An investigation into linguistic features of participants in the processes in english and vietnamese from the functional grammar aspect

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An investigation into linguistic features of participants in the processes in english and vietnamese from the functional grammar aspect

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1 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF DANANG This study has been completed at the College of Foreign NGUYỄN PHAN CẨM TÚ Languages, University of Danang Supervisor: Asoc Prof Dr PHAN VĂN HÒA AN INVESTIGATION INTO LINGUISTIC Examiner 1: FEATURES OF PARTICIPANTS IN THE Examiner 2: PROCESSES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE FROM THE FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR ASPECT The thesis will be orally presented at the Examining Committee at the University of Danang Field: THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE Code: 60 22 15 Time : …………………… Venue : University of Danang M.A THESIS IN THE ENGISH LANGUAGE (A SUMMARY) Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr PHAN VĂN HÒA The thesis is accessible for the purpose of reference at: - Library of the College of Foreign Languages, University of Danang - The University of Danang Information Resources Centre DANANG – 2011 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION in English and Vietnamese, and to provide them with the knowledge of the similarities and differences on linguistic features of these participants in English and Vietnamese so that they can avoid unnecessary mistakes caused by language interferences in their writing and speaking 1.1 Rationale According to Halliday, the experiential world represents in Transitivity system, consisting of types of process: mental, material, relational, behavioural, and verbal Every process has associated with it at least one participant that is the key figure in that process; this is the one through which the process is actualized And in the process, together with its functions, the names of paticipants are identified Let us consider some examples: (1) Mary sailed the boat (2) The boat sailed In (1), Mary is the Subject and means the person who does the deed ‘Mary’ is called Actor and ‘the boat’ is Goal in a material process while the boat in (2) is Actor Participants, together with Process and Circumstance are the three main elements expressing the experiential world around us and inside us The identification and classification of participants in the processes often causes some confusion and mistakes for Learners of English so it is necessary to synthetize all the participants’ features systematically from the Functional Grammar Aspect For this reason, I choose to research on the topic “An 1.3 Scope of the study Because of the limitation of time, the thesis limits itself to a subarea of functional grammar, the transitivity system, of which the study focuses on Participants in the processes The study basically draws on the framework of Halliday [9], Butt [4], Bloor [2] Lock [11], Martin [12], ect., that is to say, on Hallidayan SFG 1.4 Research Questions What are the syntactic features of participants in the processes in English and Vietnamese? What are the semantic features of participants in each process in English and Vietnamese? What are the similarities and the differences of participants between English and Vietnamese from the functional grammar aspect? Investigation Into Linguistic Features Of Participants In The Processes In English And Vietnamese From The Functional Grammar Aspect” This thesis is carried out with the hope that the research result will provide useful systematical knowledge of the participants in the processes for teachers and learners of English, as well as for those who are keen on the field 1.5 The significance of the study The research into all the participants in all types of process in English and Vietnamese in the aspects of semantics and syntax could serve a good understanding of Participants in English and Vietnamese The similarities and differences between the two languages analysed and classified in the study may be of great benefit for Vietnamese Learners of English 1.2 Aims and objectives The fundamental aim of the study is to raise Learner’s awareness of the syntactic and semantic features of participants in the processes 1.6 Organization of the study Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Literature Review Chapter 3: Methodology of Research Chapter 4: Findings and Discussions Chapter 5: Conclusion, Implications, Suggestions CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 The Review of Prior Research Up to now, the aspect of the meaning of the clause as representation has been examined by many linguists, especially by Halliday According to Halliday [9], a clause is the most significant grammatical unit because it functions as the representation of process The most powerful conception of reality is that it consists of "goingson": of doing, happening, feeling, being These goings-on are sorted out in the semantic system of the language, and expressed through the grammar of the clause The basic semantic framework for the representation of process potentially consists of three components: the process itself, the participants (Roles) in the process, the circumstances associated with the process In Vietnamese, many linguists also join in the trend, show their ability and then, create a great impetus to the field Hoang Van Van [32], Cao Xuan Hao [25] describe the Vietnamese clause in the system of transitivity, based on Halliday’s viewpoints In addition, Dương Ngọc Bích Đào [6] in the research “An Investigation into the features of participants in mental