WORD LIST : TEST REGULATION (n) - Sự điều chỉnh,quy định, quy tắc - an authoritative rule If you're trying to remember what a regulation is, think about the phrase "rules and regulations." regulations are often set by governing bodies of a sport or other activity - thus, there is an accepted regulation-size soccer ball, set by fifa, professional soccer's governing body Eg : Other european countries, notably the netherlands, adopted stricter regulations Eg : Many government agencies are in charge of regulating industries, setting up regulations that companies need to follow to keep us all safe DIVERT (v) - Làm trệch đi, làm trệch hướng - turn aside; turn away from To divert means to shift or turn from one thing to another a magician might attempt to divert your attention as he shoves the rabbit into the hat Eg : Russian president vladimir putin retaliated by saying moscow would divert more energy resources to asia Eg : What heavy lifting it would take to divert wealth back downwards COMPLACENT (adj) - Tự mãn,bằng lòng, vừa ý, thoả mãn - contented to a fault with oneself or one's actions Someone who is complacent has become overly content : the junk-food-eating couch potato might be feeling complacent about his health Eg : If you go in complacent, you wind up on the losing end Eg : But mr scaroni knows he cannot be complacent LEVY (v, n) - Thu thuế,tuyển quân - impose and collect,assemble or enlist in the military Use the word levy as you would use the word tax: "when the state government imposed a levy on soft drinks, thousands of citizens took to the streets in protest" Eg : A hefty tax is usually levied on cash brought back from overseas Eg : Last fall, medicare began sharing the pain, levying financial penalties such as reduced reimbursements to hospitals when too many recently released patients return ELIMINATE (v) - Loại ra, loại trừ,hủy - terminate, end, or take out As eliminate means "get rid of or away with," it has become used to refer to the end of a problem or even an entire species we need to eliminate sources of pollution in order to maintain a healthy world Eg : Others already have axed sports teams and even eliminated teaching positions, but still may have to tap savings just to make it through year’s end Eg : Officials this year eliminated high school math and science teaching positions and cut baseball, crosscountry and swimming PARAMETER (n) - Thông số, tham số, tham biến - a constant in the equation of a curve that can be varied to yield a family of similar curves A parameter is a limit in mathematics a parameter is a constant in an equation, but parameter isn't just for math anymore: now any system can have parameters that define its operation you can set parameters for your class debate Eg : While setting some parameters is necessary, overly restricting social media use is counter-productive Eg : The commissioner knew what parameters were acceptable and moved in that direction EXEMPTION (n) - Sự miễn (thuế ) - an act exempting someone 106 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com When you get an exemption, you don't have to something in the sixties, some people got exemptions from military service during the vietnam war Eg : Tax exemption is a powerful tool, as the boy scouts of america are about to find out Eg : Exemption can cover income taxes and property taxes too BELATED (adj) - đến muộn, đến chậm - after the expected or usual time; delayed Something belated comes after the fact if you are late to deliver a birthday greeting, then make it a "happy belated birthday" card Eg : He simply wanted the money, perhaps a belated birthday present after he turned 50 last month Eg : Sixty years later, mr brickman has helped to see belated justice done OBSOLESCENCE (n) - Sự mai - the process of becoming obsolete; falling into disuse or becoming out of date Fashion trends come and go, and often return after a time but gimmicky fads quickly fall into obsolescence, losing appeal and falling out of sight - you know anyone who still has a pet rock? Eg : And in our own fallen times, when record stores are heading toward obsolescence? Eg : Under a strategy of planned obsolescence, consumers are being asked to discard their technology devices long before their useful life has ended SPECIFICATION (n) - Ghi rõ, định rõ, chi tiết, đặc điểm - a detailed description of design criteria for a piece of work In the 17th century, the word specification emerged with the meaning of giving something a specific quality the technical meaning, applied to building and engineering plans, developed in the late 18th century the meaning of the word is precise, referring to specific plans, although just because it's a specification doesn't mean it is accurate Eg : In the past, boeing had given its suppliers very detailed specifications Eg : Qualcomm has not released any detailed specifications at this point CONCEPTUAL (adj) - Thuộc quan niệm, nhận thức - being or characterized by concepts or their formation Something is conceptual when it deals primarily with abstract or original thoughts a conceptual plan is one in an early stage to make it work, you'll need to flesh out the details Eg : Some of this labor involves the french moving into conceptual space that was seen, not so long ago, as indisputably american Eg : If you're conceptual, writing down goals probably seems pointless REPLICATE (v) - Bản - make an exact copy of; reproduce Did you just figure out how to make that excellent pizza you had in philadelphia? then what you've done is replicate it, meaning you've been able to reproduce it Eg : Graduate students could, in addition to learning the guidelines, train by replicating published studies Eg : Energy and infrastructure loan programs first put into action in the last four years are being replicated by numerous other countries around the world SOLDER (v, n) - Hợp kim (để) hàn, chất hàn - join or fuse with solder If you want to be a metalsmith you'll have to become familiar with solder, which is the substance you use to fuse two metal surfaces Eg : That meant lanza required special supervision when using soldering tools, for instance Eg : Solder these two pipes together 107 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com RELIABILITY (n) - Sự đáng tin cậy - the quality of being dependable or reliable It's nice when someone compliments your reliability because it means they think you are dependable things that are known for reliability? your best friend, sunrise, sunset and unfortunately also taxes Eg : In the context of the electric power grid, resilience is not reliability Eg : But reliability alone is not an adequate customer draw MANUFACTURE (v) - Sản xuất - produce naturally To manufacture something, is to make or construct it, usually for industry and sale unless you make all your own clothes, a company probably had to manufacture them Eg : Across europe, surveys showed manufacturing contracting in every country except germany Eg : The dog food, all manufactured at a plant in kansas city, kansas, was recalled across eight midwestern states COMPLIANCE (n) - Bằng lòng, ưng thuận - the act of submitting; usually surrendering power to another Compliance is what you when you try to fit standards set down by someone else a restaurant chef's compliance with a new sugar-free menu might inspire even the pastry chefs to follow the recipes Eg : We will be increasing both compliance and customer support staff in the coming weeks Eg : The compliance board rejected several arguments the regents advanced seeking to justify what happened INTEGRAL (adj, n) - Phần quan trọng - existing as an essential constituent or characteristic Something that is integral is very important or necessary if you are an integral part of the team, it means that the team cannot function without you Eg : Seller financing is an integral part of today's business-for-sale marketplace Eg : In fact, they play an integral role in the city's vibrant informal economy LEGISLATION (n) - Lập pháp,pháp luật - the act of making or enacting laws Legislation is the act or process of making or enacting laws some people think there should be more legislation in the area of education and some people think there should be less - governments debates the matter periodically Eg : Call me cynical, but the legislation might have a marginal effect at best Eg : The bonus rules will come as part of wider legislation setting higher capital standards for banks, increasing their costs and curbing freedom to hike salaries VENDOR (n) - Người buôn bán - someone who promotes or exchanges goods or services for money If you are a vendor, it means you're a person selling something, whether it's hot dogs from a food cart or computer software for a tech company Eg : Managers were authorized to make small purchase decisions and vendor selections Eg : During strata 2013, i had nearly 30 vendor meetings in three days SUBSTANCE (n) - Chất,của cải - the real physical matter of which a person or thing consists Any material that possesses physical properties is called a substance the word also refers to the gist or main idea of something if you remember the main point of a lesson, you've got the substance Eg : He reportedly has been charged with possession of controlled substance, cannabis and paraphanalia Eg : Sugar, salt and fat get lumped together in physiological terms as addictive substances AGITATE (v) - Lay động, rung động,xúi giục, khích động - move or cause to move back and forth 108 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com Agitate means to stir up if you watch a horror movie at bedtime, you may be too agitated to sleep movies like that can agitate all sorts of adrenaline responses in the body Eg : The implication agitated him, but lewis said he was “too blessed to be stressed” Eg : Unlike other republican leaders, walker doesn't have to worry about impatient conservatives agitating for change CATHOLIC () - Rộng khắp; phổ biến;đạo thiên chúa, công giáo - free from provincial prejudices or