep) - vòng quanh Round (a) – tròn Somewhere (adv) = slightly Direct – directly High – highly Fast – fastly Hard Hard (a) = difficult – khó khăn; Hardy (a) = rigid - cứng, Hard (adv) = with great effort – khó mà = heavily (rain), strongly (wind), deligently, induostriously /storage/tailieu/files/source/20100706/thuyhuong282/toeflgrammar1_5 086.doc 49 (work) Hardly (adv) = barely, scarely, almost never – khắc nghiệt, khó mà, không Hardly = never  negative meaning  khong dùng “not” Considerate Considerate = throughtful, polite (a) – chu đáo Considerable (a), rather lager amount or degree – đáng kể Real Real (slang) = very great (từ lóng) Whole – Wholly Wholly = completely – hoàn toàn As a whole = generally – tổng quát, nói chung Effect (n) – to affect (v) Alive (a) – to live (v) As high as – as soon as As high as = (cost) As soon as (adv) – (time) + clause đứng dầu câu No longer = not any more (when) – không … Can nolonger see… Sometime – sometimes Sometime – at some time in the indefinite future (when) – lúc Sometimes = occationally (how often) – Earliest (a) – Soonest (adv): Once – one time in the past Earliest (adj) Sooniest (adv) Like – as As (conj) + clause sameness As (prep) + phrase sameness (job, robe, fuction, task…) với chức Like / unlike (prep) + phrase similarity giống Like (a) Alike (a) at the end of clause; Unlike (a) + N, clause Like (v) + V-ing Do you like… ? like + to-inf Dislike (v) question Would you like + to-inf invitation - mời Likely (a) – có khả Ex Like A, S + V As a policeman, I want you to… Like a policeman, I… I am a policeman I am not a policeman A is like B A and B are alike It’s likely that + clause Late Late (a,adv) – no longer living, not punctual, Later (adv) – để sau Latter former (a) – last of things mentioned Lately (adv) = recently /storage/tailieu/files/source/20100706/thuyhuong282/toeflgrammar1_5 086.doc 51 Last = final (a) /storage/tailieu/files/source/20100706/thuyhuong282/toeflgrammar1_5 086.doc 51 Lastest = renewest, most recent Near – nearly Near (prep, adv) = gần (distance) Nearly (adv) = almost – May be - perhap It may be + phrase Perhap (adv) + clause Raise – rise Raise – raised – raised (tv) + (obj) Rise – rose – risen (iv) Lend - Borrow Lend – lent – lent lend (sb)(sth) = lend (sth) to (sb) – cho mượn Borrow – borrowed – borrowed borrow (sb)(sth) = borrow (sth) from (sb) – mượn Let – Leave Let – let – let (tv) let (sb) + bare – inf – để yên, Leave – left – left (iv) leave (sb/sth) + place – bỏ lại ở… Tell – say Tell – told – told (tv) tell (sb) (sth) – nói Say – said – said (iv) say (sth) … Ex To tell joke To tell the truth Set – sit Set – set – set set (sb/sth) + place – đặt, để Sit – sat – sat sit + place – ngồi xuống … Lay – lie Lay – laid – laid (tv) lay (sb/sth) – đặt, để xuống Lie – lay – lain (iv) lie + place – nằm xuống … To used to Used to + inf discontinue habit – thói quen khứ Be used to + inf passive Be used to + V-ing quen với Get used to + V-ing = be accustomed to + V-ing trở nên quen với Mind object to – phản đối A you mind + V-ing? Would you mind + V-ing? – có phiền không? B No, I don’t mind at all B Not at all Please Would you please / Please + bare-inf The mecican government NUMBERS 9.1 Ordinal numbers – số thứ tự A third of all students = 1/3 of … + are +… One of the first educations The second gate = gate two The forth volume of = Volume four of N Cotton used to rank first among alabama’s crops The First Act of TIME The second year of production… For the first time  lần I first came here  lần đầu đến  past The first / the last + to-inf  lần The first person to get…  người It was the first time + have + pp (present perfect)  lần Is + to be + pp + by 2010 future invention Was + to be + pp + by 1995 past invention 9.2 Cardinal number – số đếm Half an hour About half the total output Culmulative grade point average – GPA = 3.0 on a 4.0 scale = 3.0 out of 4.0 My children You two bedroom appartment compound noun 17 in 100 business calls Hundreds of thousands of toursits A few of us girls = a few girls vài đứa số bọn gái chúng