processSenser and Phenomenon in English and Vietnamese” investigates the usage of participants in three sub-types of mental processes: affection, perception and cognition processes in English and Vietnamese The participants of the processes viewed in linguistic approach of Functional Grammar have not been given due consideration It has been so far studied on each process only Therefore, a contrastive analysis of participants in all types of process in English and Vietnamese will hopefully bring a great significance to the literature of the issue, and help the Vietnamese learners minimize confusion among the various structures 2.2 Theoretical Background 2.2.1 Introducing Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is a theory interested in describing language in terms of its semantic function in the social and cultural contexts within which it is put to use by speakers In this way it differs from the formal, syntactic approach of traditional grammars Halliday [9], a major figure in the development of SFL, describes language as a social semiotic SFL asks questions how language is used by speakers and writers in order to make meanings in functional contexts and how it is organized to achieve this 2.2.2.Different Kinds of Meaning: Introducing the Metafunctions SFL suggests that language makes different kinds of meaning concurrently Halliday and Matthiessen [10] group these meanings into three metafunctions: ideational, interpersonal and textual We use these metafunctions to construe different aspects of our experience The ideational compromises our construal of the ‘experiential world’ through language; the interpersonal ‘our construction of social relationships’; and the textual, the semiotic enactment of discourse 2.2.3 Transitivity Systems The transitivity system is the system in which Process type is chosen by the speaker and is located within the ideational metafunction According to Halliday, a Process has three components (i) The process itself realized by a verbal group 7 (ii) Participants in the process realized by (a) nominal group(s) (iii) Circumstances associated with the process by (an) adverbial group(s) or prepositional phrase(s) 2.2.4 Types of Process The transitivity system of a language construes experience into the small set of domains of meaning, which differ according to the process itself and the nature of participants involved in it In English, there are types of process: Material, Mental, Verbal, Behavioral, Relational, and Existential And each process type is discussed in the subsections below 2.2.5 Linguistic Features of Participants in the Processes 2.2.5.1 Syntactic Features of Participants in the Processes As one of the three main components in the transitivity system, a participant function as Subject, Object, Complement The participant most commonly realised by a NOMINAL GROUP revolve around the Process and can interact with it through a variety of Participant Roles [4, p.46] Verbal group as PROCESS Figure 2.1: Pattern of experience in the clause Butt [4, p 66] 2.2.5.2 Semantic Features of Participants in the Processes Basically, process type is the resource for sorting out our experience of all kinds of events into a small number of types These differ both with respect to the process itself and the number and kinds of participants involved The system discriminates six different types of process in English Each process type has its own set of participant roles This means that once the process type has been identified, the function labels for the participant roles fall into place easily Functional Grammar Aspect distinguishes a number of different participant roles to give a more accurate picture of the relationship between participants and the processes Some participant roles are associated with one process type only Other participant roles may be found across a number of process types 9 10 The summary of the process types can be shown in the figure 2.2 Material Process: material; actor, (goal) (range) (beneficiary) Mental Process: mental; sensor, phenonmenon Verbal Process: verbal; sayer, (receiver) (verbiage) (target) Behavioural Clause Process: behavioural; behaver, (phenonmenon) Existential Relational Process: existential; existent identifying Process: identifying; token, value attributive Circumstance Circumstance Process: attributive; carrier, attribute Not Figure 2.2: System of Process Types 2.2.6 Summary This chapter has had a close look at all the processes so far especially the participants in the processes In the next chapter, the methods and procedure will be presented as a guide to the main focus of the research in chapter CHAPTER 3: METHODS AND PROCEDURES 3.1 Aims and Objectives This study is conducted to investigate the semantic and syntactic features of participants in the processes in English and Vietnamese from Functional Grammar Aspect It aims to supply better insight into participants and their semantic roles as well as their syntactic features to Vietnamese learners of English in order to help them overcome their difficulties 3.2 Research Methodology In order to reach the aims, the methods used are the combination of descriptive and the comparative 3.3 Data Collection The data are collected basing on the criteria of the recognition of participants All the examples for the study and the data for investigation are collected from magazines, novels, short stories by different English, famous Vietnamese translators and literature books on the Internet Some examples are also taken from grammar books by grammarians The samples taken from the sources of data are based on the kinds of participants in the sentences Since the study is concerned with the aspect of participants which confine to clauses and clause