The status of herbicide/dioxin residues in Vietnam Office of The National Steering Committee on overcoming of toxic chemicals used by US during the war in Vietnam (Office 33) Contaminated sources of herbicide/dioxin ~77 million liters of herbercide Agents Liter Orange 49.3 millions White 20.6 millions Blue 4.7 millions Purple , Pink , Green 2.4 millions Sum 77 millions Ranch Hand WASH, STORE AND SPILLED AREAS FOR SPRAYING AIRPLAN 8/1961-10/1971 - Density of spray is about 37 kg/ha, which is 17 time higher than the spray density in agriculture Dioxin: byproduct in Agents Orange; Purple; Pink , Green Quantity of dioxin contained in herbicides: - Folkin: 500 kg - Stellman: 366 kg (≈ 240 times total amount of dioxin/furan in USA year 2000) -Vietnam-Russia Tropical Center: 1000 kg Dioxin contamination in Vietnam caused by AO source: The ratio of TCDD is very high: - In soil and sediment •VN: 2,3,7,8- TCDD > 90%; • Contamination by industrial sources: 2,3,7,8TCDD ~10% - 19,905 flights sprayed herbicide    25.585 hamlets were sprayed with toxic chemicals 80% areas were duplicated spray 11% areas were sprayed more than 10 times  Total forest area sprayed : 3,104,000 (approx.17.8% natural forest area)  Amount of wood lost about 82,830,000 m3  Many rare and prestigue plans and animals were diminished and lost Table 1: Determinate results of dioxin residues in environment (until 2006) TT Areas Samples Concentration 2378TCDD/TEQ, ppt Gio Linh - Cam Lộ, Quảng Trị (2003-2004) Soil Water Sediment 1,2 TEQ 1TEQ Cam Lộ, Quảng Trị (2004) Organism soil < 0.2 TEQ (n=12) 20 TEQ (n=10) Sa Nhơn, Sa Thầy, Kon Tum (2003) Soil sediement Phú Lộc, TT-Huế (1993) soil Tây Ninh (1993) Tân Bình, Tân Biên, Tây Ninh(1995-98) Soil Soil organism 14 (n=14/54) 13,2/14,3 (n=24) 0,7/ 2,8 (n=7) Matsuda cs TTNĐViệtTTNĐViệt- Nga Rừng Sác, HCM(1986-1990) Tân Sơn Nhất HCM(1995-1996) Tân Sơn Nhất HCM(2006) Soil Sediment soil sediement 16 (n=7) 3,6/4,0 (n=7) 2,06-341TEQ (n=5) VH1/ ĐHKHTNHN UB10-80 TTNĐViệt- Nga Ban 10-80, VP33 (2006) Tp Tp 122/123 13/15 12/13 23,5 (n=10) (n=7) (n=9) (n=89) TTNĐViệtNga TTNĐViệtNga TTNĐViệt- Nga TTNĐViệt- Nga Mai Anh Tuấn cs (2004) Sân bay A So (1999) Sân bay Tà Bạt(1999) Sân bay A Lưới(1999) A Lưới( đến 1999) Tp Soil Soil Soil Soil (n=31) (n=2) (n=15) Analytical laboratoriesSources UB10-80+Hatfield 80+Hatfield 80+Hatfield 80+Hatfield UB10UB10UB10- 0,14 TEQ (n=14) 0,38 TEQ (n=6) TTNĐViệt- Nga - Cục Môi trưòng 8,6 Matsuda cs (1993) (n=4/6) Nga Table 1: Determinate results of dioxin residues in environment (until 2006) (cont.) TT Areas Cà Mau (1993) Hồ Trị An (2002-2003) Khu vực Mã Đà (2000) Khu vực SB Rang Rang (2004) 10 Bình Mỹ, Tân Uyên,Bình Dương (1995-1998) Samples Đất Concentration 2378TCDD/TEQ, ppt Concentration of Dioxin in spraying areas were mostly decreased below the harmful level to environment Cuu Long delta areas: not detected 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentration Midle areas: Quảng Trị, Thừa Thiên Huế (A Lưới) dioxin concentration were found but were not high levels (average is 23,5ppt) South East area: average of dioxin concentration is 15,05 ppt Some big lakes: (như Dầu Tiếng, Trị An), dioxin concenration in sediment are in acceptable level (safety level) > Other contaminated areas is still lacking??  > Mobility, precipitation of hebicides/dioxin? ? > Unload hebicides/AO when airplan be pursuing or be charsing DIOXIN RESIDUES AT THE STORED, WASHED, SPILLED AND UPLOADED AREAS •At present, hotspot areas has been determining: Bien hoa , Biên Hòa, Đà Nẵng Phù Cát aiports • in 2007, US MOD have providing information on new aiports Đà Nẵng, Biên Hòa, Phù Cát, Nha Trang, Tân Sơn Nhất, Phan Rang Tuy Hòa ) are previous storages that might be also contaminated VN MOD, Hattfield are now doing sampling, analysing to determine dioxin concentration in these airports For Danang airport, it have been identified some more contamination places at the South of aiport; in Bienhoa airport also indentified some new places of dioxin contamination (but analytical result is still not finished yet) Herbicides in Bien Hoa Airbase Operation Ranch Hand (Dec 1966 – Feb 1970) - total transport and handling Agent Orange: 98,000 barrels (20,384,000 l) Agent White: 45,000 barrels (9,360,000 l) Agent Blue: 16,300 barrels (3,390,000 l) Operation Pacer Ivy (Apr 1970 – Mar 1972) Re-drumming of 11,000 barrels Agent Orange (2,288,000 l) and site cleanup occurred Spills of Herbicides in Bien Hoa Airbase December 1969 – March 1970: four large spills from 28,000-liter tanks occurred on the airbase Spills and leakages also occurred due to handling (loading, washing and re-drumming) Bien Hoa Airbase: Area contaminated Dioxin, Volume to be Treated Area (m2) Location dioxin 0-0.3m mean (ppt) 5.276 19-65.500 Treatment depth(m) 1,2 Est Soil, Sediment (m3) 18.000 South runway of 15.000 South runway of 20.000 2.650 80,3-22.800 1,2 24.000 Site Z1 38.000 15.864 2-409.818 1,5 57.000 Z1-Perimeter land 49.000 893 2,0-13.300 0,9 22.050 Z1-perimeter wetlands/lak es Sum 41.000 495 16-2.240 0,5 20.500 163.000 * Treatment level: Soil 1000ppt; Sediment 150ppt Z1 has been isolated, million USD; 3,600 m3 bioremidiatio 141.550 Herbicides in Phu Cat Airbase  Operation Ranch Hand (Jun 1968 – May 1970) - total transport and handling  Agent Orange: 17,000 barrels (3,536,000 l)  Agent White: 9,000 barrels (1,872,000 l)  Agent Blue: 2,900 barrels (603,200 l)  Spills of Herbicides in Phu Cat Airbase  Spills and leakages occurred due to handling (loading and washing) Phu Cat: Area contaminated Dioxin, Volume to be Treated Location Area (m2) Loading Area (A) dioxin 0-0.3m mean (ppt) Treatment depth(m) Est Soil, Sediment (m3) 261 2,6-876 0 Zone B 24.000 482 1,5-2.950 0.6 1,440 Washing area (C) 6.000 25 1,9-218 0 Storage area(Z3) 2.020 11.367 1.2 2,424 310.000 43 1,7-196 0.5 1,550 Lakes A,B,C Sum 342.020 * Treatment level: Soil 1000ppt; Sediment 150ppt 5,414 Herbicides in Da Nang Airbase  Operation Ranch Hand (May 1964 – Jan 1971) total transport and handling:  Agent Orange: 52,700 barrels (10,961,600 l)  Agent White: 29,000 barrels (6,032,000 l)  Agent Green: 5,000 barrels (1,040,000 l)  Operation Pacer Ivy (Dec 1971 – Mar 1972)  Collected and re-drummed 8,220 barrels Agent Orange (1,709,760 l)  Spills of Herbicides in Da Nang Airbase  Spills and leakages occurred due to handling (loading, washing and re-drumming Sen Lake Ranch Hand Sites Pacer Ivy Sites P4 P1 P3 P2 [...]... Herbicides in Phu Cat Airbase  Operation Ranch Hand (Jun 1968 – May 1970) - total transport and handling  Agent Orange: 17,000 barrels (3,536,000 l)  Agent White: 9,000 barrels (1,872,000 l)  Agent Blue: 2,900 barrels (603,200 l)  Spills of Herbicides in Phu Cat Airbase  Spills and leakages occurred due to handling (loading and washing) Phu Cat: Area contaminated Dioxin, Volume to be Treated... transport and handling:  Agent Orange: 52,700 barrels (10,961,600 l)  Agent White: 29,000 barrels (6,032,000 l)  Agent Green: 5,000 barrels (1,040,000 l)  Operation Pacer Ivy (Dec 1971 – Mar 1972)  Collected and re-drummed 8,220 barrels Agent Orange (1,709,760 l)  Spills of Herbicides in Da Nang Airbase  Spills and leakages occurred due to handling (loading, washing and re-drumming Sen Lake Ranch... be Treated Location Area (m2) Loading Area (A) dioxin 0-0.3m mean (ppt) Treatment depth(m) Est Soil, Sediment (m3) 261 2,6-876 0 0 Zone B 24.000 482 1,5-2.950 0.6 1,440 Washing area (C) 6.000 25 1,9-218 0 0 Storage area(Z3) 2.020 11.367 1.2 2,424 310.000 43 1,7-196 0.5 1,550 Lakes A,B,C Sum 342.020 * Treatment level: Soil 1000ppt; Sediment 150ppt 5,414 Herbicides in Da Nang Airbase  Operation Ranch