attachments When capitalized, catholic refers to the catholic church with a lower-case "c," catholic means "universal" and "inclusive." if you listen to anything from hip-hop to baroque, you have catholic taste in music Eg : He said his son started a music career in oakland after attending two catholic high schools Eg : Roman catholic church hopes to name replacement for pope benedict before easter PROGENY (n) - Con cái, cháu, dòng dõi - the immediate descendants of a person A sing-song rhyme may help in remembering the word progeny: "all of you, all of me, together we make progeny." the "you" and "me" can be a man and a woman making a baby, or trees and plants making little offshoots, or progeny of their own Eg : Mohammad is just a man; progeny of human beings Eg : Natural selection might be expected to favour the progeny of men who enjoy bringing them up COMPATIBLE (adj) - Thích hợp, phù hợp - able to exist and perform in harmonious or agreeable combination A word that comes up a lot in discussions of both food and people pairings, compatible speaks to a person or thing's ability to exist agreeably with something or someone else Eg : But mobile devices are less compatible with one another Eg : Rusu said the company looked at offerings last summer and liked that embrane's product was compatible with any underlying hardware PROPAGATE (v) - Truyền bá, lan truyền - become distributed or widespread To propagate is to be fruitful and multiply, by the usual routes of reproduction, or by spreading something around - like a rumor Eg : "there are many chefs unintentionally propagating this phenomena," she said Eg : In fact, the radio waves cannot propagate unless the tunnel walls are separated by more than half a wavelength HYBRID (n) - Ghép ,lai - a composite of mixed origin A hybrid is a mixture of two different things, resulting in something that has a little bit of both Eg : It has been interesting see people inventing hybrid models Eg : Even hybrids will have trouble reaching below 90 grams of co/km COAST (n) - Bờ biển - the shore of a sea or ocean The noun coast describes the area where the land meets the sea - the seashore when you're mom says, "we're going to the coast," pack your bathing suit, because you'll be near the ocean Eg : There are typically 11 cyclones per season off australia northwest and northeast coasts Eg : The coast guard then lost communications with the caller, officials said PRESERVE (v) - Bảo quản, bảo tồn, trì - keep in safety and protect from harm, decay, loss, or destruction When you preserve something, you maintain its condition, like trying to preserve your good health by exercising 109 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com regularly and eating right Eg : Mass spectrometry identified organic molecules characteristic of creosote and frankincense, both used for preserving tissue Eg : Royal decree has preserved this eloquent testimony of atrocity so that the people might no longer remain in forgetfulness ACCOMPANY (v) - cùng,kèm theo - go or travel along with The verb accompany means to keep someone company, or to be their companion on a trip or journey in a musical sense, accompany means to play background music for the lead singer or soloist Eg : Obama wants cuts accompanied by closing tax loophole for the wealthy, in effect new taxes Eg : Kids between 12 and 17 are welcome if accompanied by a parent GENUS (n) - Phái, giống,loại - group containing one or more species A genus is a class or group of something in biology, it's a taxonomic group covering more than one species Eg : There may be other such unique systems in this genus as well Eg : Attapsenius, a distantly related genus found solely within the fungus gardens of leaf cutter ants in south america, serves to demonstrate CONSIDERABLE (adj) - đáng kể, to tát - large or relatively large in number or amount or extent or degree Use the adjective considerable to describe something that is large in amount things you probably spend a considerable amount of time on: homework and laundry things you'd rather spend time on: anything that isn't homework and laundry! Eg : No experience or reservations required, but expect considerable exercise Eg : Twelve months later, this past june, butte residents rejected the ordinance by a considerable margin UTILIZE () - Lợi dụng, sử dụng - put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose To utilize is to use what you have or what's available, and it's a three-syllable word meaning the same thing as the one-syllable "use." Eg : Utilizing the human need to feel included has another added virtue Eg : Utilize data whenever possible, and avoid logical fallacies at all costs PALATABLE (adj) - Có thể chấp nhận - acceptable to the taste or mind Something that is palatable is acceptable to one’s sense of taste-literally or figuratively if it's palatable, then you can put up with it - whether it's leftovers or a mediocre made-for-tv movie Eg : adaptation in brain reward circuitry underlie palatable food cravings and anxiety induced by high-fat diet withdrawal• Eg : Native peoples in both hemispheres seem to have considered beech oranges at least palatable FREQUENCY (n) - Tần suất - the number of occurrences within a given time period Frequency measures how often things repeat over time city buses often reach stops at a frequency of every 15 minutes, unless it's snowing or raining really hard in that case, the frequency will slow Eg : Fishing for compliments.post frequency: daily.pet content: high, always dog Eg : Spins rotate around the applied magnetic fields with a distinct frequency CONSUMPTION (n) - Sự tiêu thụ, tiêu dùng - the act of consuming something 110 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com Consumption means using, buying or eating something if we don't reduce our energy consumption, we will run out of fuel conspicuous consumption is buying something to show off Eg : He said increases planned in excise taxes were likely to have a bigger impact on consumption Eg : She hopes to continue studying problematic alcohol consumption and drug abuse MARINE (adj) - (thuộc) biển - of or relating to the sea If it has to with the ocean or sea, you can call it marine your friend in us armed services who is a marine probably spends a lot of time near the ocean Eg : Her research is on ecosystem-based management, ecosystem services valuations, and marine spatial planning Eg : The varied and widespread symptoms of nitrogen pollution are grassland changes, acidic soils, stressed biodiversity, marine pollution, algal blooms and dying fish TERRESTRIAL (adj) - mặt đất,ở cạn - of or relating to or characteristic of the planet earth or its inhabitants Not straying far from its latin root "terra" meaning "earth," terrestrial means "of the earth." if it's terrestrial, you'll find it on earth if it's extra terrestrial, you'll find it emerging from a ufo Eg : Changes in terrestrial plant and animal species ranges are shifting the location and extent of biomes, and altering ecosystem structure and functioning Eg : Terrestrial species are moving up in elevation at rates to times greater than initial estimates SUPPLANT (v) - Hất cẳng (ai) - take the place or move into the position of Kate was out sick for a month with mono, and when she came back to school, jessie had supplanted her as the funny girl at the lunch table supplant means to take the place of Eg : That prospect has receded, supplanted by talk of a bigger single currency area Eg : The computer has supplanted the slide rule ULTIMATE (adj) - Tối đa,tối cao - furthest or highest in degree or order The last in a series can be described as the ultimate a cheeky kid, when asked what she wants to be when she grows up, might say, "i want to be an actress, a singer, and a veterinarian, but my ultimate goal is to be president of the united states." Eg : The appeals court's ultimate decision after wednesday's hearing could be the final word on the matter Eg : Grandma was recognized as the ultimate authority in the clark house COMMONPLACE (adj) - Tầm thường,cũ - completely ordinary and unremarkable Eg : The author and his family are not immune from the broken homes, drug abuse, alcoholism, prostitution and violence so commonplace in the city Eg : Kids exposed to a commonplace chemical early in life are more likely to have asthma, according to a published today COMPLEMENT (n) - Bổ sung,làm đầy - something added to complete or embellish or make perfect A complement is something that makes up a satisfying whole with something else those shiny red shoes you just bought complement your shiny red purse Eg : All the other mediums are being augmented and complemented by social Eg : A fine wine is a perfect complement to the dinner 111 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com COLLEAGUE (n) - đồng nghiệp - an associate that one works with A colleague is someone you work with at your job when you are a teacher, the other teachers are your colleagues when you work as a cashier at 7-11, the guy at the deli counter is your colleague as well Eg : Nina kraus and her colleagues at the auditory neuroscience laboratory at northwestern university are doing interesting work in this area Eg : More importantly, tucker and his colleagues said they were still keen on quantitative easing REVENUE (n) - Thu nhập - the entire amount of income before any deductions are made Revenue is money earned by a business, or income received by the government from taxes the government is always interested in dreaming up new sources of revenue, and so is the average head of a company unless she doesn't want to be the head anymore Eg : Any new revenue gained from closing tax loopholes, he said, should now be put into lowering tax rates Eg : Metropcs reported a 65 percent fall in quarterly net profit last week as revenue growth slowed for the eighth straight quarter PRESENCE (, n) - Sự có mặt - the state of being present; current existence Presence is the state of being somewhere when you get an invitation