complexes, examples of the whole text seem not to be necessary 3.4 Data Analysis The corpus of sentences containing participants in English and Vietnamese equivalent is described and compared from the view of the Functional Grammar Aspect 3.5 Summary 12 11 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Syntactic Features of Participants in Processes in English and in Vietnamese Participants are typically realised by Subject, Direct Object and Indirect Object in the syntactic structure In respect of elements in the process, the table mapping syntactic function and structural element can be presented as follows: Table 4.1 Syntactic Function and Structural Element in the process Ideational roles Syntactic function Structural element process verbal predicator participant nominal subject object complement quality adjectival complement 4.1.1 Syntactic Properties of Participants as Subject 4.1.2 Syntactic Properties of Participants as Object Participants as Direct Object Participants as Indirect Object 4.1.3 Syntactic Properties of Participants as Complement In sum, the participants in the processes syntactically represent by Subject, Object (Direct or Indirect) or Complement They are typically recognized by Proper Names Personal pronouns or Noun Groups and sometimes by Adjectives or Prepositional phrases functioning as Attribute or Identifying in the Relational Processes In reality, there are many sentences raised from the context without Subject or Subject implied But the investigation of the research is carried out on the linguistic features of participants, the examples extracted for the corpus are concentrated on the participants in all types of process From the corpus, we can see that a process has at least a participant functioning as Subject Some processes with two participants or more appear depending on the kinds of verb: monotransitive, complex transitive, or ditransitive They may function as Direct Object, Indirect Object or Complement 4.2 Realizations of Participants in the Processes in English and in Vietnamese A participant can be a person, a place or an object (this is the notion of thingness), and in the grammar of a clause the participant is most commonly realised by a NOMINAL GROUP The participants in the processes can be realised by Pronouns (Personal Pronouns, Reflexive pronouns ) Proper Names Nominal Groups Adjective/ Adjective groups Prepositional Groups Finite Clauses Non-Finite Clauses 4.2 Semantic Features of Participants in the Processes in English and Vietnamese 4.2.1 Participant Roles in Material Processes 4.2.1.1 Participants as Actor Actor is an inherent Participant, “the one that does the deed” [15, 109] Goal is a non- inherent Participant, the “one to which the Process is extended” and “that suffers or undergoes the Process” [9, 102] Both Actor and Goal are things The term thing here is understood as “a phenomenon of our experience including of course our inner experience and imagination-some entity (person, creature, object, institution or abstraction), or some process (action, 13 event, quality, state or relation)” [9, 102] Actor and Goal are realized by nominal groups, either animate or inanimate A material process may be intransitive and middle if it consists of only Actor or transitive and effective (active or passive) if it involves Actor and Goal 4.2.1.2 Participants as Goal In the process with two participants, the Actor is realised as Subject and Goal as Direct Object; or passive, in which Subject realises Goal and Actor is realised as Adjunct and its semantic relationship to the process has not changed The Goal is, however, the essential participant, the one which is primarily involved in the action The Goal is an entity to which the process is extended or directed In sum, Participants as Actor and Goal in material process in both languages have the same features They are animate or inanimate, conscious or non-conscious They can be person, thing, creature, object, institution, abstraction Sometimes, natural phenomena or the psychological states may be interpreted as real animate agents as a device of stylistics 14 4.2.2 Participant Roles in Mental Processes 4.2.2.1 Participants as Senser Senser is a human-like Participant and endowed with consciousness, often people This is the one who sees, feels, thinks, likes, etc In three subtypes of the process, All Sensers share the same characteristics typically recognised by proper names, personal pronouns or nominal groups which have to be conscious 4.2.2.2 Participants as Phenomenon Phenomenon, semantically, may be a thing, idea, event or fact which is thought, seen, liked, wanted, and so on For more details, the characteristics of phenomenon in subtypes of mental process will be exploited below Briefly, Senser and Phenomenon are the two participants in the Mental process The senser is the conscious being that is feeling, thinking or seeing; nominal groups serving as Senser which denote non-conscious entities have to be construed metaphorically as ‘personified’ The phenomenon is that which is ‘sensed’ - felt, thought or seen 4.2.1.3 Participants as Beneficiary The Beneficiary is the one to whom or for whom the process is said to take place In a material process from the transitive aspect, the Beneficiary is either Recipient or Client The Recipient is one that goods are given to, and the Client is one that services are done for 4.2.3 Participant Roles in Relational Processes 4.2.3.1 Participant Roles in Relational Attributive Processes Participants as Carrier The participants as Carrier are the entities which carry the attributes Syntactically, they often function as Subject in the sentences They may be human or non-human There is no difference between the Participant