HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGLISH CODE: 17 - GRADUATION THESIS B.A DEGREE IN ENGLISH STUDIES SEVERAL WAYS IN PARAPHRASING FOR THIRD YEAR ENGLISH MAJORS AT HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY Supervisor : PHẠM THỊ MINH PHƯƠNG Student : PHẠM HƯƠNG TRANG Date of birth : 23/05/1993 Course : K18A2 (2011 – 2015) HANOI, 2015 Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open University Acknowledgements Having completed this graduation paper, first of all I am very to acknowledgement to my supervisor Ms Pham Thi Minh Phuong for her enormously helpful guidance and support Without her help, my thesis would have been impossible In my particular, I express my thanks to Prof Le Van Thanh , Rector of Hanoi Open University and Dr Ho Ngoc Trung, Dean of English Faculty, Dr Dang Ngoc Huong and Ms Tran Le Dung (M.A) of English for their support and encouragement My since thanks also go to all the teachers of English Faculty of for their lectures and introduction which are very helpful and useful in my research I also debt to my close friend of Group K18A2 for their ideas and help me to finish this graduation paper Last but not least, I would like to give my thanks to my family members for their help and support Hanoi, May 2015 Student Ph¹m H-¬ng Trang – K18A2 Supervisor Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open University TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements PART A: INTRODUCTION Rationale Scope of the study Aims of the study Methodology The design of the study PART B: DEVELOPMENT Chapter I LITERATURE REVIEW 1.0 Introduction 1.1.Definition of paraphrasing 1.2 The importance of paraphrasing 11 1.3 Summary 13 CHAPTER II : PARAPHRAING SENTENCES AND PARAPHRAING PARAGRAPHS 15 * PARAPHRASING SENTENCES 15 2.0 Introduction 15 2.1.1 Some ways in paraphrasing sentences 15 2.1.1.1 Using different word order 15 2.1.1.2 Using different voice of speech 16 2.1.1.3 Using different ways of speech 22 2.1.1.4 Using different parts of speech 24 2.1.1.5 Using different verb pattern or synonyms 26 2.1.1.6 Using different styles of speech 29 2.1.1.7 Using different kinds of sentences 31 2.1.1.8 Using inferential/implied meaning 32 Ph¹m H-¬ng Trang – K18A2 Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open University 2.1.2 Summary 33 * PARAPHRASING A PARAGRAPH 34 2.2.0 Introduction 34 2.2.1 Some steps in paraphrasing a paragraph 35 2.1.1.1 Looking up the meaning of unfamiliar words 35 2.2.1.2 The writers make ensure that they understand every part the author wants to make in the paragraph 39 2.2.1.3 Looking up the key words of the story such as names of the people, ideas and event etc 43 2.2.1.4 Using one of the strategies to find your own words to rephrase the paragraph 46 2.2.2 Summary 50 CHAPTER III: SOME USEFUL WAYS IN TEACHING AND LEARNING PARAGRAPH 51 3.1 Some ways in teaching paraphrasing 51 3.2 Some ways in studying paraphrasing 58 PART C : CONCLUSION 64 Appendix 66 References 68 Part a Ph¹m H-¬ng Trang – K18A2 Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open University INTRODUCTION Rationale Nowadays, English has become an international language and it is spoken by most of the people throughout the world It is widely used in all fields of society such as : diplomacy, science Technology and foreign trade and so on The purpose of language open usage is to communicate ideas among people People always things for some purposes Communication purpose is also one of the main reasons why people learn foreign language in general and English in particular In Vietnam, together with the open door policy, to fill the duty of industrialization and modernization, learning English is the important and necessary thing It becomes the compulsory subject for pupils in most secondary and high schools In addition, it is more important for those who want to find a good job Therefore, many Vietnamese learners have chosen to learn English more and more However, both learners and teachers of English have to deal with many practices English skills such as listening, speaking, reading and especially writing Writing is considered the most difficult skill because it has wideranging implications for the way we think and learn as well as for our chances of success, our personal development, and our relationship with other people From different kinds of writing, we learn how to of developing out thoughts: how to reflect critically on our own behavior in autobiography ; how to distinguish facts from opinion in concept explanations, further writing helps us to learn effectively and think certifiably However , writing is one of Ph¹m H-¬ng Trang – K18A2 Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open University the most difficult skills as the writers have to choose the words, structures, sentences and punctuations In academic writing, sometimes the writers want to borrow somebody else’s ideas to support their writing without copying her or his exact words The writer can use many ways to this such as: quotation, summary and paraphrase However, paraphrase is better than others because we can rewrite preciously published information in different words without changing its original meaning That is the reason why the writer choose this topic for my graduation paper The thesis hopes that the small work on this field would be useful for English learners, especially third year students English majors at HOU Scope of the study In this thesis, because of the time limit and knowledge relating paraphrasing ; therefore, this thesis will concentrate on some ways in paraphrasing for third year students This thesis decide to devote one chapter for literature review about the paraphrase’s theories ( the definition, the