inversion Trong tiếng anh đảo ngữ thường sử dụng với mệnh đề nhấn mạnh thường gặp dạng đảo trạng từ lên đầu câu Eg: She never eats out ==> Never does she eat out I) Đảo từ với câu điều kiên Đảo từ với câu điều kiện loại a) Câu điều kiện loại có sử dụng “ should” thay không xác định khả xáy tương lai Đảo “should” lên đầu câu thay “If” Eg: If it should rain tonight, I will stay at home ==> Should it rain b) Điều kiện loại có sử dụng thời hoàn thành Lấy “should” thay “If” để nguyên thể hoàn thành với “have done” tất Eg: If she has finished the work, she can go home ==> Should she have finished Điều kiện loại a) Mệnh đề điều kiện loại có dùng động từ “tobe” số nhiều “were” dùng “were” thay”if” Eg: Iif I were you, i would love him ==> Were I you b) Trong mẫu câu điều kiện loại đặc biệt có dùng “If” đầu câu ( “were” khỏi “not’’sau đảo lên đầu câu thay “if”) Eg: If it weren’t for your progress, i wouldn’t be here ==> Were it not your c) Mẫu câu điều kiện loại đặc biệt If + S+ were+ to Thay động từ khứ mệnh đề điêu kiện loại Eg: If i were to speak ==> Với mẫu câu đảo “were” lên đầu câu thay “If” Điều kiện loại a) Dùng “Had” đảo lên đầu câu thay “If” Eg: If she had worked harder last year, she wouldn’t have failed the exam ==> Had she worked harder last year b) Câu điều kiện loại đặc biệt với đại từ “it” đầu câu If it hadn’t been for + N ==> Nếu ==> Tách “had” khỏi “not” đảo lên đầu câu thay “If” Eg: If it hadn’t been for hot weather,we would have had a wonderful holiday ==> Had it not been for c) Mệnh để điều kiện loại đặc biệt có sử dụng” were to have done” thay khứ hoàn thành Eg; If she had driven carefully, she wouldn’t have cause the accident ==> If she were to have driven Đảo “were” lên đầu câu thay “If” ==> Were she to have driven… II CASES OF INVERSION (Những trường hợp đảo ngữ) Inversions take place after some negative adverb such as: little (một ít), nowhere (không nơi nào), no longer (không nữa), in vain (vô ích), not until (mãi đến khi), never (không bao giờ), never again (không nữa), never before (không nữa), seldom = rarely, hardly (gần không, khó mà), not for one minutes (không phút nào) Example: - He said little about it => Little did he say about it - Nowhere you can enjoy delicious dishes like here => Nowhere can you enjoy delicious dishes like here - No longer will he work here - In vain did they look for the missing people - Not until I came home did I realize that I had lost everything - Not until she left did I know that she had been very important for me - I will never forgive him => Never will I forgive him - Never again will I meet him - Never before have I seen this film (present perfect) - She rarely makes a mistake => Rarely does she make a mistake - I hardly meet her nowadays => Hardly I meet her nowadays - Not for one minute we feel peaceful - Not for one minute did she forger about it/him Inversions are used in emphasizing cases - I like it (normal) => Do I like it (emphasizing case) - I slept well last night => Did I sleep well last night - He loves her => He does love her Inversions are used in some conditional sentences - If I were the judge, I’d sentence him to death => Were I the judge, I’d sentence him to death - If I weren’t rich, I wouldn’t help you => Were I not rich, I wouldn’t help you - If I had taken his advice, I’d have succeeded been successful => Had I taken his advice, I’d - If I had been flying to New York at that time, I’d have died => Had I been flying to New York - If you hadn’t helped me, I wouldn’t have known how to solve it => Had you not helped me, I wouldn’t have known how to solve it - If I hadn’t stayed up late last night, I wouldn’t be tired now => Had I not stayed up late last night, I wouldn’t be tired now 4 Inversions are used in questions - Do