as Carrier in English and in Vietnamese 4.2.1.4 Participants as Range The participant as Range is the nominal concept which is implied by the process as its scope or range Participants as Attribute As presented in syntax, Attribute may be either a nominal group, a prepositional group or an adjectives, but not a pronoun The 15 16 participant as Attribute is the one that is ascribed to some entity, either as a quality, circumstance or a possession Semantically, in Attribute Relational Processes, there is no big differences between the Attributes in the both languages 4.2.4.2 Participants as Receiver Another participant that may be involved, and that is also typically human is the Receiver The Receiver is the participant to whom the saying is addressed 4.2.3.2.Participant Roles in Identifying Relational Processes Participants as Identifier and Identified Relational Identifying Processes set up an identity, role and meaning If someones asks “Which is my office?” they are looking for the identity of their office, and the question and answer contain an identifying process The nominal group about which the question is asked is labelled Identified and the new identity, the answer to the question, is Identifier 4.2.4.3 Participants as Verbiage The Verbiage functions as what is said According to Nguyễn Tài Cẩn [23, p 293], the verbs of saying in Vietnamese can go with both the modifier indicating the name of the saying and the modifier indicating the content of the saying Participants as Token and Value Halliday [9, p115] points that semantically the Token will be a “sign, name, form, holder or occupant” of a Value, which gives the “meaning, referent, function, status or role” of the Token These functions - Token and Value are conflate with those of Identifier and Identified; the conflation can go either way Either the Token and the Value can serve as the Identifying element (the Identifier) as show above 4.2.4 Participant Roles in Verbal Processes 4.2.4.1 Participants as Sayer The Sayer is the participant that has a very special relationship with the verbal process Typically, of course, the Sayer is human Being treated as a symbolic source, the Sayer does not have to be a conscious participant, but anything putting out a signal In view of the nature of the Sayer, according Halliday, verbal processes might more appropriately be called “symbolic” processes 4.2.4.4 Participants as Target Another participant of the process studied in the research is the Target The Target is the entity that is targeted by the process of saying 4.2.5 Participant Roles in Behavioural Processes Participants as Behaver Behavioural processes construe physiological or psychological behaviour The main participant, the BEHAVER, is gennerally a consious being and, if it is not, the clause is considered to be personification 4.2.6 Participant Roles in Existential Processes Participants as Existent Existential processes are processes of existing or happening Because the function of existential processes is to construe being as simple existence, there is only one participant known as the existent, which may refer to a countable entity, an uncountable entity or an event or situation From the corpus,The participants as Existent in both language systems may serve the same formulas and have no much difference 18 17 Table 4.10: Realizations of Participants in the processes 4.3 Discussions 4.3.1 Similarities From the Functional Grammar Aspect, both the English and Vietnamese languages have the same nature of clauses As we have presented, the clauses of English typically express our experience of the world in terms of things and events and the various circumstances that surround those events According to Halliday [9, p 101], “Our most powerful conception of reality is that it consists of ‘going-on’: of doing, happening, feeling, being” These goings-on are sorted out in the semantic system of the language through different types of process One of the three process elements is Participant expressed by nominal groups The concepts of process types are based on Halliday’s approach show that there isn’t much difference between Participants in the two languages 4.3.1.1 Syntactic Features All the participants are main elements in the processes They can function as Subject, Object or Complement They are typically realised by proper names, pronouns or noun phrases generally called nominal groups Some participants are also recognised by prepositional phrases Table 4.9: Syntactic Functions of Participants in English and in Vietnamese English Vietnamese Proper names + + Pronouns + + Nominal Groups + + Finite + - Non-finite + - + + Prepositional Phrases 4.3.1.2 Semantic Features In the view of Functional Grammar Aspect, Vietnamese linguist as H.V.Vân considers that “tham thể tham gia vào trình; tạo trình; cảm giác thông qua trình; tiếp nhận thông qua trình hay hưởng lợi từ trình; bị ảnh hưởng trình, v.v.” and “tham thể ñược thực hóa ñiển hình cụm danh từ” With this approach, there are no big differences in meanings in the two languages English and Vietnamese have the same types of process And each type of process is systematically characterised by participant’s meaning role in the Syntactic Function English Vietnamese Subject + + process Direct + + 4.3.2 Differences Indirect + + + + Object 4.3.2.1 Syntactic Features Complement In English as well as in Vietnamese, the participants are mostly in forms of nominal groups The order of these groups especially the position of pre-modifiers is different between the two languages Pre- 19 20 modifiers always stand before Head in English but come after head may be a phenomenon of any kind, and is often a thing, an event noun in Vietnamese Frequently, the existential clause