tơi Large in propotion PRICE It was priced at $ 850 Millions of dollars worth of property = sth (which is) worth a sum of money người To rise by 100 USD CLASS Subject : Boiology 457, Chemistry 101 Book: Biology book (SGK); book of biology The second lesson = lesson The forth chapter = chapter four The forth volume of = Volume four of N 9.3 Time, Date 30 Dec = Dec 30 = 30th Dec = Dec 30th = Dec the 30th = the 30th of Dec (formal) /storage/tailieu/files/source/20100706/thuyhuong282/toeflgrammar1_5 086.doc 51 On the 12th day of each month For the 12th of June In: century, decade, year, season, month, part of day On: days of a week (date ) At: time of day On time – kịp giờ, (before, sớm hơn) In time : punctual, in a nick of time - vừa kịp lúc At some + future time Ex In the early / mid / late 1980s/nineteenth century In the next few years (a – number - N) In the morning, in the evening On the second of Sep = on Sep second On Wednesday, On Newyear’s morning At pm, at noon…; at night At the time of the revolutionary war It takes (sb) + (time) + to-inf As early as 1937 It was in 1761 that she came to Bostom Only 10 years ago Over the past few years (time not + Clause (V-ed = simple past) definite) For years + + Clause (perfect) For years + now – năm For the last years – năm cuối For the past years – năm vừa + Clause (have been V-ing = present perfect cont.) qua Since 2000 Since years ago – cách năm years ago today – ngày cách năm Ex Train is a hour late It was a waste time writing that letter It was duringtheIndustrial Revolution that the US was able to increase productivity through mechanization In thelast 10 years, the Mexican govement has reduced the number of its state-owned Companies to about half 9.4 Age Reach the forties năm 40 Reach forties tuổi 40 At the age of 20 = 20 years of age = 20 years old To change with age – thay đổi theo tuổi tác 9.5 Measurement – units A large pecentage of employees… At 43 percent interst At 43 percent of all murders Has a membership of some 10,000 To be measured by light-years To be measrued in units = express in unit To increas in size over time inches in length kilo of weigth = 12 inches in diameter 30 feet high = 30 feet in heigh a heigh of over 30 feet At the speed of 90 miles an hour /storage/tailieu/files/source/20100706/thuyhuong282/toeflgrammar1_5 086.doc 53 At about 17,000 feet per second / a second An earthquake of magnitude eight on the Richter scale NGOẠI NGỮ 24H 55 WWW.NGOAINGU24H.VN To cover area of 120 square miles Half a degree Celsiuse, One degree centigrade, 90 degreesCelsuse, 55 degrees Farenhei the lowest temperature possible is -273.16 degrees centigrade 9.6 Comparative times/ twice as far as comparable More/less than 200 nation states = over 200 nation states Cost me times as much as the last pair Although there was appoximately 120 intensive languas institutes in the US in 1970s, ther are morethan timesas manynow 9.7 Maths A third = 1/3; fifth = 2/5 To rise on half a degree Celcuise To be reduced by 400 meters To expend the bed by 10 to 50 percent To reduce (sth) to about a half giảm xuống ½ 10 EXPRESSIONS - PHRASES Nouns Once a busy city Skin(s) Improvement(s) uncount noun: sunshine on foot, by canoe, on houseback by car, in cars, in a car from one to another Of all the lawsuits, 95% of them are filed… To be second only to One’s ability to – inf Nassau hall is the oldest building now standing on the campus of Princeton University Wage rates depend in part on the general properity of the economy On pins and nedles The sales figures – số doanh thu Each and every word Adverbs Already ≠ not yet Near = next to = close to + place Trickly speaking,  thẳng thắn mà nói Many a time = many times - nhiều lần Just asmuch as we 55 Đăng ký học: 0962 60 8801 – 04 6260 3948 Địa chỉ: Số 18 Trần Đại Nghĩa – Q Hai Bà Trưng – Hà nội By no meas = not at all On the contrary - ngược lại Verb 56 TYPE THE DOCUMENT TITLE [...]