that reads "your presence is requested," you are being asked to show up your style of being there - your demeanor or bearing - is also your presence Eg : Despite a modest measure of charm in private conversations, louis never developed a compelling public presence Eg : The decline has been largely attributed to the increased presence of armed guard detachments on board merchant vessels INSURMOUNTABLE (adj) - Không vượt qua (vật chướng ngại ) - not capable of being surmounted or overcome The adjective insurmountable describes some barrier that is incapable of being overcome the great wall of china was meant to be an insurmountable deterrent to would-be invaders Eg : There are two seemingly insurmountable obstacles plaguing solar manufacturers right now: silicon prices and china Eg : So long as standards are properly set, and enforced, these differences should not prove insurmountable ENHANCE (, v) - Cải thiện - increase Many people use the expression "enhance your chance" to point out ways to increase your chances of winning or earning a contest or prize when you enhance something, you heighten it or make it better Eg : This sauce will enhance the flavor of the meat Eg : This will enhance your enjoyment IMMEDIACY (n) - Sự lập tức, tức - the quickness of action or occurrence This word is a member of the "immediate" family Eg : Ms jensen said these personal introductions were in keeping with the immediacy of his work Eg : Municipal debt may be much smaller, but sometimes immediacy counts more than size CONSCIOUS (adj) - Tỉnh táo, có ý thức - intentionally conceived Conscious is a latin word whose original meaning was "knowing" or "aware." so a conscious person has an awareness of her environment and her own existence and thoughts if you're "self-conscious," you're overly aware and even embarrassed by how you think you look or act but that sounds better than being unconscious, or 112 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com totally unaware and out of it Eg : But many millennials did, in fact, become more conscious about conserving energy Eg : We kind of stopped doing that in later years, but this time, we made a conscious decision EFFICACY (n) - Tính hiệu quả; hiệu lực - capacity or power to produce a desired effect Efficacy is a more formal way to say effectiveness, both of which stem from the latin verb efficere "to work out, accomplish." the effectiveness, or efficacy, of something is how well it works or brings the results you hoped for Eg : There is still only limited data on the device’s efficacy Eg : A scientist does research to determine the efficacy of a vaccine or medicine under development if it is efficacious, it will cure or prevent a disease DISPARAGE (v) - Chê bai; coi rẻ, xem thường - express a negative opinion of If you haven't got anything nice to say, then it's time to disparage someone it means to belittle or degrade a person or idea Eg : Usually the perpetrator turns up and he's very disparaging about the victim Eg : This movement twisted historical events and wrote material brimming with native valour, disparaging to other countries COMPRESSION (n) - Sự ép, nén, cô đọng - applying pressure Whenever something is squished together, compression takes place, like a tight bandage around your sprained ankle - the compression helps protect it from further injury Eg : Most other image compression systems, such as the widely used jpeg format, are applied after an image has been snapped Eg : While in the hospital, he sustained a compression fracture in his lower spine, then developed an infection in that same area OBSTACLE (n) - Sự cản trở,chướng ngại vật - something that stands in the way and harm your intention When the road is blocked ahead of you, that blockage is an obstacle that keeps you from getting where you want to go Eg : But security remains a major obstacle to rebuilding Eg : There are formidable obstacles in the way of this particular scheme 113 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com WORD LIST : TEST OPTIMISTIC (adj) - Lạc quan - expecting the best in this best of all possible worlds An optimistic person thinks the best possible thing will happen, and hopes for it even if it's not likely someone who's a tad too confident this way is also sometimes called optimistic Eg : With four days left on kickstarter, we are remaining optimistic that the community can pull this one out in dramatic fashion Eg : Second sight said it was optimistic that insurance would cover it IMPLEMENT (n, v) - Thi hành, thực hiện,bổ sung - pursue to a conclusion or bring to a successful issue or apply in a manner consistent with its purpose or design The noun implement is a very useful word for just about anything you want to describe as a tool or a thing that helps you something an implement can be as simple as chimpanzees using a stick to eat ants with or a bulldozer that moves huge amounts of earth in building the word relates to something that "fills up" a house, as in all sorts of things that allow a house to work properly Eg : Patents were never intended to protect broad, abstract concepts that can be implemented in many different ways Eg : A complete redesign could take around nine months to implement, he said CONSULTATIVE (adj) - Tư vấn - giving advice You’re probably familiar with the verb consult, which means "get advice." consultative is just the adjective form of that verb consultative can be used to describe anything or anyone in the business of providing advice or counsel It’s often used to refer to a formal group, such as a consultative committee that advises a government, or a company that provides consultative services in a particular area of expertise Eg : Denis bradley of the consultative group on the past said northern ireland had moved forward politically Eg : In important matters, as well as in the smallest, she has both a consultative and deliberative voice EXPLICIT (adj) - Rõ ràng, dứt khoát, nói thẳng - anything explicit is very clear, whether it's instructions or a dirty movie Thanks to parental-advisory warnings about "explicit language" or "explicit violence," you might think this word only applies to things that are dirty, naughty, or adult in some way that is a common meaning of explicit, but it's not the only meaning this also means anything that is clear and easy to understand explicit orders are easy to carry out; explicit instructions are easy to follow when someone is explicit, they're not beating around the bush or being confusing Eg : Once again, the relationship between data and advertising is made explicit Eg : Flexible pay could increase to twice fixed salary, but only with explicit shareholder approval SEGMENT (n, v) - đoạn, khúc, đốt, miếng - one of the parts into which something naturally divides A segment is one of several pieces that together create a whole you could offer a segment of your orange to your girlfriend as a valentine's day gift She’ll probably enjoy the orange, but she may break up with you Eg : Woo believes the company will focus on more than just growing new segments of its business going forward Eg : Still, there are ways to wall off or split up the most critical segments of infrastructure-and to monitor further efforts to break in GEAR (n, adj) - Cơ cấu, thiết bị,lên số,đẩy nhanh - equipment consisting of miscellaneous articles needed for a particular operation or sport etc 151 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com The noun gear refers to several things first, it’s the equipment we need for a sport or event a gear is also a wheel with teeth that interlocks with another gear to transmit motion in a machine Eg : As iran gears up for elections in june, the fanfare of vetting a presidential candidate list is once again in full swing Eg : He struggled mightily in his first month, with defenses geared up to shut him down INCENTIVE (n) - Sự khuyến khích,động (thúc đẩy làm việc gì) - a positive motivational influence If your mom wants you to mow the lawn but you don't feel like it, she might offer to treat you to ice cream after as an incentive an incentive is something that stimulates you to take action or work harder Eg : Government incentives, including taxes, rebates and guaranteed electric pricing, have propelled the solar market's growth worldwide Eg : A sharp drop in inventories over the last year has given developers more incentive to build homes FUNDAMENTAL (n, adj) - Cơ bản, sở, chủ yếu - the foundation,essential, principles Fundamental has its roots in the latin word fundamentum, which means "foundation." so if something is fundamental, it is a key point or underlying issue -the foundation, if you will - that the thing is built upon teachers argue that math fundamentals include memorizing the times tables and understanding long division many people would also argue that math fundamentals should include knowing how to use a calculator and knowing where the calculator's extra batteries are kept Eg : At every level there are fundamental laws governing a particular system which we have to understand Eg : He said it was "fundamental" to discuss the american movie industry's ways of portraying iran in order to prevent "an insane war." CRITERION (n) - Tiêu chuẩn, tiêu chí - standard A criterion is a category for judging, but can also be a prerequisite for an achievement it might be an application requirement for a teaching job that you have taught already for two years if you haven’t, then we say you haven’t "met the criterion" for job experience likewise, if you establish the model for something, say you deliver an exciting, profound graduation speech, we might say you "set the criterion" for future speakers Eg : Some products are changing to meet the criteria Eg : There is no special selection criteria for the rental screenings COMMITMENT (n) - Lời cam kết; điều ràng buộc - the act of binding yourself (intellectually or emotionally) to a course of action Making a commitment involves dedicating yourself to something, like a person or a cause