contains a circumstantial element Additionally, in form of non-finite clause, these participants only and is followed by a non-finite clause The most difficult ones are in appear in English but not in Vietnamese because this concept doesn’t Relational processes In the attributive mode, an attribute is ascribed exist in Vietnamese to some entity; either as a quality, as a circumstance - of time, place 4.3.2.2 Semantic Features etc or as a possession while an entity is used to identify another in By comparing pairs of English and Vietnamese sentences, the differences between the participants in the two languages have been found However, in the same language, there also exist differences which I want to mention here the identifying mode The clause in identifying process can be reversible but not in attributive process Secondly, the participant in the processes encodes with some specific verbs For example, Senser encodes with the verbs of sensing, First of all, when describing the features of participants in the feeling, thinking such as love, like, think, remember… Behavier processes, we find out the distinctions of the processes especially of encodes with the verbs expressing physiological and psychological participants In material process, it is a process of doing or happening behaviours like breathing, dreaming, smiling, coughing Verbs of Every participant is a THING: that is, it is a phenomenon of our attribution include be, become, get, turn, turn out, seem… experience; including our inner experience or imagination- some Thirdly, each participant has their own function in the process so entity (person, creature, object, institution, or abstraction), or some the probe question is different “What do/ did X do?” or “What process (action, event, quality, state or relation) while these ‘things’ happen?’ is used for material processes Attributive clauses are may also be object of consciousness in a mental process In mental probed by ‘what?’ or ‘how?’; ‘What you think/ feel/ know about process, there is always one participant who is human; this is the one X?’, o r ’What is your perception/cognition ?’ are often used in that ‘senses- feels- thinks or perceive’ Because of expressing mental processes physiological and psychological behaviours, the participant in The representation of the participants in the processes in both Behavioural process is typically a conscious being, like the Senser languages has shown some differences though it is small In English, Verbal processes not require a conscious participant It can be the first person refers to the speaker I, we The second refers to the human or non-human The Sayer can be anything that put out a signal persons addressed you and the third person to he/ she/ it/ they Such entities could not figure naturally as Senser in the mental Meanwhile, the Vietnamese may use tôi, cậu, mình, em, anh for the process For this reason verbal processes might more appropriately be first person and bạn, bồ, mày, chúng mày, tụi mày for the second called ‘symbolic’ processes The Existent in Existential processes persons and the third persons are expressed by a lot of Vietnamese 21 22 equivelents like gã, anh ấy, chị ấy, bà ấy, hắn, họ, chúng họ (for CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION they: human) and chúng, (for they: non-human) 5.1 Concluding Remarks When Participants in the processes are Attributes, Identifier, In this study, the syntactic and semantic features of participants Identified, they are also realised by adjectives and adjective groups have been analyzed in a systematic and comprehensible approach in In the two languages, we see that there is no big difference When the light of functional grammar From the analysis, similarities and Atribute, Identifier are a group of adjectives, these forms are related differences in the syntax and semantics of participants between the to the support of conjunctions They are but, and, both and, not two languages have been found out The findings of the research, only but also in English and nhưng, và, vừa vừa ,cả hai therefore, enable the writer to explore appropriate suggestions that in Vietnamese There also exists Attribute, Identifier formed by a will help students overcome the difficulties in their learning group of adjectives that link together with commas + The framework of types of process in English and Vietnamese The prepositional groups served as participants in the processes is typically similar to each other They both have the same kinds of usually consists of preposition (in, on, at ) + nominal group On process, the same numbers of participant in each process They can comparing between English and Vietnamese, it is found out that in be represented by the following configuration: Vietnamese, there are cases whose components are exactly similar to the one in English Participant + Process (verb) ( ± ) participant ( ± ) participant + Syntactically, participants in the processes in both English and In English, the typical prepositional paraphrase of Recipient is Vietnamese can function as Subject, Object (Direct & Indirect), “to”, and of Client is “for” but in Vietnamese, these two roles have Complement As Subject, participants can be Actor, Senser, Sayer, the typical prepositional paraphrase “cho”, “ñến”, “tới” These Behavier, Carrier, Token They are typically realised by proper semantic roles of indirect object not go with a preposition when names, pronouns or noun phrases generally called nominal groups coming right after verbs whereas in Vietnamese, it is an acceptable When functioning as Object (Direct or Indirect), participants may be construction These are considered the source of difficulties for Goal, Beneficiary, Phenomenon, Range They are also realised