... Appendices Singular nouns (plural): Improvement(s), mammal(s), fossil(s), color(s), regulation(s), mural(s) – tranh tường; vegetable(s), collection(s); skin (s), superstition(s), culture(s) 3.2.5 Count and noncount noun meanings Agreement(s ) Bone(s) Business(es) Cloth(s) Damage thường sự thiệt hại; damage(s) tiền bồi Decision(s) Education(s ) Fire(s) Glass(es) History(ies) Honor(s) 3.2.6 Collective nouns... /storage/tailieu/files/source/20100706/thuyhuong282/toeflgrammar1_5 086.doc Do manufacture Do contribution to Do a service Do kindness Do harm Do wrong Do justice to – đánh giá đúng 23 To Advise Advise (sb) not to do (sth) Advise (sb) of do (sth) = inform (sth) Advise (sb) on (sth) = should do (sth) Advise (sb) against (sth)/ doing (sth) = should not do (sth) Advise (sb) that + clause Advise (sb) how to do (sth) To have To have a lack of (sth) =... please tell me … To prefer Prefer + (O) Prefer (N 1) to (N 2) = prefer to do (sth) rather than do (sth) Prefer to-inf = prefer + V-ing To take To take a dicision = To make a dicision = to decide To take a turn To take credit for (sth) To take precaution against / for It takes (sb) (time) + to do (sth) = (Sb) spend (time) + doing (sth) = (Sb) spend (time) + on (sth) To take a day off work ngày khơng làm... bách, bắt buộc (a) 2.2.3.2 S+ V + to+ be+ pp Ex There is (sth) to be passive passive + that + clause (bare-inf) + main V + that + clause (bare–inf) Or + to – inf active 2.2.4 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + IO (sth) List of verbs: Write Read Sing Tell Paint Draw Pass Hand Give Send Borrow (sb) (sth) = borrow (sth) from (sb) Lend * (sth) to (sb) Mail Bring Find Get Leave + (sb) + (sth) Promis e Offer... Reward (sb) for (sth) Advise on (sth) Appeal for – kêu gọi Pay for (sth) Buy / sell / purchase + (sth) + for Apply to (place) for (position) – xin vào (money) Gain prominence for – được Appose to + V-ing chú ý vì Mistaken for (sth) – bò nhầm Approve of với Arive at place, in country, in city, home Attach to Pay for (sth) with cash Attribute to Believe in, belief(s) in Spend (money) for (n) Belong to (sth)... hành, hứa Depend on * hẹn Observe in (light, flame) Design on * Participate in Focus on * Rank in (value) – xếp hạng Insist on / that (inf)– khẩn khoản đòi, nhất theo Range in (size) – phân loại định * Plan on (V-ing) * theo Succeed in Rely on: to be dependent – tin vào Spend (time) on (sth) = spend (time) doing Vary in (sth) (sth) * Spend (money) for (sth) * Vote on (sth) * Ex I forgot about our asking... force (sb) + to–inf.bắt buộc To let + (sb)/(sth) + bare–inf Would you please * + (not) + bare-inf + that + clause (bare-inf) Please * + (don’t) + bareinf To say/ tell + (sb) To think / believe 2.2.5.2 Passive: S + Vt + IO (sth)+ pp./ Adj Have / get/ make + (sth) + pp nhờ (ai) làm … Ex To have my hair cut To have the floor cleaned Let us do (sth) = let’s do (sth) 2.2.6 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) +... S + V + IO (sth) + to/for (DO) (sb) Explain Describe Introductio + (sth) + to/for (sb) n Lend Say Report Repeat /storage/tailieu/files/source/20100706/thuyhuong282/toeflgrammar1_5 086.doc 1 1 2.2.5 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + Bare Inf form 2.2.5.1 causative Active To have/get + (sb) + bare – inf To have/get + (sth) + pp passive To help + (sb) + bare-inf / to – inf To make + (sb)/(sth) + bare-inf... (sth) Lead to Object to (sth/ one’s Ving) Refer to Regard to Relate to (sb) Remind (sb) of (sth/sb) Search for – tìm kiếm Serve as position Succeed in – successful – success – thành cơng Succeed to – successive – succession – kế thừa, kế tục Worry about Talk + to (sb) about (sth) Talk with (sb)(sth) – trình bày (sth) Qualify for To cast off = to give up – từ bỏ, đầu hàng Register (sb) for (course)... V: S + Vt + O (sb/sth) + (as / to be) + OC (complement) List of verbs: Call Name Make Consider * (sb) (as) N = regard * (sb) + as + N – xem như Appoint *– bổ nhiệm + O (sb/sth) + (as / to be) + OC Assign – phân cơng, chỉ định Designate (chỉ định) Choose Select Pick – out /storage/tailieu/files/source/20100706/thuyhuong282/toeflgrammar1_5 086.doc 11 2.2.9 S + V + (not) + Gerund (V-ing) hòan thành cơng