before you make a commitment, think carefully a commitment obligates you to something Eg : There is no funding beyond a two-year research and development commitment by tito Eg : As i made commitments and accumulated things, he remained devoted to his craft, never doubting his talent CORRUPT (v, adj) - đút lót,đồi bại, thối nát - make illegal payments to in exchange for favors or influence When you corrupt someone, you convince them to something wrong or even illegal if you talk your little brother into stealing cookies from the cookie jar, you're corrupting him something corrupt is rotten, spoiled, or out of commission, like a file that makes your computer crash a corrupt person a criminal, a crook, or a cookie thief brings society down with immoral and dishonest behavior corrupt goes back to the latin roots cor-, "altogether," and rumpere, "break" Eg : Afghanistan's banking system is a corrupt mess and the country's financial institutions are not trusted 152 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com IDENTIFY (v) - Nhận - recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something You might identify a ming dynasty vase, a suspect in a bank robbery, or an ivory-billed woodpecker whatever it is, when you recognize the identity of someone or something, you identify it Eg : Reuters reported exclusively in august that sands allowed a man identified by the u.s Eg : Modern scientists identify and measure past eruptions using layers of volcanic debris found in ice cores, lake sediments, and other undisturbed soils UNIQUE (adj) - Duy nhất, đơn - the single one of its kind If something is unique, it's the only one around you might think getting a nose ring would make you unique, until you see five other people on the street with the same piercing Eg : National academy of sciences in its unique charter, exactly 150 years ago Eg : In addition, we wanted to be sure each brand's unique editorial voice was well represented ILLEGAL (adj) - Bất hợp pháp - prohibited by law or by official or accepted rules Something illegal is against the law or breaks the rules if you're reading this in jail, you've probably done something illegal, and if you're not in jail, there's plenty of time to obey the law Eg : Illegal elephant ivory and rhino horn are routinely seized in large quantities, too Eg : Most of the illegal immigrants in the united states are hispanics LEASE (n) - Cho thuê - a contract granting use or occupation of property during a specified time for a specified payment To lease something is to borrow it in exchange for money if you lease a car from a dealer, for example, you make payments and you get to drive the car, but at the end of the contract you have to give it back Eg : However, some have new office leases in dallas, and that atlanta too may get state farm workers seeif happens, is it tax motivated? Eg : Real america, as seen through his cameras, is ready to lease that land but is halted by unthinking greens VIRTUAL (adj) - Thực sự, thực tế - existing in essence or effect though not in actual fact The adjective virtual is used to describe something that exists in essence but not in actuality you may have made a virtual friend on an online gaming site, but don't expect that person to meet you for coffee Eg : Perhaps run more than one android virtual machine simultaneously Eg : Local views on housing shortages translate into a virtual stalemate DETECT (v) - Dò ra, tìm ra, khám phá ra, phát - discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of The verb detect means to discover or observe the existence of something if you walk into your house and detect the odor of burnt food, you can deduce from the evidence that you will be going out to dinner tonight! Eg : Scientists point out that we have never detected an asteroid this large passing so close to our planet Eg : A smartphone app that can detect medical conditions by looking at your wee has been shown off in los angeles, united states SURVEILLANCE (n) - Sự giám sát - close observation of a person or group Many times, a person suspected of something illegal by the authorities is placed under surveillance, meaning he or she is closely watched to see if their suspicions are well founded Eg : To be under surveillance Eg : Staircases were sealed off with bars, the source said, and the area was covered by armed patrols and surveillance cameras 239 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com WORD LIST : TEST FIERCE (adj) - Dữ dội, mãnh liệt - marked by extreme and violent energy Fierce is ferocious and forceful, like a lion when you are fierce, opponents fear you despite their loss, the talented jv team put up a fierce fight against the varsity squad Eg : Strikes signal fierce escalation in syria ballistic missile attacks on aleppo left homes pulverized beyond recognition and people torn to shreds instantly Eg : But competition on the south side was fierce in those days, and he moved back home after failing to establish himself NATIVE (adj) - Bản địa - belonging to one by birth,an indigenous person The word native has to with where you're from you're native to the country where you were born, and places have native plants and animals too Eg : Many native artists studied abroad Eg : Native windows apps look striking, but 3rd party software is marred by blurry text HARNESS (n, v) - Khai thác - exploit the power of Harness natural forces and resources Eg : If these physical assets can be harnessed, scotland will be quite a side Eg : Into his sailing jackets he introduced integrated safety harnesses, which have saved many lives OVERCOME (v) - Vượt qua, khắc phục - win a victory over Use the verb overcome when you talk about someone who has triumphed over adversity it's great to see a friend who's always struggled in school overcome his learning disabilities and make the honor roll Eg : But, then again, andino has overcome tougher odds before Eg : At age 70, she had overcome adversity many times before SPATIAL (adj) - Không gian - pertaining to or involving or having the nature of space Spatial describes how objects fit together in space, either among the planets or down here on earth there's a spatial relationship between mars and venus, as well as between the rose bushes in the backyard Eg : A chapter has closed in a spatial sense, but another has opened Eg : Three sidesteps, natural spatial awareness, startling pace: the scots had absolutely no answer IMPEDE (v) - Làm trở ngại, ngăn cản, cản trở - be a hindrance or obstacle to To impede something is to delay or block its progress or movement carrying six heavy bags will impede your progress if you're trying to walk across town Eg : But mr kirk said that his departure would not impede progress toward a deal Eg : Continued congressional polarisation would maintain policy uncertainty, confound debt and deficit negotiations, and impede economic growth ABNORMAL (adj) - Khác thường - not normal; not typical or usual or regular or conforming to a norm If you get a snowstorm in the middle of july, you could say that you are experiencing "abnormal weather." something that is abnormal is out of the ordinary, or not typical Eg : Every one of us, no matter how damaged or abnormal or shut down, we're all looking for love Eg : We are trying to regulate abnormal fees charged by some lawyers 269 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com FRUSTRATION (n) - Làm thất vọng, làm vỡ mộng - the feeling that accompanies an experience of being thwarted in attaining your goals Frustration is a feeling of annoyance that occurs when something doesn't go as you expect there are few things more likely to cause frustration for an impatient driver than rush hour traffic Eg : Strong at fielding long kicks and making ground in return, but let his frustration boil over at times Eg : Her constant complaints were the main source of his frustration SEVERITY (n) - Khốc liệt, dội - extreme plainness Severity is a plain, no-frills hardness-or the degree of hardness you might talk about the severity of the northern winter, or the severity of your grandfather's discipline Eg : Some appear effective in reducing asthma severity, but there is little evidence to support others Eg : The severity depends in part on how someone is built, he said ENCOURAGE (v) - Khuyến khích, cổ vũ - inspire with confidence; give hope to When you encourage someone, you give him or her the courage or confidence to something, like when you encourage your little brother to play harder by yelling his name from the sidelines of the soccer field Eg : Hayward blamed excessive caution, so costs were slashed and risk was encouraged Eg : His financial success encouraged him to look for a wife TEND (v) - Hướng tới, nhắm tới - have a tendency or disposition to or be something; be inclined If you manage, run, or work at a store, you can say you tend it if you tend the bar in a restaurant, for example, you serve drinks, dry glasses, and fill dishes with pretzels Eg : The best stories for selling tend to be soft news Eg : Large, reputable western banks have been involved in criminal scandals before, of course, but the cases have tended to be isolated COMPENSATE (v) - Bù, đền bù, bồi thường - make amends for; pay compensation for Compensate is about correcting for an imbalance if you step in an unmarked pothole, the city may compensate you by paying your doctor bills treating a broken ankle Eg : But the big fine imposed by u.s regulators and provisions to compensate customers for mis-sold products will eat into profits Eg : Both companies agreed to compensate owners for the added fuel costs SEPARATE (adj, v) - Riêng rẽ, rời, không dính với - her government has made more than two dozen separate announcements of stimulus packages Things that are separate are kept apart from other things a married couple heading for divorce might eat breakfast at separate tables Eg : Her government has made more than two dozen separate announcements of stimulus packages Eg : Obama said he, too, wanted to keep the