by Vietnamese learners of English in their learning nominal groups or by finite and non finite clauses in English In Vietnamese, there is no concept of finite or non- finite clauses The Attribute, Identifier often come after the verbs “be, seem, look, feel, equivalent interpretations of these forms are based on their roles and become ” can function as Complements They can be realised by functions in the processes That is to say the relationship between adjective, adjective groups Client, Recipient, Receiver, Verbiage are grammar and meaning and context must be taken into consideration sometimes expressed by prepositional phrases Moreover, the structures of nominal groups in which the orders of modifiers as 23 24 deictic, numerative, epithet or classifier are different between English functions assumed by the participants in any clause are determined and Vietnamese by the type of process that is involved” [9, p 105] + Semantically, participants in English have the same semantic 5.2 Implication for English Language Teaching and Learning roles as in Vietnamese Their name is also their semantic role They Firstly, the overview of the processes in the transitivity system are Actor, Goal, Beneficiary and Range in Material processes; Senser helps the students distinguish between different types of processes and Phenomenon in Mental processes; Carrier, Attribute in and draw their attention to structural patterns in the clause which Relational processes; Behaver in behavioual processes; Existent as may otherwise be considered by some students as arbitrary rather participant in Existential process Verbal processes have four than being related to meaning and function In addition, experiential participants as Sayer, Verbiage, Receiver and Target These roles of grammar is also useful for helping students to respond critically to participants appear to be similar in the two languages Though there the texts they encounter The words and structures chosen by is no big difference in meanings in the two languages, the difference producers of texts reveal how they perceive and experience what is types of process have particular kinds of participant role that are going on in the world An exploration of experiential grammar, systematically associated with each From the research, we can see therefore, shows a great deal about the worldview expressed in a text the properties characteristic of each process type Thus “relational Next, by analyzing and comparing the participants in the types of processes” are characterized by a few favourite verbs- in particular, process in English and in Vietnamese, the research provides learners be and have “Mental processes” must be construed with one and teachers with a help tool in analysing as well as identifying the conscious participant, while “material processes” have a more varied participants in processes so that learners can produce correct and central participants that may or may not be a conscious being effective clauses to express experience of the world From the study, “Existential process” is unique in that the Subject is not a participant we can see that potential problems for Vietnamese learners in but rather the item there, which represents only ‘existence’, not the classifying the process including participants can come both from the participant that exists; this participant comes after the Process differences between English and Vietnamese and from difficulties Also from the research, we can see that there are the close within English itself When teaching process elements in general and relationships between the structure and the meaning Learners can participants particularly, not only we provide the learners with the use their knowledge in both fields to help the work easier “To master theory but also with the practice It is because of the fact that our aim the function of participants, we have to broaden our view of what in teaching grammar should be to ensure that students are constitute ‘going-on’ It is important to recognize there may be more communicatively efficient with the grammar that they have at their than one kind of process in the grammar of a language; and that level We should help learners raise their awareness about the 25 26 differences in the syntax and the semantics of participants between Vietnamese learners of English should choose the most suitable and English and Vietnamese in order that they can use what they know as acceptable relative equivalents to avoid errors made by the lack of well as what they learn effectively To help learners to classify the knowledge about process elements especially about participants in process and identify the participants more easily, I suggest three steps both languages In such cases, it is imposible to translate words by here words, but chunk by chunk We must read the grammartical Step 1: We have to find the key word which identifies which the construction as a single unit, understand the meaning, compare the process belongs to That is Process (Verb) It is the key figure in the meanings of the sentences in the two languages and determine where process; this is the one through which the Process is actualized If the process begin and end to get the most suitable equivalents there are two verbs in a sentence, the one stands right after the Subject is the main verb Finally, grammar teaching has always been one of the most controversial aspects of language teaching Few teachers remain Step 2: Find the participants indifferent to grammar and many teachers become obsessed by it By using the probe questions like “what do/ does/ did + X + do?”, This study is an attempt to shed light on one small part of the issue “what…do?”, what you think/ feel/ know about X ?, o r ”What