importance) Other chapters are intended the good methods in paraphrasing sentences and some steps in paraphrasing paragraph Aims of the study This study mentions the ways so as to help learners in general and third year students in particular at HOU to improve their paraphrasing skills The study is concerned about: Ph¹m H-¬ng Trang – K18A2 Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open University • The theories those are relevant with the paraphrasing • The definition of sentence • The definition of paragraph • Some ways in paraphrasing sentences • Some steps in paraphrasing paragraph Methodology For achieving the aims states, this thesis has carried out these following methods: • Discussing with my supervisor, teachers and friends who are learning English • Getting information from many foreign books • Consulting supervisor and other teachers • Collecting the paragraphs which are written by students of HOU to find out the good ways to paraphrase The design of the study The thesis is divided into parts: • Part A: the INTRODUCTION : outline the Rationale, Scope Aims, Methodology and Design of the study • Part B : the DEVELOPMENT is divided into chapters: • Chapter I : Literature Review supplies a brief review of paraphrase’s theories • Chapter II : Some ways in paraphrasing sentences • Chapter III : Some steps in paraphrasing paragraph Ph¹m H-¬ng Trang – K18A2 Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open University • Part C : The CONCLUSION with the summary of the main points discussed in the previous parts In this paper, due to the time limit and knowledge of the author, inevitable shortcoming are not avoidable, and the writer would like to express my thanks to my teacher, learners and friends for their comments and suggestions Ph¹m H-¬ng Trang – K18A2 Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open University PART B : DEVELOPMENT Chapter I LITERATURE REVIEW 1.0 Introduction This chapter brings the comprehensive view about paraphrasing helping the writers raise knowledge, improve writing skill with many different ways 1.1.Definition of paraphrasing Defining the word “paraphrase” is not an easy task although paraphrase has been mentioned in a lot of books written by famous linguistics There are different definitions of paraphrase When the writers want to borrow another writer’s ideas to support their argument by using their own words, they cannot avoid paraphrasing Through paraphrasing the writer can express the same ideas in different ways without having any changes Therefore, this chapter would like to introduce some definitions of paraphrase written by famous writers According to Oshima & Hogue in Writing Academic English (p.133): “paraphrase is a writing skill in which the learners “paraphrase” (rewrite) previously published information in different words without changing its original meaning” Normally, the writers paraphrase only short selections such as sentences, a series of sentences, or a short paragraph When we write Ph¹m H-¬ng Trang – K18A2 Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open University a paraphrase, he/she state the author’s thought in his/her own words A paraphrase is usually as long as the original text in order to communicate its full meaning In the St Martin’s Guide to Writing (p.452), Charles R Cooper defined that “Paraphrasing is restating something the writers have read using your own words” As a critical reading strategy, paraphrasing can help to clarify the meaning of an obscure or ambiguous passage It is one of the three ways of integrating other people’s ideas and information into our own writing along with quoting (reproducing exactly the language of the source text, and summarizing (distilling the main ideas of gist of the resource text) the writer might choose to paraphrase rather than quote when resource\s the language is not especially corseting or memorable The writers might paraphrase short passages but summarized longer ones Another view about paraphrasing written by DeliJaJ Valiukennas in Writing with Authority – A guide to Research Process (p.109) is that: “ when you want to take quote material from notes and put it into his/her own words, the writers are said to be paraphrasing.” James A.W Hefferman is Writing a College Handbook (p.245) defined as follow: “paraphrasing is restating a short passage in your own words.” Besides, demonstrating the writer’s understanding of what he/she read, paraphrasing enables we to discuss text without quoting every words from them and thus to avoid interrupting our essay without long quotations If the writers plan to analyze a particular passage in detail, we should quote it in full But if the writers simply want to convey essential point of the passage, they can paraphrase all or part of it Ph¹m H-¬ng Trang – K18A2 Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open University Read and reread the text until you have a good understanding of the main idea and the details Put the text away and write down what you remember without looking at the text Compare the original with the paraphrase: Does it have the same meaning? Did you leave out any essential details? Do you use too many exact words? Put the text away and write down what you remember without looking at the text Circle all of the words that are repeated in the original and your paraphrase Are there any you could change? If words are general and unnecessary to switch (for example: wall, or sit) then don’t worry about switching them If there is a phrase that is either too difficult to translate or just really well-written as is, use quotation marks within your paraphrase However, these should be used sparingly Names not have to be changed Write a Paraphrase as