two issues separate THERAPY (n) - Chữa bệnh - the act of caring for someone Therapy is the act of caring for someone, or the method of caring if you have a rare disease, your doctor's therapy will hopefully cure you Eg : The baby had been off therapy for at least five months, dr gay said 270 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com Eg : Heat therapy gave the best relief ASTEROID (n) - Hành tinh nhỏ - small celestial bodies composed of rock and metal that move around the sun An asteroid is a large, irregularly shaped object in space that orbits our sun if one of these giant rocks ends up on a collision course with earth, we are in for big trouble Eg : Barely a few hours later, an even bigger one made the closest approach to earth ever recorded for an asteroid of its size Eg : First, on february 15, russia was hit with the biggest asteroid in 100 years HYPOTHESIS (n) - Giả thuyết - a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena In science, a hypothesis is an idea or explanation that you then test through study and experimentation outside science, a theory or guess can also be called a hypothesis Eg : A scientific hypothesis that survives experimental testing becomes a scientific theory Eg : Teachers are encouraged to help move from a general question by prompting them to develop working hypotheses GLACIAL (adj) - Nước đá,sông băng - relating to or derived from a glacier Things that are glacial are super cold a place can be glacial - like the south pole - but a person can be glacial, too, like that unfriendly girl who gave you a glacial stare Eg : Taken on iceland's eastern coast, this photo shows glacial ice washing ashore after breaking off a giant glacier Eg : Iceland is an extremely windy place, where powerful winds meet broad glacial floodplains MELT (v) - Sự nấu chảy; tan - reduce or cause to be reduced from a solid to a liquid state, usually by heating To melt means to fade away slowly and disappear, like a snowman in the middle of the sahara Eg : But as spring comes, snow and ice melt leaving vast stretches of desert and dry, sandy earth exposed Eg : They melted while sturdier things like automotive paint survived with nothing worse than a good scouring PROMINENT (adj) - đáng ý, bật - conspicuous in position or importance If you're looking for an adjective that means "sticking out above the rest; famous," consider prominent a prominent person might be the big cheese, the head honcho, the top dog - not just any joe schmo Eg : Prominent austrians in the audience came away impressed Eg : Apple ceo tim cook was given a prominent spot in the first lady’s box SEDIMENT (n) - Trầm tích, lắng cặn - matter that has been deposited by some natural process Sediment is the accumulation of sand and dirt that settles in the bottom of lakes sediment is also what you get in the bottom of a glass of iced tea when the sugar doesn’t all dissolve Eg : A couple hundred miles away, in green river, utah, the sediment corresponds to a few million years later in time Eg : Sediment was about 30 percent nearer its target, helped by more forested buffers being planted to limit runoff into streams and rivers PARADIGM (n) - Mẫu - a standard or typical example A paradigm is a standard, perspective, or set of ideas a paradigm is a way of looking at something Eg : Changing the agricultural paradigm will require new approaches Eg : Even if these new shows end up being remakes of familiar paradigms, more is at stake here 271 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com ERUPTION (n) - Sự nổ ra,phun (núi lửa) - the sudden occurrence of a violent discharge of steam and volcanic material An eruption is an explosion of steam and lava from a volcano this word is also used for other explosions, such as "an eruption of emotions." Eg : It rolled up into the sky, joining the emerging eruption column Eg : It was also by far the deadliest eruption in recorded history DEVASTATION (n) - Sự tàn phá, phá huỷ - the state of being decayed or destroyed When there's devastation, there's terrible destruction you can see the devastation from a violent hurricane and feel devastation over all the people that were injured Eg : Severe spending cuts will unleash waves of devastation across the u.s Eg : After the devastation suffered by the suburbs from rockets, rebel attacks on the city center are sparse in comparison FOSSILIZE (v) - Hoá thạch - convert to a fossil When something fossilizes, it becomes a fossil, meaning it leaves an impression in the earth that far outlives the organism Eg : There are fossilized dinosaur eggs that look like props from "alien." Eg : Authorities accused prokopi of having lied on u.s customs forms when he declared the fossilized bones were worth $19,000 FAUNA (n) - Hệ động vật - all the animal life in a particular region or period When you go on a nature walk in a school setting, you teacher might tell you to observe the flora and fauna in the woods flora is plant life; fauna refers to animals Eg : It denies surfing conditions will be affected, arguing that the sand is frequently moved in storms and is not rich in flora and fauna Eg : Nothing survives outside in such harsh conditions - no fauna and no flora EXTINCTION (n) - Tuyệt chủng - no longer in existence Extinction is when all members of a particular group die most often, we use it to discuss animal species many fear that the tiger is headed for extinction because of development and hunting Eg : The extinction of a species Eg : Scientists say unless the animals are properly protected some species could become extinction within decades SYNTHESIS () - Sự tổng hợp - the combination of ideas into a complex whole Synthesis is a mixture, or a result that comes from adding things together add salt to water, and the synthesis is salt water mix flour, sugar, butter, and eggs together and bake them, and the synthesis is a cake Eg : A standard dna synthesis machine then churns out the corresponding sequence Eg : Low temperatures stops the synthesis of new volatiles, so all those flavor compounds vanish ADOPT (v) - Nhận nuôi; chấp nhận thực - take into one's family;choose and follow; as of theories, ideas, policies, strategies or plans You can adopt an air of nonchalance, a fake british accent, or even a stray dog when you adopt something, you consciously select it and accept it as your own Eg : The final budget will be adopted in early may Eg : More researchers were adopting an evolutionary approach to understanding human and animal cognition 272 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com GRADUAL (adj) - Dần dần, từ từ, bước - proceeding in small stages Use the adjective gradual to describe something that happens slowly, bit by bit, like the gradual increase in the amount of daylight in winter Eg : Woods went through a similar equipment change when he turned pro, though his was more gradual Eg : His successor, rex tillerson, has overseen a gradual opening up CATACLYSM (adj) - Biến động lớn - severely destructive Something that's cataclysmic is violently destructive the word often refers to natural disasters, like a cataclysmic earthquake, but cataclysmic can describe other events as well as long as they're bad enough, like the cataclysmic failure you had making meatloaf Eg : Right-wing israelis and hamas leaders alike are pushing for a cataclysmic fight Eg : Everybody who lost a loved one on that cataclysmic day was immeasurably grief-stricken NOTION (n) - ý niệm, khái niệm,quan điểm - a general inclusive concept If you have a notion that you can swim across the ocean, you are probably wrong a notion is an idea, often vague and sometimes fanciful Eg : Product teams may be disheartened when their preconceived notions turn from promising hypotheses into failed experiments Eg : That notion would have felt ludicrous three minutes from full-time PROPONENT (n) - đề nghị, đề xuất, đề xướng - a person who pleads for a cause or propounds an idea Proponent means someone who is in favor of something you might be a proponent of longer vacations, but your parents are proponents of a longer school year Eg : Proponents say having the roles filled by a single person concentrates too much corporate power and can lead to conflicts of interest Eg : Proponents argue that operators of vehicles, for example, must have liability insurance, so gun owners should as well CATASTROPHE (n) - Tai ương, tai biến, thảm hoạ - a sudden violent change in the earth's surface A catastrophe is a disaster if a wedding reception is disrupted by a fistfight between the bride and her new mother-inlaw, you could call the occasion a catastrophe Eg : Climate engineering may be able to keep temperatures low, unless some other catastrophe occurs Eg : Lack of funds has resulted in a catastrophe for our school system ARCHAEOLOGIST (n) - Nhà khảo cổ học - an anthropologist who studies prehistoric people and their culture An archaeologist is a scientist who studies human history by digging up human remains and artifacts Eg : Archaeologists have unearthed olive pits at sites dating to about 8,000 years old Eg : And dating as far back as 6,000 years ago, archaeologists find evidence of olive oil production in carmel, israel, besnard said EXCAVATE (v) - đào,khai quật - find by digging in the ground To excavate is to remove or find by digging if you have rocky soil in your garden, you may have to excavate it to remove the rocks and replace them with additional soil Eg : The mining company wants to excavate the hillside Eg : A derelict farm in strabane was also excavated but tests had proved negative 273 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com REALM (n) - Vương quốc - a domain in which something is dominant A realm is an area that is ruled by something if you are a controlling cook who doesn’t like anyone to anything else in the kitchen, then the kitchen is your realm Eg : Meanwhile, he argues, large realms of black experience are being ignored Eg : A lot of this discussion takes place in a total fantasy realm where