is That is to say from the findings and the results of the study, the your perception/cognition ? We can identify the participant in the teachers can explore the appropriate ways to help students learn and process acquire the semantic and syntactic features of participants better and Step 3: Name the participants The name of the participants is their semantic roles It is the most difficult task of all because better and to use them effectively in communication 5.3 Limitations and Suggestions for Further Studies participants’name is rather complex We have to pay attention to the Within the scope of a master thesis we cannot cover all the relationship between the participants and the Process (Verb) The features of participants in both English and Vietnamese, the study best way is that we have to learn by heart the participants depending just limits itself to the syntactic and semantic features of participants on the specific verb in English and Vietnamese, therefore there are still areas for further Then, taking points from the study, we also conclude that studies such as: participants in English and Vietnamese reveal quite many differences - Participants in Egrative System in the syntax and semantics There are some constructions which - The distinguished features of participants as projected clauses in only exist in Vietnamese but it is really hard to find them in English and vice versa We would like to emphasize that in many cases we cannot find the complete equivalents in the two languages, therefore Mental Processes and Verbal Processes - Range in verbal and relational processes [...]... heart the participants depending just limits itself to the syntactic and semantic features of participants on the specific verb in English and Vietnamese, therefore there are still areas for further Then, taking points from the study, we also conclude that studies such as: participants in English and Vietnamese reveal quite many differences - Participants in Egrative System in the syntax and semantics There... you think/ feel/ know about X ?, o r ”What is That is to say from the findings and the results of the study, the your perception/cognition ? We can identify the participant in the teachers can explore the appropriate ways to help students learn and process acquire the semantic and syntactic features of participants better and Step 3: Name the participants The name of the participants is their semantic... not the classifying the process including participants can come both from the participant that exists; this participant comes after the Process differences between English and Vietnamese and from difficulties Also from the research, we can see that there are the close within English itself When teaching process elements in general and relationships between the structure and the meaning Learners can participants. .. communicatively efficient with the grammar that they have at their than one kind of process in the grammar of a language; and that level We should help learners raise their awareness about the 25 26 differences in the syntax and the semantics of participants between Vietnamese learners of English should choose the most suitable and English and Vietnamese in order that they can use what they know as acceptable... It is the most difficult task of all because better and to use them effectively in communication 5.3 Limitations and Suggestions for Further Studies participants name is rather complex We have to pay attention to the Within the scope of a master thesis we cannot cover all the relationship between the participants and the Process (Verb) The features of participants in both English and Vietnamese, the. .. epithet or classifier are different between English functions assumed by the participants in any clause are determined and Vietnamese by the type of process that is involved” [9, p 105] + Semantically, participants in English have the same semantic 5.2 Implication for English Language Teaching and Learning roles as in Vietnamese Their name is also their semantic role They Firstly, the overview of the. .. a systematic and comprehensible approach in In the two languages, we see that there is no big difference When the light of functional grammar From the analysis, similarities and Atribute, Identifier are a group of adjectives, these forms are related differences in the syntax and semantics of participants between the to the support of conjunctions They are but, and, both and, not two languages have... identifies which the construction as a single unit, understand the meaning, compare the process belongs to That is Process (Verb) It is the key figure in the meanings of the sentences in the two languages and determine where process; this is the one through which the Process is actualized If the process begin and end to get the most suitable equivalents there are two verbs in a sentence, the one stands right... are some constructions which - The distinguished features of participants as projected clauses in only exist in Vietnamese but it is really hard to find them in English and vice versa We would like to emphasize that in many cases we cannot find the complete equivalents in the two languages, therefore Mental Processes and Verbal Processes - Range in verbal and relational processes ... characteristic of each process type Thus “relational Next, by analyzing and comparing the participants in the types of processes are characterized by a few favourite verbs- in particular, process in English and in Vietnamese, the research provides learners be and have “Mental processes must be construed with one and teachers with a help tool in analysing as well as identifying the conscious participant, while

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