E363 – ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LECTURE - WASTE Dr Nguyen Thi Hoang Lien nguyenthihoanglien@hus.edu.vn DEFINITIONS OF WASTE • "Substances or objects which are disposed off or are intended to be disposed off or are required to be disposed off by the provisions of international law" (Basel Convention) • “Waste is defined as an object the holder discards, intends to discard or is required to discard.” (European Union) • "Wastes are materials that are not prime products (that is products produced for the market) for which the generator has no further use in terms of his/her own purposes of production, transformation or consumption, and of which he/she wants to dispose Wastes may be generated during the extraction of raw materials, the processing of raw materials into intermediate and final products, the consumption of final products, and other human activities Residuals recycled or reused at the place of generation are excluded.“ (United Nations Statistics Division – UNSD) WASTE TYPES • Municipal Waste includes household waste, commercial waste, demolition waste • Hazardous Waste includes Industrial waste • Bio-medical Waste includes clinical waste • Special hazardous waste includes radioactive waste, Explosives waste, E-waste SOLID WASTE • Municipal waste – comprised of residential, commercial and market wastes; • ƒIndustrial waste – includes hazardous waste from the processing activities of factories and other manufacturing units; clinical wastes from hospitals and clinics; sewage and sludge from municipal sewer systems; construction and demolition waste; • ƒAgricultural waste – comprised of animal (pigs, cows and buffaloes) manure from the farmers' houses, crop residues (mainly from coffee, rubber, tobacco and coconut) and residues of agrochemicals HAZADOUS WASTE A hazardous waste is waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment: Flammable wastes can create fires under certain conditions, are spontaneously combustible, or have a flash point less than 60 °C (140 °F) Toxic wastes are those containing concentrations of certain substances in excess of regulatory thresholds which are expected to cause injury or illness to human health or the environment 3 Reactive wastes are unstable under "normal" conditions They can cause explosions, toxic fumes, gases, or vapors when heated, compressed, or mixed with water Examples include lithium-sulfur batteries and explosives Corrosive wastes are acids or bases (pH less than or equal to 2, or greater than or equal to 12.5) that are capable of corroding metal containers, such as storage tanks, drums, and barrels Battery acid is an example HOUSEHOLD HAZARDOUS WASTE (HHW) HHW (also referred to as domestic hazardous waste) is waste that is generated from residential households HHW only applies to wastes that are the result of the use of materials that are labeled for and sold for "home use“: •Paints and solvents •Automotive wastes (used motor oil, antifreeze, etc.) •Pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, etc.) • Mercury-containing wastes (thermometers, switches, fluorescent lightning, etc.) • Electronics (computers, televisions, cell phones) • Aerosols / Propane cylinders • Caustics / Cleaning agents • Refrigerant-containing appliances • Some specialty batteries (e.g lithium, nickel cadmium, or button cell batteries) • Ammunition • Radioactive waste (some home smoke detectors are classified as radioactive waste because they contain very small amounts of a radioactive isotope of americium) TRACKED WASTES WOMB TO TOMB • Generation • Transportation • Disposal SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL • Land-filling • Composting • Incinerating • Recycling • Reuse FINAL DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTE • Recycling: e.g., lead-acid batteries, electronic circuits boards • Portland cement: cement can treat a range of hazardous wastes by improving physical characteristics and decreasing the toxicity and transmission of contaminants • Neutralization: e.g., pH adjustment • Incineration, destruction and waste-to-energy: • Hazardous waste landfill (sequestering, isolation, etc.) • Pyrolysis: preferable to the destruction of concentrated organic waste types, including PCBs, pesticides and other persistent organic pollutants LAW ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 2005 Chapter 8- Waste Management Section 1- General provisions on waste management Article 66.- Waste management responsibilities Article 67.- Collection and disposal of expired and discarded products Article 68.- Recycling of wastes Article 69.- Waste management responsibilities of People’s Committees at all levels Section 2- Hazardous waste management Article 70.- Compilation of records, registration, grant of permits and code numbers for hazardous waste management Article 71.- Sorting, collection and temporary storage of hazardous wastes Article 72.- Transport of hazardous wastes Article 73.- Treatment of hazardous wastes Article 74.- Hazardous waste treatment establishments Article 75.- Hazardous waste burial sites Article 76.- Planning of collection, treatment and burial of hazardous wastes Section 3- Management of ordinary solid wastes Article 77.- Classification of ordinary solid wastes Article 78.- Collection, transport of ordinary solid wastes Article 79.- Ordinary solid waste recycling and destruction establishments, ordinary solid waste burial sites Article 80.- Planning on collection, recycling, destruction and burial of ordinary solid wastes REGULATIONS • Decision No 155/1999/QD-TTg: Promulgating the regulation on management of hazardous wastes • Decision No 12/2006/QD-BTNMT: List of scraps permitted for import as secondary production materials • Decision No 15/2006/QD-BTNMT: Promulgating the list of refrigerating equipment using CFC which are banned from import • Decision No 23/2006/QD-BTNMT: List of hazardous wastes • Circular No 12/2006/TT-BTNMT: Guiding hazardous waste management, dossiers compilation, registration, licensing and code numbers • Joint circular No 02/2007/TTLT-BCT-BTNMT: Guiding the implementation of Article 43 of the Law on Environmental Protection regarding criteria for and conditions on the import of scraps • Decree No 59/2007/ND-CP on solid waste management • Decree No 174/2007/ND-CP on the environmental charge for solid waste • QCVN 07:2009/BTNMT: National technical regulation on hazardous waste thresholds • Circular No 08/2009/TT-BTNMT providing for the environmental management and protection of economic zones, hi-tech parks, industrial parks and industrial complexes