Lecture Tones • Tones and tone languages • Tones and functions of tones in English • Tone units Tones and tone languages • When we speak, we constantly vary the pitch of our voice Tone is the overall behaviour of pitch in a syllable • Although in English, a word such as ‘yes’ and ‘no’ can be spoken with different tones, no English speakers would say that the meaning of the word is different with different tones • English is one of those languages that not use tone to distinguish the meanings of words, though tones or pitch differences are used for other purposes Such languages are called intonation languages Tone languages • A tone language is one in which the tone can determine the meaning of a word and a change from one tone to another can completely change the meaning of a word In other words, substituting one distinctive tone for another on a particular word can cause a change in lexical meaning of that word • E.g Vietnamese, Chinese Tones Tones Simple tones Level tones (_) Complex tones Moving tones Falling tone (\) Fall-rise tone (v) Rising tone (/) Rise-fall Tone (^) Description of tones • The level tone is one in which the pitch remains at a constant level • The falling tone is one which descends from a higher to a lower pitch • The rising tone is a movement from a lower pitch to a higher one • The fall-rise tone is one in which the pitch falls and then rises • The rise-fall tone is one in which the pitch rises and then falls Functions of English tones The level tone • This tone almost always conveys a feeling of saying something routine, uninteresting or boring E.g • A teacher’s calling the names of the students from a register and the students respond the teacher with ‘Yes’ • Respondents answer surveys or questionnaires The falling tone • This tone is usually regarded as more or less neutral It is said to give an impression of ‘finality’ • If someone is asked a question and replies ‘yes’ or ‘no’ with a falling tone, it will be understood that the question is now answered and there is nothing more to be said • How many dogs have you got? Two • What was the weather like? Wet • Have you finished? Yes The rising tone • This tone conveys an impression that something more is to follow or an invitation to continue • Excuse me Yes? • Have you talked to her? Yes? No? • Hello, is that John? Yes? • First you type in your user name Yes? Then you type in your password Yes? and finally click “Log in” The fall-rise • This tone is usually used to show ‘limited agreement’ or response with reservations • Isn’t he handsome? Yes, (but he is not very manly) • She looks beautiful Yes, (thanks to her make-up) • It’s not very difficult, is it? No, (but remember that I’m just a beginner) The rise-fall • This tone is used to convey rather strong feelings of approval, disapproval or surprise • Isn’t he intelligent? Yes • Have you ever heard such a story? No • She has won the contest Great 10 Tone units • A tone unit is a group of syllables over which a tone extends It is also referred to as an ‘intonation group’ or a ‘tone group’ Is it you? You have sold your car? • In its smallest form, the tone unit may consist of only one syllable James? Four? • The syllable which carries the tone in a tone unit is called the ‘tonic syllable’ 11 Tone-unit with more than one syllable Is it /you • The third syllable • is more prominent than the other two • carries a level tone • is a tonic syllable • The other two syllables • are less prominent • said on a level pitch • “is it you” is an utterance of three syllables, consisting of one tone unit The only syllable that carries a tone is 12 “you” Structure of tone unit Tone unit Pre-head (PH) Head (H) Tonic syllable TS Tail (T) 13 Tonic syllable • is the syllable which carries the tone in a tone-unit • Each tone-unit has one and only one tonic syllable This means that the tonic syllable is an obligatory component of the tone unit 14 The head • The head (H) is all that part of a tone-unit that extends from the first stressed syllable up to but not including the tonic syllable  If there is no stressed syllable before the tonic syllable, there cannot be a head e.g l give me \those l in an \hour 15 The pre-head • The pre-head (PH) is composed of all the unstressed syllables in a tone-unit preceding the first stressed syllable • Pre-heads are found in two main environments: • When there is no head: in an \hour PH • When there is a head: in a ’little ’less than an hour PH H 16 The tail • Any syllables between the tonic syllable and the end of the tone unit are called the tail • e.g look at it \ T what did you say / T 17 [...].. .Tone units • A tone unit is a group of syllables over which a tone extends It is also referred to as an ‘intonation group’ or a tone group’ Is it you? You have sold your car? • In its smallest form, the tone unit may consist of only one syllable James? Four? • The syllable which carries the tone in a tone unit is called the ‘tonic syllable’ 11 Tone- unit with more than one... level tone • is a tonic syllable • The other two syllables • are less prominent • said on a level pitch • “is it you” is an utterance of three syllables, consisting of one tone unit The only syllable that carries a tone is 12 “you” Structure of tone unit Tone unit Pre-head (PH) Head (H) Tonic syllable TS Tail (T) 13 Tonic syllable • is the syllable which carries the tone in a tone- unit • Each tone- unit... obligatory component of the tone unit 14 The head • The head (H) is all that part of a tone- unit that extends from the first stressed syllable up to but not including the tonic syllable  If there is no stressed syllable before the tonic syllable, there cannot be a head e.g l give me \those l in an \hour 15 The pre-head • The pre-head (PH) is composed of all the unstressed syllables in a tone- unit preceding... in two main environments: • When there is no head: in an \hour PH • When there is a head: in a ’little ’less than an hour PH H 16 The tail • Any syllables between the tonic syllable and the end of the tone unit are called the tail • e.g look at it \ T what did you say / T 17