costs are never considered EXOTIC (adj) - Kỳ lạ,vật ngoại lai, vật từ nước đưa vào - being or from or characteristic of another place or part of the world Something so unusual that it must be from some unfamiliar place is exotic an exotic pet might be a panda, instead of a hamster an exotic trip might be a journey to the galapagos islands, instead of to orlando's sea world Eg : While most iditarod racers are from alaska, a few have exotic backgrounds Eg : Exotic plants in a greenhouse COMMODITY (n) - Hàng hoá,tiện nghi - articles of commerce A commodity is any useful or valuable thing, especially something that is bought and sold grain, vegetables, and precious metals are commodities, but so are personal qualities that can be used to make money: originality and imagination are rare commodities in the film business Eg : Since commodity prices are higher than they were several decades ago, deposits once not worth digging up can now be mined at a profit Eg : Wasn't being big in trading commodities, as opposed to merely digging the stuff out of the ground, meant to offer shareholders protection? LUCRATIVE (adj) - Có lợi, sinh lợi - producing a sizeable profit Use lucrative to refer to a business or investment that makes money the drug trade has proved very lucrative, if dangerous, for people willing to risk their lives to take part in it Eg : He has offers to switch to rugby or basketball and turned down a lucrative proposal from the united states to fight in mixed martial arts Eg : Valco pulled out the lucrative insurance business by backing a separate management buyout MERCHANT (n) - Nhà buôn, lái buôn - a businessperson engaged in retail trade A merchant is someone who works in or owns a retail business and sells goods in paris you can stroll from merchant to merchant, buying a loaf of bread in one shop and a wedge of cheese in another Eg : The decline has been largely attributed to the increased presence of armed guard detachments on board merchant vessels Eg : It makes money by charging participating merchants a small fee PENETRATE (v) - Thâm nhập,nhìn thấu - pass into or through, often by overcoming resistance To penetrate is to force into or pierce through if the fog is thick as pea soup, your flashlight won't penetrate it if you stubbornly ignore good advice, people might say nothing can penetrate that thick skull of yours Eg : Thinktanks, government agencies, human rights groups and law firms have all been penetrated Eg : Why are chromebooks penetrating school systems at this brisk pace? INHERIT (v) - Thừa hưởng, thừa kế - receive from a predecessor When your grandmother dies, you might inherit her tea set regardless of her death, you might inherit her sense of humor or rather large nose to inherit is to receive from a predecessor Eg : Her father inherited the family bank, founded by chen’s grandfather and later publicly listed 274 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com Eg : But in modern times, inheriting an old house often is more trouble than it's worth ENLIST (v) - Tuyển (quân),tranh thủ, giành - join the military,hire for work or assistance To enlist is to voluntarily join the military you may have seen television commercials or posters encouraging people to enlist Eg : After enlisting i reported to the fort meade military entrance processing station on october 2007 Eg : He volunteered to go to southeast asia as an enlisted man, where he earned two purple hearts VESSEL (n) - ống, mạch - an object used as a container What a canoe, a soda can, and your arteries have in common? each one is a type of vessel a vessel can be a ship, a container for holding liquids, or a tube that transports blood throughout your body Eg : Seasonal ice in the chukchi sea delayed shell vessels from moving north Eg : He denied his vessels have loaded oil from iran while at anchor in the gulf PROJECTILE (n, v) - đạn,phóng ra, bắn - a weapon that is forcibly thrown or projected at a targets but is not selfpropelled A projectile is a type of weapon that is propelled towards its target if you shoot a gun at someone, the bullet is a projectile, but the gun itself is not Eg : In both cases, loose lawn items will easily become flying and potentially deadly or damaging projectiles Eg : Sakani escaped, but a handgun, homemade projectiles and some explosives were found CATAPULT (v, n) - Phóng,bắn - shoot forth or launch A catapult is something that hurls things through the air, like a catapult that send pumpkins flying in an annual halloween competition Eg : In other words: there would be no divorce segment catapulting into your living room unannounced Eg : But a little more than a year later, support dropped back until being catapulted by the newtown shootings STEM (v, n) - Phát sinh, bắt nguồn - grow out of, have roots in, originate in Sometimes stem means to originate; other times it means to stop something its source you stem the flow of a river, but you can also observe that a river's flow stems from a spring Eg : Money pouring into new build could help to stem price rises while boosting the construction industry Eg : Most wars are prolonged by motives of revenge stemming from earlier hostilities SEIZE (v) - Chiếm đoạt, cướp lấy,nắm vững - take hold of; grab Infomercial salesmen constantly tell you to seize the opportunity to buy their product while you still can supplies are limited! after all, everyone will want that solar-powered puppy petter, so you'd better grab the opportunity and buy two! Eg : Illegal elephant ivory and rhino horn are routinely seized in large quantities, too Eg : His assets could be seized if he does not meet bail EXPEDITION (n) - Cuộc viễn chinh,thám hiểm - an organized group of people undertaking a journey for a particular purpose An expedition is an organized journey that is undertaken for a particular purpose, like a group of scientists launching an expedition to south america to seek out a new medicinal herb Eg : But all too often these kind of expeditions end up looking like stunts Eg : An expedition was sent to explore mars 275 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com RAID (v, n) - đột kích,khám xét bất ngờ - a sudden short attack An attempt by speculators to defraud investors Eg : Finally the authorities stepped in, a curfew was imposed and the raids stopped, for a while Eg : Police in italy raided an asda supplier and found that tomato puree, labelled made in china, had been imported from china SURGE (v) - Sự dấy lên, dâng trào lên - rise and move, as in waves or billows A surge is a sudden strong swelling, like a tsunami wave that engulfs the land although a surge offers a fluid image, anything can experience a sudden surge, including emotions, political support, or an angry mob Eg : Today, he helps power a czech communist party that has surged to second place in polls, tapping anger over poverty and graft Eg : He spent the next year in the shadows, demoralized and depressed, before surging back in december CONQUER (v) - Chinh phục, chế ngự - take possession of by force, as after an invasion To conquer is to defeat someone or something, usually with force, like army troops that conquer enemy territory, or your lunchtime hunger which you conquer with a sandwich and cup of soup Eg : Rising above depression means, more than anything, conquering that fear of failure Eg : Remember napoleon, the french tactical master seeking to conquer europe ACKNOWLEDGE (v) - Thừa nhận, công nhận,tỏ lòng biết ơn, cảm tạ - declare to be true or admit the existence or reality or truth of To show that you know something is to acknowledge it waving "hello" to acknowledge a friend and nodding your head "yes" to acknowledge that you agree with what's being said are both acts showing knowledge or acceptance of someone or something Eg : He acknowledged international concerns over japan's monetary policy and worries a sliding yen could spark competitive currency devaluations Eg : She acknowledged that she might have forgotten RAVAGE (v, n) - Tàn phá - cause extensive destruction or ruin utterly The word ravage can be used as a noun or a verb meaning destruction or to destroy in a war, bombs and the attacking army will ravage the country under siege Eg : Humans as a species have ravaged the earth in many other ways Eg : U.s taxpayers are being ravaged by climate-influenced economic losses OCCUPY (v) - ở, chiếm đóng - keep busy with When you spend a lot of your free time reading tea leaves, you occupy yourself with that pastime, meaning it takes up your time and keeps you busy Eg : Hundreds of students have occupied a second building at sussex university as part of an escalating dispute over the privatisation of campus services Eg : The increase suggests sales of previously occupied homes will continue rising in the coming months EVENTUALLY (adv) - Cuối - after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay Eventually refers to an unspecific time when something will be completed, and it usually suggests it won't be done soon Eg : The shot was initially waved off, but the referees eventually reversed the call Eg : Eventually, georgetown got going and led by as many as seven points in the first half 276 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com WORD LIST : TEST LONGEVITY (n) - Sự sống lâu - the property of being long-lived,last for a long time At the root of longevity is the word long so when you see longevity, think - a long time." in fact, this word has some serious longevity, since it's been around since the 1600s longevity is most commonly used to describe the length of one’s lifetime, but it can also mean a long duration, such as one’s longevity working for a certain company for an extended period of time Eg : Despite rising longevity, congress created an option for early retirement at age 62 in 1961 Eg : Until recently, most studies linking diet with health and longevity focused on calorie restriction EVAPORATE (v) - Làm bay hơi,làm khô - to fade away or to literally turn into vapor People often use the word