a Class Writing paraphrases together allows you to verbalize the thought process students need to transform the text Start with individual sentences at first until students get the hang of it After students have practiced sentences, it may also be helpful to a class paraphrase of a short paragraph as well Nursery rhymes work very well Ph¹m H-¬ng Trang – K18A2 54 Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open University for this, especially if students are familiar with these nursery rhymes For example, paraphrases of Humpty Dumpty may look something like this: Original text: Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall Humpty Dumpty had a great fall All the king’s horses and all the king’s men, couldn’t put humpty back together again Paraphrase 1: While sitting on a wall one day, an egg had an accident which resulted in tragedy because no one in the kingdom could repair him Paraphrase 2: The kingdom mourned the loss of Humpty because he was broken beyond repair when he fell from the wall Practice, Practice, Practice After writing paraphrases as a class, allow them to work in pairs to paraphrase individual sentences and slowly work up to short paragraphs Longer paragraphs are really unnecessary to paraphrase as summarizing would be a more effective and realistic skill for longer texts Other good texts that work well for paraphrasing are nursery rhymes (especially ones they are familiar with), famous quotations, and statistics These will prepare students well for encountering quotes and facts in academic articles Games Another way to motivate students and practice paraphrasing is to play synonym games Games like Taboo work well and encourage students to develop their vocabulary and expand their language to explain words in other ways For advanced students, you can play a variation of Taboo with sentences Each student is given a short sentence which they must get the Ph¹m H-¬ng Trang – K18A2 55 Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open University class to guess They must use synonyms and other phrases to get their team to recreate the original sentence Paraphrasing can be a most difficult and frustrating task, but it doesn’t have to be Learning to paraphrase will help students to increase their reading comprehension and be better readers and writers while preparing them for academic situations Apart from that, to the student who have the good knowledge, want to raise the writing skills There are some effective ideas for teaching paraphrasing As English Language Learners prepare to become effective academic writers, one of the most essential skills that they will need to acquire is paraphrasing for the purpose of source integration Writing teachers will often find themselves reminding students to put things “in their own words”, but for many students, this is not a simple task, and they will need thorough practice before it becomes an accessible skill Before students can begin to paraphrase with ease, they need to understand the purpose for doing so, and develop strategies for making it happen Explaining Academic Integrity Students are more motivated to learn a new concept when they have a clear understanding of the purpose and importance of the task It’s crucial that students understand why source attribution is so important : we want to give others credit for their ideas when we share them Some English as a third Language students may come from cultural backgrounds that value shared information in a different way; in fact, often times, the use of others’ ideas can actually be seen as a sign of respect in some collectivist cultures In some instances, there are no conventions for including citations in place Comparing Summarizing to Quoting and Paraphrasing Ph¹m H-¬ng Trang – K18A2 56 Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open University From the start, students should know that they will utilize paraphrasing to lend support to their ideas by providing evidence through the use of paraphrasing and quoting sources Quoting is used similarly to paraphrasing, and teaching these two writing techniques together can highlight the similarities and differences for students, hopefully, resulting in a greater understanding of how to properly use each technique to incorporate information from outside sources Group Paraphrase One of the activities that works well to illustrate the challenges of paraphrasing well is to create an activity in which students work together in groups to write paraphrases of short excerpts from texts and then give them to another group of students in the class to “paraphrase the paraphrase.” The second group can give it to a third group, and so on The activity can get time-consuming, and three rounds of paraphrasing should be sufficient At the end of the activity, the class can compare the final paraphrase with the original and check to see if the meaning of the original has remained intact If the meaning varies greatly, it’s important to direct students to review the progression as the paraphrase was forwarded to each group This will help to illustrate errors, which can be used as a valuable opportunity for learning Avoid Common Problem There is a tendency among students to approach paraphrasing as a task that involves simply changing each word by using synonyms without addressing sentence structure Arming student with different strategies is Ph¹m H-¬ng Trang – K18A2 57 Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open University essential, and helping students to think of paraphrasing as a task similar to the way they would simply tell a friend story is essential An instructor needs to provide ample opportunity for students to engage in structured practice that allows them