Introductory Course Reading PART INCOMPLETE SENTENCES These are the directions for the Part of the new TOEIC test Study them now If you understand these directions now, you will not have to read them during the test • WORD FAMILIES are words that look alike but have different endings Ex: care  careful / carefully/ carefulness Identity  identical / identically/ identify • Noun endings: -ance, -ancy, - ence, - ation, -dom, -ism, -ment, -ness, -ship, -or, -er, -ion : appliance, accountancy, friendship, intelligence, organization, freedom, communism, movement, illness, operator, reader, nation, • • • Adjective endings: -able, -ible, al, -ful,- ish, -ive: capable, possible, chemical, wonderful, reddish, representative Adverb endings: -ly, -ward, -wise: quickly, forward, afterward, anticlockwise, lengthwise, archwise, crosswise, likewise Verb endings: -en, -ify, -ize lengthen, amplify, liquidize Practice (page 110) Noun Suffixes These are common endings for nouns If you see these endings on a word, then you know it must be a noun -dom : wisdom(n), kingdom(n) at the end of a word means: • state or condition • domain, position, rank • a group with position, office, or rank • wise+dom means the state of understanding what is good, right and lasting • king+dom means the domain or area belonging to a king -ity : capability(n), flexibility(n) at the end of a word means condition or quality of • capable+ity means the condition of being capable • flexible+ity means the quality of being flexible -ment : contentment(n) at the end of a word means act of ; state of ; result of • content+ment means the state of being satisfied (content) -sion, -tion: celebration (n) at the end of a word means act of ; state of • celebrate+tion means the act of celebrating -ness: toughness (n) at the end of a word means state of • tough+ness means the state of being tough -ance, -ence: assistance (n) at the end of a word means act of ; state of ; quality of • assist+ance means act of giving help -er, -or: fighter (n), actor (n) at the end of a word means one who ; that which • fight+er means one who fights act+or means one who acts -ist: violinist (n) at the end of a word also means one who ; that which • violin+ist means one who plays the violin Adjective Suffixes These are common word endings for adjectives If you see these ending at the end of a word, you can be certain it is an adjective -ive: extensive(adj), selective(adj) at the end of a word means doing or tending toward doing some action • extend+ive means doing something large in range or amount • select+ive means tending to select -en : wooden (adj) at the end of a word means made of • wood+en means made of wood • Note: When the word is an adjective, the -en means made of We have seen -en at the end of a verb There it means to make -ic: heroic (adj), poetic (adj) at the end of a word means characteristic of ; like • hero+ic means characteristic of a hero • poet+ic means characteristic of (or like) poets or poetry -al: financial (adj), manual (adj) sometimes makes an adjective; when it makes an adjective it means relating to • finance+al means relating to finance (Finance means money.) • manu+al means relating to the hand (Manus means hand in Latin.) -able: portable (adj), pleasurable (adj) at the end of a word means able ; can ; or giving • port+able means can be carried; able to be carried • pleasure+able means giving pleasure -y: hairy (adj), rainy (adj): at the end of a word means having • hair+y means having hair (a lot of hair) • rain+y means having rain -ous: mysterious (adj): at the end of a word means full of • mystery+ous means full of mystery -ful: hopeful (adj), beautiful (adj): at the end of a word means full of ; having • hope+ful means full of hope • beauty+ful means full of beauty Note: The suffix -ful is always spelled with one l; the word full has two -less: powerless (adj), homeless(adj) • at the end of a word means without • power+less means without power • home+less means without a home Verb Suffixes These are common endings for verbs If you see these endings on a word, then the word is most likely a verb -en: brighten (v), soften (v) at the end of a word means to make • bright+en means to make bright • soft+en means to make soft -ize: publicize (v) at the end of a word means to make • public+ize means to make public or to make the public aware of -ate: activate(v), differentiate(v) at then end of a word means to have or be characterized by • active+ate means to make active • different+ate means to make or show a difference -ify or -fy: simplify(v) at the end of a word means to cause to become or to make • simple+ify means to make simple or simpler Adverb Suffixes This is the