evaporate metaphorically because it produces a strong image of something disappearing like vapor when the economy goes through a rough patch, funding for projects like education and the arts tends to evaporate or disappear your feelings for a mate might evaporate after you spend too much time with him or her Eg : Traditional equity financing deals have all but evaporated, leaving many small miners high and dry Eg : Tomato fruits are constantly making more volatiles to replace those that have evaporated INFRASTRUCTURE (n) - Cơ sở hạ tầng - the basic foundation or underlying framework of an organization or system Infrastructure often refers to the equipment and structures required by the military or by a country or region roads, bridges, and school buildings are part of our nation's infrastructure, and are necessary for the continued growth of our communities this word was formed as a compound in english, using the prefix infra- "below, underneath." Eg : New infrastructure, better technology, growing urbanisation and the return of emigrants will keep fuelling business Eg : Deadly accidents caused by poor management and a decrepit infrastructure have taken place since mr morsi took office ECOLOGY (n) - Sinh thái học - the noun ecology describes the environment as it connects to living things, or the branch of biology that studies that environment The german zoologist ernst haeckel coined the word ecology almost 150 years ago, and it should come as no surprise his being a serious scientist and all - that he combined a couple of greek words to it oikos means "habitation" and ology means "the study of." so ecology started off as the study of where things live more and more, though, the word is used interchangeably with environment Eg : She studies bird behavior, reproduction, and ecology at large scales using data from citizen science networks Eg : His previous research has focused on chimpanzee ecology in cameroon and ring-tailed lemur nocturnal behavior on st catherines island CONFRONT (v) - Chạm trán, đương đầu,đối mặt - oppose, as in hostility or a competition Confront means either to face a situation that makes you uncomfortable, or to say something to someone about something they've done that bothers you rather than letting things go, when people are rude to you you should confront them Eg : They are confronted on all sides by misery, poverty, insecurity, crime Eg : The riot police feel they are dragged into politics by being forced to confront protesters during mass rallies, he said DECEPTION (n) - Sự dối trá, lừa dối, lừa gạt - a misleading falsehood,a lie or a trick Deception occurs when you deceive, a word that comes from the latin de- meaning "from" and capere, meaning "to take." when you deceive someone, the result may be taking - like items you don't really need from people willing to give 315 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com them, believing they are helping you you may have heard the phrase "take someone for a ride." that's a way of describing deception Eg : He used deception within china to hide his activities not only from the authorities but from chinese companies as well, the officials added Eg : The university said "the proper authorities" are investigating a "very cruel deception." SPECTACULAR (adj) - đẹp mắt, ngoạn mục - sensational in appearance or thrilling in effect;having a quality that thrusts itself into attention Spectacular is both a noun and an adjective the noun spectacular refers to a big, beautiful production, like a play or musical performance that has a huge cast and many dance numbers Eg : On coming to office, he staged a spectacular featuring a host of disney characters Eg : "looking at her numbers, she is having a spectacular year." IMMERSE (v) - Nhúng, nhấn chìm, ngâm - devote (oneself) fully to; enclose or envelop completely, as if by swallowing If you immerse yourself in your work, you completely involve yourself in it, spending long hours in the office and thinking about work all the time Eg : The best global leaders need to immerse themselves in local cultures Eg : Since the port said tragedy, bradley has immersed himself in egyptian society CORRELATION (n) - Sự tương quan - a reciprocal relation between two or more things Correlation is something that scientists are often trying to show - is there a correlation between smoking and poor health or between napping and productivity? how about daily flossing daily and good grades? Eg : What does it say that there’s been no direct correlation between games causing violence? Eg : When connected to all these data sources, machine learning can help make correlations that prevent marketing fails CONTAMINATE (v) - Làm bẩn, làm ô uế - make impure The verb contaminate means the same as pollute whether it’s food, air, or water, when you contaminate something, you make it impure or hazardous Eg : "our case is about the u.n dumping contaminated sewage in haiti's waters that has caused thousands of deaths," he said Eg : Don't drink the water,it's contaminated CONCEDE (v) - Nhận, thừa nhận - acknowledge defeat If you concede something, you admit that it is true, proper, or certain - usually in an unwilling way and often in the context of a competition, as in "at midnight, the candidate finally conceded defeat." Eg : Mr mayer concedes that dispersed shareholding produces benefits Eg : On the other hand, he conceded, it could all end tomorrow CONTROVERSY (n) - Cuộc tranh luận, bàn cãi - a contentious speech act; a dispute where there is strong disagreement Controversy means a public dispute in which there is strong disagreement, but the topic can be as unimportant as a new movie there might be a controversy in the pages of fashion magazines over whether shorter hems are really in style, or whether fashion models should be as thin as they are Eg : "if you get into such controversy, you not only lose money but your reputation is also at stake," he said Eg : Why you think there has been so much controversy surrounding this game? 316 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com EXAGGERATE (v) - Phóng đại, cường điệu - to enlarge beyond bounds or the truth When you exaggerate you stretch the truth fishermen tend to exaggerate the size of their fish and children tend to exaggerate the seriousness of their cuts, in order to get a cute band-aid Eg : She describes the experience of being an outsider in that rarefied world with typical astuteness, but at times exaggerates for effect Eg : Over and over again, the modern science of nutrition has wandered off the reservation by making exaggerated claims DEGRADE (v) - Làm giảm giá trị, giảm sút - reduce in worth or character, usually verbally or lower the grade of something; reduce its worth Degrade means to put down a degrading comment is one that makes the subject feel bad, a degraded field is one whose soil has been worn out if you move from an a average to a b, you've been degraded Eg : The researchers were surprised, jha says, because stressful experiences tend to degrade working memory Eg : His faculties had indeed degraded, but in some ways he remained as sharp as ever EXPLANATION (n) - Sự giải thích, minh - the act of explaining; making something plain or intelligible An explanation is a statement about how or why something is the way it is if you're failing math, you'd better come up with a good explanation to give to your parents Eg : Explanations for their disappearance have historically involved climate change,”hyperdisease,”• comet impact, and hungry humans Eg : He also put forward an explanation of his own: barcelona may be suffering a physical dip ABRUPTLY (adv) - Bất ngờ, đột ngột - quickly and without warning If the weather changes abruptly, from bright and sunny to pouring down rain, you're going to get wet when something happens abruptly, it is sudden and unexpected Eg : The letters stopped abruptly, and spiro said he believes someone told chapman not to write to the police department anymore Eg : As he walked toward deborah, dukes stopped abruptly, turned around and headed back to the podium IMPRINT (v, n) - đóng dấu,in sâu,ảnh hưởng sâu sắc - mark or stamp with or as if with pressure;establish or impress firmly in the mind To imprint is to mark or stamp something, like with the name of a publisher it also can refer to any kind of impression or influence Eg : She subsequently settled in new york and set up bola press, the independent imprint which published most of her works Eg : Fifty shades is published by a random house imprint called virago PRIMITIVE (adj, n) - Nguyên thuỷ, ban sơ,gốc - little evolved from or characteristic of an earlier ancestral type,belonging to an early stage of technical development; characterized by simplicity and (often) crudeness Primitive is related to the word prime, and the root of both words is primus, which is latin for "first." since the phrase "primitive man" refers to the world's first people, you might think that the word primate has something to with the similarity between early humans and monkeys, but it doesn't monkey, apes, and humans are called primates because they're seen as standing on the first, or highest, rung of the animal-kingdom ladder Eg : His real metier turned out to be primitive violence Eg : We’re so clever and civilized, but our hearts are very primitive 317 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com ACCELERATE (v) - Gia tốc,làm nhanh thêm - move faster Accelerate means to speed up a car accelerates when you step on the gas you can accelerate the process of getting a visa if you happen to know someone who works in the consulate Eg : He accelerated the car Eg : Even as gates continued to press his case, the administration quietly accelerated its planning for war ANALYZE (v) - Phân tích - analyze means to study or examine something carefully in a methodical way This verb analyze comes from the noun analysis the noun analysis was in turn borrowed from greek, from analyein, or "to dissolve." if you go into analysis, it