Conjunctions NOT ONLY, BUT ALSO AND BUT ALTHOUGH BECAUSE Conjunctions • A conjunction may be used • Coordinating conjunctions are to indicate the relationship used to join two parts of a sentence that are grammatically between the ideas expressed in a clause and equal The two parts may be single words or clauses, the ideas expressed in the phrases rest of a sentence Ex: My friend and I will attend the Ex: We could go to the meeting library, or we could go to the park Austria is famous for the beauty of its landscape and the He neither finished his homework nor studied for hospitality of its people the test The sun rose and the I went out because the sun birds began to sing was shining The water was warm, but I didn't Conjunctions have two go swimming basic functions: Coordinating conjunctions always come between the words or clauses that they join • The coordinating conjunctions are short, simple words They have only two or three letters There's an easy way to remember them - their initials spell: F A N B O Y S for and nor but or yet so Basic Coordinating Conjunctions Complete the sentences by The waiter was not very nice, choosing the best coordinating the food was delicious conjunction for each space I went to buy a Rolling Stones CD, the shop and but or so didn't have it Jaewon was cold, he Anna needed some money, put on a coat Maria tried to read a novel in _ she took a part-time job There's so much rain lately! French, it was too Maybe it's because of El Nino, difficult maybe it's just coincidence To get from Vancouver to Julie has a guitar, she plays it really well I bought a bottle of wine, 10 The concert was cancelled, we drank it together we went to a nightclub instead Victoria, you can fly, _ you can ride the ferry • Subordinating conjunctions are used to join a subordinate dependent clause to a main clause, for example: Ex: I went swimming although it was cold • Because it was cold, I wore my winter coat • Let us wait until the rain stops For now, you should know some of the more common subordinating conjunctions such as: after before unless if until although … As: because: As he is my friend, I will help him when: We watched as the plane took off After : later in time: After the train left, we went home Although or though: in spite of the fact that: Although it was after midnight, we did not feel tired Before : earlier than: I arrived before the stores were open Because: for the reason that: We had to wait, because we arrived early For: because: He is happy, for he enjoys his work If : on condition that: If she is here, we will see her Providing / provided: on condition that: All will be well, providing you are carefull Since:1 from a past time: I have been here since the sun rose as/ because: Since you are, you can help me So/ so that: consequently: it was raining, so we did go out in order that: I am saving money so that I can buy a new house Supposing: If : Supposing that happens, what will you do? Than: is used in comparisons: He is taller than you Unless: except when, if not: Unless he helps us, we cannot succeed Until / till : up to the time when : I will wait here until I hear from you Whereas: because: Whereas this is a public building, it is open to everyone On the other hand: She is rich, whereas he is poor Whether: if: I don’t know whether she was invited While: at the time when: While it was snowing, we played cards on the other hand: He is rich, while his friend is poor although: While I am not an expert, I will my best In addition, the following phrases are often used at the beginning of subordinate clauses: As if : in a similar way: She talks as if she knows everything As long as if: As long as we cooperate, we can finish the work easily while: He has lived there as long as I have known him As soon as: immediately / when: Write to me as soon as you can As though: in a similar way: It looks as though there will be a storm Even if: in spite of a possibility: I am going out even if it rains In case: because of a possibility: Take a sweater in case it gets cold Or else: otherwise: Please be careful, or else you may have an accident So as to: in order to: I hurried so as to be on time Certain words, such as after, before, since and until may function either as prepositions or subordinate conjunctions Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together The most common correlative conjunctions are: both and either or neither nor not only but also Ex: He is both intelligent and good-natured • I will either go for a walk or read a book • He is neither rich nor famous • He had hardly begun to work, when he was interrupted • If that is true, then what happened is not surprising • She is not only clever, but also hard-working • I would rather go swimming than go to the library • What with all her aunts, uncles and cousins, she has many relatives • Have you decided whether you will come or not? CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER: 1) Which conjunction is used to connect two equal parts of a sentence? either until but since after 2) Which conjunction is used to connect two unequal parts of a sentence? so or but if and 3) Which conjunction is used with the correlative neither? and nor but so or 4) Which conjunction fits best in the sentence: I am hungry xxx I don't want to eat but so after before or 5) Which conjunction fits best in the sentence: He will eat xxx he gets home or because when and since 6) Which conjunction fits best in the sentence: Do you want pizza xxx a hamburger? than so while as or 7) Which conjunction fits best in the sentence: I would tell you xxx I knew and unless if or so 9) Which conjunction fits best in the sentence: He ate xxx he was hungry if so or although because 8) Which conjunction fits best in the sentence: Come xxx get it But and when so 10) How many conjunctions are in the sentence: After Ben and Sid