to develop a variety of strategies and then put them together 3.2 Some ways in studying paraphrasing There are some effective ways studying paraphrasing General advice When reading a passage, try first to understand it as a whole, rather than pausing to write down specific ideas or phrases Be selective Unless your assignment is to a formal or "literal" paraphrase, the learners usually not need to paraphrase an entire passage; instead, choose and summarize the material that helps he/she make a point in their paper Think of what "the writer’s own words" would be if he/she were telling someone who's unfamiliar with their subject (their mother, their brother, a friend) what the original source said Remember that the learners can use direct quotations of phrases from the original within his/ her paraphrase, and that they not need to change or put quotation marks around shared language Ph¹m H-¬ng Trang – K18A2 58 Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open University Understand paraphrasing Understand how paraphrasing is used Paraphrasing is when the writers read and absorb a quote and then restate its main ideas in his/her own words When they paraphrase, he/she does not have to echo the sentences in your own words exactly, but they have present the essential information and points made by an author with new phrasing • When the learners paraphrase, he/she should slightly condense the quote to cut down on any verbiage and get to the main idea • An accurate paraphrase should be different enough from the original material to not be plagiarism Even if they 're citing the source, if they 're not citing it in quotes but his/her "own words" are very close to the original, that is still plagiarism • Paraphrasing is different from a summary, which is more broad and focuses on the main points of an entire text Paraphrasing focuses on one main idea or concept at a time • Paraphrasing is also a great way to avoid quoting from sources too much and not expressing the writers ‘s own thoughts in the paper • When the learner paraphrase, he /she gain a deeper appreciation and understanding of the passage they are quoting, so they are gaining knowledge just by paraphrasing Ph¹m H-¬ng Trang – K18A2 59 Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open University • Understand when to use paraphrasing instead of quoting Quoting directly from a source is important when the way the words are used is important For example, if the learners were quoting Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream Speech," it would be best to quote it directly, because the way he uses the words in the speech is particularly eloquent and poetic But if he/she read something about racism in a dry textbook, then the ideas in the book are important, but not the words, and the writers should paraphrase them Paraphrasing is useful when the quote contains data, facts, or statistics There is no need to quote a source directly just to show the importance of the data Quoting is useful if the learners are citing the words of a political figure, celebrity, or writer, and making a point about the way that language is used If he/she is close-reading a text for its use of language, then quoting is best; if they are discussing a paragraph or longer passage of a novel, then paraphrasing or summarizing is more useful Paraphrase the Quote Read the original quote First, carefully read the quote that the learners have chosen to paraphrase It should be no more than a two or three sentences long Take the time to really absorb its meaning and reach a deep understanding of what it means before they move on Ph¹m H-¬ng Trang – K18A2 60 Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open University Take notes As the writers keep reading the quote, jot down the main ideas in the quote They can write down the main argument, and a few key words that help illustrate the argument When he/she is done taking notes, put the original quote away Rewrite the original quote in the writer’s words Using his/her notes and their knowledge of the quote, write the original quote in their own words Take care to not only mix up the language but the sentence structure, so they are not just substituting different words and keeping the same structure .If the writers are stuck with finding a different way to say something, use a thesaurus for help Just make sure they are comfortable with the words you find and not end up using words that are not quite the same as their counterparts This would change the meaning of their statement Compare the original quote to the writers paraphrase Once the writers have rewritten the passage in his/her own words, read it aloud, and then go back to the original quote and read it side-by-side with their new passage They should make sure that two things are true: The words in they passage and the structure of your sentences should be different enough that they would not be accused of plagiarizing It should sound like his/her, not the author Ph¹m H-¬ng Trang – K18A2 61 Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open University The writer’s words should still clearly convey the main ideas in the original passage They should not change their paraphrase so much that lost the intended meaning Example of an original passage: "These days, too many high school students spend all of their time cramming for standardized tests that don't teach them anything They would not only gain more knowledge if they spent more time learning the school curriculum instead of studying for tests, but they would also become more open-minded human beings." Example of a paraphrase: "High school students are so obsessed with studying for SATs and other standardized tests that they don't have time