most common ending for an adverb If you see this ending on a word, you can be fairly certain that it is an adverb However, keep in mind that not all adverbs end this way -ly: quickly (adv) at the end of a word almost always makes an adverb; occasionally it will make an adjective • quick+ly -wise: clockwise # anticlockwise (adv, adj): indicating direction or manner • Clockwise means in the direction in which the hands of a clock rotates SIMILAR WORDS are words having the same roof, prefix or suffix or similar spelling Ex: The manager will except the gift The manager will accept the gift Do you have change for a ten-dollar currency? Do you have change for a tendollar bill? The athlete does not want to loose the race The athlete does not want to lose the race Thai, tie / Wales, whales / Greece, grease / Nice, niece / Pole, poll / gray, grey / lead, led/ die, dye/ flour, flower / bean, been / board, bored / be, bee / sun, son/ for/ four/ two, too/ rose, rows / way, weigh/ pour, poor / ion, iron / right, write/ advice, advise / affect, effect /axe, acts/ facts, fax / formerly, formally/ halve, have/ liar, layer/ close, clothes /picture, pitcher / prince, prints / presence, presents /tense, tents/ weather, whether / dear, deer/ praise, prays/raise, rays / Practice (page 112) PREPOSITIONS words or groups of words, such as in, from, to, out of and on behalf of, used before a noun or pronoun to show place, position, time or method • Prepositions of Time: at, on, and in • We use at to designate specific times The train is due at 12:15 p.m • We use on to designate days and dates My brother is coming on Monday We're having a party on the Fourth of July • We use in for nonspecific times during a day, a month, a season, or a year She likes to jog in the morning It's too cold in winter to run outside He started the job in 1971 He's going to quit in August •Prepositions of Place: at, on, and in • We use at for specific addresses Grammar English lives at 55 Boretz Road in Durham • We use on to designate names of streets, avenues, etc Her house is on Boretz Road • And we use in for the names of land-areas (towns, counties, states, countries, and continents) She lives in Durham Durham is in Windham County Windham County is in Connecticut Prepositions of Location: in, at, and on and No Preposition IN (the) bed the bedroom the car (the) class the library school AT class home the library the office school work ON the bed the ceiling the floor the horse the plane the train NO PREPOSITION downstairs downtown inside outside upstairs uptown You may sometimes use different prepositions for these locations Prepositions of Movement: to and No Preposition We use to in order to express movement toward a place They were driving to work together She's going to the dentist's office this morning Toward and towards are also helpful prepositions to express movement These are simply variant spellings of the same word; use whichever sounds better to you • We're moving toward the light This is a big step towards the project's completion • With the words home, downtown, uptown, inside, outside, downstairs, upstairs, we use no preposition Grandma went upstairs Grandpa went home They both went outside Prepositions of Time: for and since • We use for when we measure time (seconds, minutes, hours, days, months, years) He held his breath for seven minutes She's lived there for seven years The British and Irish have been quarreling for seven centuries • We use since with a specific date or time He's worked here since 1970 She's been sitting in the waiting room since two-thirty Quiz on Prepositions Instructions: For each question, choose the single best answer Make your choice by clicking on its button You can change your answers at any time When the quiz is graded, the correct answers will appear in the box after each question The script that makes this quiz work was graciously provided by Professor Bradley Kjell of the Computer Science Department at Central Connecticut State University My best friend lives Boretz Road a in b on c at I'll be ready to leave about twenty minutes a in b on c at Since Juan met his new girlfriend, he never seems to be home a on b in c at The child responded to his mother's demands throwing a tantrum a with b by c from I think she spent the entire afternoon the phone a on b in c at I will wait 6:30, but then I'm going home a from b at c until The police caught the thief _ the corner of Cascade and Plum Streets a in b at c from My fingers were injured so my sister had to write the note _ me a for b with c to I am not interested _ buying a new car now a to b for c in 10 What are the main ingredients this casserole? a about b to c of 11 My best friend, John, is named his greatgrandfather a after b to c about 12 Grandpa stayed up two in the morning a since b for c until 13 My parents have been married forty-nine years a since b for c Until 14 He usually travels to Philadelphia _ train a by b at c with 15 You frequently see this kind of violence television a with b in c on 16 I told Mom we'd be home an hour or so a to b in c at 17 I was visiting my best friend _ the hospital a of b at c in 18 The professor _ South Africa amazed the American students with her stories a from b of c in 19 I'll see you home when I get there a in b by c at 20 It's been snowing Christmas morning a since b for c until Practice (page 114) CONJUNCTIONS [...]