come, we can leave 01234 Conjunctions Combine the sentences using the conjunction given in parentheses Do not change the order of the sentences Pay attention to the punctuation They got married They had to learn to manage their own home (after) He went crazy His wife burnt his breakfast (when) You can hear what I'm saying You keep quiet (if) I won't invite my classmates to a party I know them well (until) • • • He arrived home I had already cleaned the house (by the time) The first quiz was easy This one is extremelly difficult (whereas) She's snobbish People like her (yet) We're broke We can't buy anything (since) He failed He won't give up his ideals (even though) 10 He fell asleep He was watching the film (while) Choose the best conjunction for each sentence _ it was raining, I didn't get wet a Because b Although I don't drink coffee _ it makes me nervous a.although b.as Jerry passed the exam first time _ I had to retake it three times a.as b.while Jun couldn't buy any Christmas presents _ he didn't have any money a even though b because I will be late today _ my car has broken down a because b though Mei Li doesn't speak English, she can't go to university in Canada a.Since b.Whereas _ my wife likes to travel abroad, I prefer to stay at home for my vacations a Whereas b Since Paula got the job _ she had no experience a even though b as • Combine the sentences using the subordinating conjunction at the end of the sentence For example: "I put my coat on It was cold (because)" becomes" I put my coat on because it was cold." 1.You should stay away from bears They are dangerous (because) 2.Surfing is fun It can be dangerous (though) 3.The boat could not move There was no wind (since) 4.I took my umbrella It was raining (as) • Deer are cute They eat all • your flowers (although) • Some apples are red • Others are green (while) • • Connecting Adverbs • • accordingly: so • • also: in addition • • besides: in addition • • • consequently: so • • furthermore: in addition hence: for that reason however: but likewise: in addition moreover: in addition nevertheless: but nonetheless: but otherwise: if not, or else still: but then: next, afterwards so therefore: for that reason thus: so, in this way He was very persuasive; _, I did what he asked She is my neighbor; she is _ my best friend I like the job _, I need the money She had a fever; _, she stayed at home You should stop smoking _, you should it at once! He is a good friend _, I was not embarrassed to ask him for help We wanted to arrive on time; _, we were delayed by traffic The region is beautiful _, the climate is excellent She is very intelligent; _, she is very ambitious 10.They are proud _, I like them 11.The ascent was dangerous _, he decided to attempt it 12.We should consult them; _, they may be upset 13.It is a long way to the beach _, it is a fine day to go swimming 14 We went shopping, _ we had lunch 15 If you are sure, _ I must believe you 16 I was nervous; _, I could not my best 17 He travelled as quickly as possible _ , he reached Boston the next day [...]... (because) 2.Surfing is fun It can be dangerous (though) 3.The boat could not move There was no wind (since) 4.I took my umbrella It was raining (as) • 5 Deer are cute They eat all • your flowers (although) • 6 Some apples are red • Others are green (while) • • Connecting Adverbs • • accordingly: so • • also: in addition • • besides: in addition • • • consequently: so • • furthermore: in addition hence:... best in the sentence: I would tell you xxx I knew and unless if or so 9) Which conjunction fits best in the sentence: He ate xxx he was hungry if so or although because 8) Which conjunction fits best in the sentence: Come xxx get it But and when so 10) How many conjunctions are in the sentence: After Ben and Sid come, we can leave 01234 Conjunctions Combine the sentences using the conjunction given in. .. down a because b though 6 Mei Li doesn't speak English, she can't go to university in Canada a.Since b.Whereas 7 _ my wife likes to travel abroad, I prefer to stay at home for my vacations a Whereas b Since 8 Paula got the job _ she had no experience a even though b as • Combine the sentences using the subordinating conjunction at the end of the sentence For example: "I put my coat on It was cold... saying You keep quiet (if) 4 I won't invite my classmates to a party I know them well (until) • • • 5 He arrived home I had already cleaned the house (by the time) 6 The first quiz was easy This one is extremelly difficult (whereas) 7 She's snobbish People like her (yet) 8 We're broke We can't buy anything (since) 9 He failed He won't give up his ideals (even though) 10 He fell asleep He was watching... _ it was raining, I didn't get wet a Because b Although 2 I don't drink coffee _ it makes me nervous a.although b.as 3 Jerry passed the exam first time _ I had to retake it three times a.as b.while 4 Jun couldn't buy any Christmas presents _ he didn't have any money a even though b because 5 I will be late today _ my car has broken down a because b though 6 Mei Li doesn't speak English, she... likewise: in addition moreover: in addition nevertheless: but nonetheless: but otherwise: if not, or else still: but then: 1 next, afterwards 2 so therefore: for that reason thus: so, in this way 1 He was very persuasive; _, I did what he asked 2 She is my neighbor; she is _ my best friend 3 I like the job _, I need the money 4 She had a fever; _, she stayed at home 5 You should stop smoking ... The region is beautiful _, the climate is excellent 9 She is very intelligent; _, she is very ambitious 10.They are proud _, I like them 11.The ascent was dangerous _, he decided to attempt it 12.We should consult them; _, they may be upset 13.It is a long way to the beach _, it is a fine day to go swimming 14 We went shopping, _ we had lunch 15 If you are sure, _ I must believe you 16