to process the material they learn in their school courses Studying for standardized tests not only offers them little real knowledge, but it keeps them from being broad-minded individuals." Cite the Quote Cite the writers’ s quote using MLA formatting It's important to cite his/her paraphrase in the text of the MLA paper, so that they give credit where credit is due When paraphrasing a quote in MLA format, he/eh just need the author's last name and page number, but you'll have to provide more information about the source in the "Works Cited" page at the end of their paper Here's how to cite the paraphrase within the text of their MLA paper:[2] Ph¹m H-¬ng Trang – K18A2 62 Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open University Within the text: "Children should read more books"(Smith 46-47) Ph¹m H-¬ng Trang – K18A2 63 Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open University PART C : CONCLUSION In general, paraphrasing plays an important role in human communication because paraphrasing aims to clarify and simplify the original text Thanks to paraphrasing, people can show the expression of insights and points of view that would be difficult or impossible on other kinds of media Therefore, in this graduation paper, several ways in paraphrasing sentences and some steps in paraphrasing paragraph are mentioned Paraphrasing skill is not only useful for learners or students but others in many different fields such as literature, politics and science Specially, chapter I has given an over view of theories related in paraphrasing Through this chapter, learners, especially third year English major at HOU can have more information about paraphrasing sentences and paragraph such as using different word order, using different part of speech and so on are given Hopefully, through this chapter, students and learners can express a same sentence in different way but the meaning has no changes Apart from that, Chapter III has pointed out some necessary steps for learners before paraphrasing paragraph such as looking unfamiliar words, making sure that they are reading these steps, understand every part of the text, looking for keys words and using some strategies to find the writer’s own word to paraphrase, after reading these steps, learners can paraphrase better In this chapter III has given some useful ways in teaching and learning paraphrasing To improve student’s paraphrasing writing , the learners especially third year English majors at HOU know how to paraphrase sentences and paraphrase effectively They can use their own language to support the writer’s writing copying all the exact words of structures of the author when they are asked to paraphrase Ph¹m H-¬ng Trang – K18A2 64 Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open University Due to the time limit, the writer cannot mention all information related to paraphrasing in the graduation Limitations and shortcoming in the thesis are inevitable comments, criticisms and suggests from the teachers and those who are interested in the subject are welcomed The writer would like to express her sincere thank to Ms Pham Thi Minh Phuong once my supervisor for her guidance and all people who have helped me to complete the study Ph¹m H-¬ng Trang – K18A2 65 Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open University Appendix Original Japanese woman have changed since the war They have become prettier, brighter, more decisive, more spoken The young people certainly are far more logical and far less sentimental than the prewar generations Some regret this They think woman In gaining freedom, have lost femininity – their modesty, their warm, their shy grace They accuse women of being drawn to superficial things A modern Japanese woman, they say, instead of trying to enrich her inner self is in a mad scramble to ape anything that is new and foreign – fashions, cosmetics, hairdo, rock-and –roll And there are many Japanese who sits beside a washing machine in a house that has no hot running water Paraphrase : Japanese women of today are different from what they used to be before the war The older has become better physically and mentally, and the younger are far more mature Some people not like this because they fear that when women have more freedom, they will become less womanly : less modest, less family and less grateful > the reason is also that when people pay more attention to their appearance, they will pay less attention to improving themselves Intellectually, and only try to imitate new and foreign thing in every aspects of life Many Japanese people complain’ for example that modern house-wises are less creative than before Original The assumption that children of divorced parents prefer to remain with their mother, and indeed that the mother wants them many oftentimes be false For instance, one divorced man exhausted the court, the lawyers, his finance and himself while at temping to regain custody to his four children The mother had been alcoholic and had shown little interest in the children’s welfare even prior to divorce, yet is was not until the Ph¹m H-¬ng Trang – K18A2 66 Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open University children their teens that their custody was reconsidered The drug and truancy problems of youngsters were brought to the attention of the juvenile judge, who discovered that they has been unhappy at home for some time Their love for their mother has long since disappeared , they asked to be placed with their father , so after seven year the custody error was rectified Undoubtedly, there are many similar cases which have not been resolved While the child custody laws seen fair in theory, they are not always fair in practice Paraphrase