... use in for the names of land-areas (towns, counties, states, countries, and continents) She lives in Durham Durham is in Windham County Windham County is in Connecticut Prepositions of Location: in, at, and on and No Preposition IN (the) bed the bedroom the car (the) class the library school AT class home the library the office school work ON the bed the ceiling the floor the horse the plane the train...SIMILAR WORDS are words having the same roof, prefix or suffix or similar spelling Ex: 1 The manager will except the gift The manager will accept the gift 2 Do you have change for a ten-dollar currency? Do you have change for a tendollar bill? 3 The athlete does not want to loose the race The athlete does not want to lose the race Thai, tie / Wales, whales / Greece, grease /... afternoon the phone a on b in c at 6 I will wait 6 :30 , but then I'm going home a from b at c until 7 The police caught the thief _ the corner of Cascade and Plum Streets a in b at c from 8 My fingers were injured so my sister had to write the note _ me a for b with c to 9 I am not interested _ buying a new car now a to b for c in 10 What are the main ingredients this casserole? a about b... sitting in the waiting room since two-thirty Quiz on Prepositions Instructions: For each question, choose the single best answer Make your choice by clicking on its button You can change your answers at any time When the quiz is graded, the correct answers will appear in the box after each question The script that makes this quiz work was graciously provided by Professor Bradley Kjell of the Computer... Science Department at Central Connecticut State University 1 My best friend lives Boretz Road a in b on c at 2 I'll be ready to leave about twenty minutes a in b on c at 3 Since Juan met his new girlfriend, he never seems to be home a on b in c at 4 The child responded to his mother's demands throwing a tantrum a with b by c from 5 I think she spent the entire afternoon the phone... prepositions for these locations Prepositions of Movement: to and No Preposition We use to in order to express movement toward a place They were driving to work together She's going to the dentist's office this morning Toward and towards are also helpful prepositions to express movement These are simply variant spellings of the same word; use whichever sounds better to you • We're moving toward the light... step towards the project's completion • With the words home, downtown, uptown, inside, outside, downstairs, upstairs, we use no preposition Grandma went upstairs Grandpa went home They both went outside Prepositions of Time: for and since • We use for when we measure time (seconds, minutes, hours, days, months, years) He held his breath for seven minutes She's lived there for seven years The British... specific times The train is due at 12:15 p.m • We use on to designate days and dates My brother is coming on Monday We're having a party on the Fourth of July • We use in for nonspecific times during a day, a month, a season, or a year She likes to jog in the morning It's too cold in winter to run outside He started the job in 1971 He's going to quit in August •Prepositions of Place: at, on, and in • We... close, clothes /picture, pitcher / prince, prints / presence, presents /tense, tents/ weather, whether / dear, deer/ praise, prays/raise, rays / Practice (page 112) PREPOSITIONS words or groups of words, such as in, from, to, out of and on behalf of, used before a noun or pronoun to show place, position, time or method • Prepositions of Time: at, on, and in • We use at to designate specific times The train... television a with b in c on 16 I told Mom we'd be home an hour or so a to b in c at 17 I was visiting my best friend _ the hospital a of b at c in 18 The professor _ South Africa amazed the American students with her stories a from b of c in 19 I'll see you home when I get there a in b by c at 20 It's been snowing Christmas morning a since b for c until Practice (page 114) CONJUNCTIONS