means that you will be examined and helped by a mental health professional -€” who will analyze your particular problems and help you find solutions Eg : Ford said he watched texas' comeback against oklahoma twice, trying to analyze why it happened Eg : Worse, critics say the methods used to analyze that data are also deeply flawed in many cases EXPOSE (v) - Phơi bày, bóc trần, vạch trần, bộc lộ - to show, make visible or apparent;put in a dangerous, disadvantageous, or difficult position,expose to light, of photographic film This also means to make known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret Eg : Kids should be exposed to the creative work and problem solving that you get in computer science Eg : Humans being exposed to sewage happens all the time around the globe INTRIGUING (adj) - Hấp dẫn, gợi thích thú, kích thích tò mò - capable of arousing interest or curiosity Intriguing things or people arouse curiosity and have an indescribable draw if you find the night sky intriguing and enjoy pondering the limitlessness of the universe, you should consider becoming an astronomer Eg : Why patrick seems to fascinate and exacerbate so many us racing fans is intriguing Eg : It also raises an intriguing question: could seattle fall for big-time hockey all over again? RAMIFICATION (n) - Sự phân nhánh, chia nhánh - a development that complicates a situation;the act of branching out or dividing into branches The ramifications are the broader effects that fan out into the world from one situation, or decision, that kicks it all off ramification also refers to something branching out, like limbs on a tree - which is what bad decisions tend to ramification is like consequence, but usually unintended and bad the word is often used in political discussions about laws or government decisions because they might be made locally but could affect people worldwide Eg : As usual, they’ll be looking for emerging trends in economic growth, rather than political ramifications Eg : The court's decision had many unforeseen ramifications DISPUTE (n, v) - Cuộc bàn cãi, tranh luận - coming into conflict with;a disagreement or argument about something important; The noun dispute means any conflict or disagreement the countries were in the middle of a border dispute; both sides claimed the toxic waste dump belonged to the other as a verb, dispute can mean to quarrel or argue, but it can also mean to take exception to something if your boasting friend crows because you lost the trivia game to her by 150 points, you may want to dispute the facts it was only 145 points Eg : The ongoing dispute, however, involves far larger amounts Eg : South sudan accused sudan two weeks ago of building up troops near the border, much of which is disputed HAUNT (v, n) - ám ảnh,nơi thường lui tới - the verb to haunt means to appear as a ghost or some kind of supernatural 318 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com phenomenon;be a regular or frequent visitor to a certain place The first recorded usage of the word haunt is in william shakespeare's a midsummer night's dream, a play filled with supernatural characters running around scaring the knickers off each other as shakespeare knew, haunting is at its most effective in the passive voice, because there is much more drama in being haunted than haunting another use of the word haunt is as a noun, and it means "a place that is frequented often," like a popular hangout the gym, a bar, a corner: these are all potential haunts the dentist, the principal's office, a busy intersection: these are not Eg : The ghost of her mother haunted her Eg : Ms ortega was still haunted by the past, but now she was speaking back ENIGMA (n) - ẩn số,bí ẩn - something that baffles understanding and cannot be explained,a difficult problem Take the noun, enigma, for something that is a puzzle or a mystery why you have to learn difficult words like this? that is an enigma Eg : Apple has turned from being a glamorous company to becoming an enigma Eg : A rare german enigma enciphering machine from world war ii is being auctioned in london HOAX (n, v) - Tin vịt báo chí;trò lừa - something intended to deceive; deliberate trickery intended to gain an advantage If you put on big fake feet, stomp through your muddy backyard and tell everyone you saw bigfoot fixing a steak on your grill, you are playing a hoax on your friends Eg : Once the hoax was uncovered, whitehaven shares recovered the losses Eg : Twice last year, the coast guard also pursued time-consuming, high-profile searches that turned out to be hoaxes, one in texas and another in new jersey INHIBIT (v) - Ngăn chặn, hạn chế, kiềm chế - limit the range or extent of;limit, block, or decrease the action or function of When you inhibit something, you block it or hold it back if you put plants in a dark room, you inhibit their growth a teacher who mocks their students for giving wrong answers inhibits their willingness to speak up in class Eg : Contact between the young was inhibited by strict social customs Eg : Unanswered questions and limited additional evidence inhibited the police of going further SOW (v, n) - Gieo; gieo gió gặt bão: sow the wind and reap the whirlwind - place (seeds) in or on the ground for future growth When you plant seeds in the ground, you sow them you can also sow things like doubts or ideas, simply by spreading them around if your ideas (or your seeds) develop and grow, you've successfully sown them Eg : Obama has sown nothing but discord, he argues Eg : Breeding sows are also kept outside, in fields for their productive life ANOMALY (n) - Sự không bình thường, dị thường - deviation from the normal or common order or form or rule; something that is unusual The noun anomaly comes from the greek word anomolia, meaning "uneven" or "irregular." when something is unusual compared to similar things around it, it's the anomaly if you are an olympian who comes from a family of bookish types who all find it strenuous to walk the dog, you are an anomaly Eg : The renewed scrutiny of charles's tax affairs has thrown up other possible anomalies in his arrangements Eg : Four steaks are on the menu, too - a pricey anomaly on an otherwise inexpensive card INTRICATE (adj) - Rắc rối, phức tạp, khó hiểu - having many complexly arranged elements; elaborate Anything intricate is complicated chess is a very intricate game that you could study your entire life and still not know 319 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com everything about a two-part plan isn't very intricate a 2000-step plan is intricate; it's harder to wrap your head around Eg : Early 3d printers could only work in one colour but the latest versions can produce intricate, multicoloured objects Eg : Fish are part of an intricate ecosystem with multiple checks and balances, acting as both prey and predator GEOMETRY (n) - hình học - the pure mathematics of points and lines and curves and surfaces You study geometry in school, and you use it all the time, like calculating the best angle to cut a piece of wood for a birdhouse, or when playing a game of pool astronomers use geometry to measure planets millions of miles away - much easier than finding a ruler that big Eg : "geometry is really important in chemistry," dr hartings said Eg : But in three dimensions, these are not the only "nice" geometries out there ERECT (v, adj) - Dựng nên, xây dựng,đứng thẳng - upright in position or posture Erect means "build" or "upright." if you erect a house, you build it if you stand erect, you hold your body as tall as possible Eg : In other words, he had decided it was time to erect a paywall Eg : Iran, too, has taken preparatory actions, erecting new perimeter fences around its underground enrichment plant at qum ASSERTION (n) - Sự xác nhận, khẳng định, quyết, đoán - a declaration that is made emphatically,the act of affirming or asserting or stating something To assert is to state with force so if someone makes an assertion, they're not just trying out an idea - they really mean it an assertion can also be an act that seems to make a statement without words when your dog urinates in multiple places up and down your block, he's making an assertion of his dominance (also called "marking") over his "territory." Eg : He made the statement in response to an assertion by his other main rival Eg : The advocates' assertions were at times passionate and animated STABLE (adj) - Vững vàng; ổn định - resistant to change of position or condition When something is stable, it's fixed and steady if you needed advice, you'd probably go to your most stable friend, the one least likely to act crazy or be easily upset Eg : In 2008, egypt and syria appeared stable; today they are in varying shades of chaos Eg : Some models, such as the federal home loan banks, have remained stable throughout the recession TRAIT (n) - Nét,đặc điểm điểm,đặc thù - a distinguishing feature of your personal nature In science, trait refers to a characteristic that is caused by genetics having green eyes or being shorter than average are traits a person might have in more general use, a trait is an important part of someone's personality or appearance try to describe your favorite teacher in three words and you'll probably come up with a list of her essential traits - such as compassionate, calm, and kooky Eg : Traits that affect our relationship negatively: critical, judgmental, overbearing, controlling, short fuse Eg : Domesticated species are important tools for comparative genomics, with traits honed by humans over thousands of years SPARSE (adj) - Thưa thớt, rải rác, lơ thơ - thin, not dense Something that's sparse is thin, not dense if you're looking for the perfect place to build a tree house, a sparse forest is probably not your best bet Eg : Marine air base to a sparsely populated part of japan's okinawa island Eg : The house was sparsely furnished, a sofa and one chair slip-covered in beige gone gray at the seats and arms 320 | IELTS Leader | Ebooktienganh.com