Sometimes, it is not right to think that when parent are divorced their children prefer to stay with the mother, the mother wants them A good example of this is that one man faced to persuade to get the right to take care of his children after divorce even though their mother drank a lot and did not look after them His appeal might be reconsidered only after the children become teenagers Generally, living in these conditions the children were very likely to get involve into evil problem when at home they were upset They did not love their mother Anyone, the case is caused by many similar reasons Though situation it is clear that the right given by law to the mother to keep the children after divorced in theory is not right in practice Ph¹m H-¬ng Trang – K18A2 67 Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open University References A Oshima & A Hougue ( 1987) Writing Academic English Addison Wesley Publishing Company L.G Alexander, (1992) Longman English Grammar Longman Publishing, New York A.Susan (1989) Real Writing Boston: Before Books B Cole & Jefferrey (1980) Grammar and Composition Boston: Hough Muffin Company B Lee (1985) Paragraph and Essays Salt Lake City University Press R Cooper Charles (1997) St Martin’s Guide to Writing St Martin’s press James AW Hefferman, (1990) Writing A College Handbook W.W Norton & Company, Inc Huong Ngoc Dang (2000) Essentials of Writing Ha Noi Open University E.M Gordon & I.P Krylova (1974) Grammar of Present- Day English 10 Huong Ngoc Dang (1998) An English Teaching Guide for Vietnamese Teachers Hanoi Open University1 11 L Diane – Freeman (1993) Emphatic Structures A division 12 M Sarada.– Word to paragraph (2001) An Introduction to Writing in English New Delhi, Sterling Publishers Ptv Ltd 13 M Smith (2007), "Children should read more” 14 Valiukenas, Delijaj (1997) Writing Authority- A guide to the Research Process, Random House Ph¹m H-¬ng Trang – K18A2 68 [...]... the third year English majors at HOU to understand more about paraphrasing Ph¹m H-¬ng Trang – K18A2 13 Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open University Ph¹m H-¬ng Trang – K18A2 14 Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open University CHAPTER II : PARAPHRAING SENTENCES AND PARAPHRAING PARAGRAPHs • PARAPHRASING. ..Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open University Those are the definition of paraphrasing written by famous linguistics but there is a simple definition about paraphrase which the third year English majors at Ha Noi Open University should know about it That is written by Mr Huong, Dang Ngoc in Essentials of Writing (p.38) Mr Huong defined paraphrasing. .. the idea in two ways It may be formal or informal but the meaning is the same In the first sentence the verb “borrow” is replaced by Ph¹m H-¬ng Trang – K18A2 29 Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open University “ would you mind lending” in the second sentence to express formally Therefore, the second is more formal than the first one The more formal... performs the action “ denotes the simple Ph¹m H-¬ng Trang – K18A2 19 Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open University quality of one person, place or thing” receives the action “ denoted” This explanation that what important information is performed be made the subject of the sentence When the writers want to mention the people or things that perform... Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open University writers can change one sentence into another without changing the meaning of the original sentence by using different word order, For example: After rewriting the original sentence by changing the order of words, two sentences by changing the order of words, two sentences “ Summer comes after Spring”... Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open University passive voice, but in the second sentence they emphasize the doer does action; therefore, the writers change from passive into active It is quite necessary to choose those constructions in certain situation so as to achieve our objectives in writng and speaking For example: This tree was planned by my father... original meaning has no changes It is a good way in paraphrasing sentences Ph¹m H-¬ng Trang – K18A2 21 Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open University when they want to borrow anyone else’s ideas to support our ideas without using the same structures 2.1.1.3 Using different ways of speech According to Mr James A.W Hefferman (1990, p43) any statement,... separating the paraphrase from the quotation” Brenda Spatt (p469) The writers also know what paraphrasing means expressing the same ideas, just in a different way It can be useful skill to have, especially if they are trying to write an essay pr article Of course, they always want to give Ph¹m H-¬ng Trang – K18A2 10 Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open. .. use inanimate nouns as the subject of a sentence; for example: Thank you for that (Informal) Thank you very much indeed (formal) I am grateful for everything you had done for me (formal) After reading these above sentences, to say thank to other people, the writer can use informal style “thank you for that” and formal style “thank you very much indeed” or “I am grateful for everything you had done for. .. Ph¹m H-¬ng Trang – K18A2 32 Graduation paper Several ways in paraphrasing for third year English Majors in Hanoi Open University The more implied meaning learners use, the more interesting sentences they write For instance: Life is not a bed for roses “Life is not a bed for roses” means that life is not always beautiful and pleasant Nowadays, many people use implied meaning to express their ideas because