you like it? Have you had dinner yet? Will you go there tomorrow? Are you listening to me? Inversions are used after some conjunctions such as: - Hardly when - Scarcely when (Ngay ) - No sooner when Hardly had I gone to bed when the phone rang No sooner had I left my house than it began to rain Inversions are used in some phrases with “only” - Only when (chỉ khi) - Only if (chỉ mà) + Clause - Not only (không những) (conjunctions) - Only by (prep) (Chỉ cách) + Clause Ex: + Only when you grow up can you understand it + Only if you tell me the truth can I forgive you + Not only does he study well, but also he sings well + Only by studying hard can you pass this exam Inversions are used in some phrases with “no” - In no way (không cách cả) At no time (chưa bao giờ) On no account (không lý gì) In/under no circunstances (cho dù không) Ex: - In no way can you refuse to answer my question - At no time have I come there - On no account can you treat her badly like this - In no circunstances will I betray you (Phản bội) - In no circunstances will I leave you alone (để bạn mình) Inversions are used with “not a” and “many a” - Not a word did she say - Not a letter have I received from her - Many a rose did he give her - Many a book has he read 9 Inversions take place after “here” and “there” - There comes our mother - Here comes singer My Tam 10 Inversions are used with “so” and “neither” - I’m a student; I’m a student, too So am I I’m not a student; I’m not a student, either Neither am I She likes music; He likes music, too So does he She doesn’t like music; He doesn’t like music, either Neither does he I didn’t sleep well last nigh; She didn’t sleep well last night, either Neither did she I haven’t seen it ; I haven’t seen it, either Neither have I * Notes: Nếu câu có chứa số trạng từ phủ định hardly, seldom, rarely, never để diển đạt tương tự người ta dùng either neither (không dùng so too) - I hardly meet her nowadays; He hardly meet her nowadays, either Neither does he Nhóm từ: So, Such Câu đảo ngữ có chứa “So” mang cấu trúc sau: So + tính từ + to be + Danh từ … Ví dụ: • So strange was the situation that I couldn't sleep (Tình kì lạ khiến ngủ được) • So difficult is the test that students need three months to prepare (Bài kiểm tra khó tới mức mà sinh viên cần tháng chuẩn bị) Câu đảo ngữ có chứa “Such” mang cấu trúc sau: “Such + to be + Danh từ +…” Ví dụ: • Such is the moment that all greats traverse (Thật thời khắc trở ngại lớn lao) • Such is the stuff of dreams (Thật giấc mơ vô nghĩa) III.7 Câu đảo ngữ Trong số trường hợp phó từ không đứng vị trí bình thường mà đảo lên đứng đầu câu nhằm nhấn mạnh vào hành động chủ ngữ Người ta gọi câu đảo ngữ Trong trường hợp ngữ pháp thay đổi, đằng sau phó từ đứng đầu câu trợ động từ đến chủ ngữ động từ chính: Ví dụ: Little did I know that he was a compulsive liar At no time (= never) did I say I would accept late homework Câu đảo ngữ có chứa trạng từ phủ định: Nhìn chung, câu đảo ngữ thường dùng để nhấn mạnh tính đặc biệt kiện thường mở đầu phủ định từ • Nhóm từ: never (không bao giờ), rarely (hiếm khi), seldom (hiếm khi) Câu đảo ngữ chứa trạng từ thường dùng với động từ dạng hoàn thành hay động từ khuyết thiếu chứa so sánh Ví dụ: Never have I been more insulted! (Chưa bị lăng mạ thế) Never in her life had she experienced this exhilarating emotion Seldom has he seen anything stranger (Hiếm anh nhìn thấy kì lạ thế) Seldom have I seen him looking so miserable • Nhóm từ: hardly (hầu không), barely (chỉ vừa đủ, vừa vặn), no sooner (vừa mới), or scarcely (chỉ mới, vừa vặn) Câu đảo ngữ chứa trạng ngữ thường dùng để diễn đạt chuỗi kiện xảy khứ Ví dụ: Scarcely had I got out of bed when the doorbell rang (Hiếm chuông cửa reo mà thức dậy) No sooner had he finished dinner than she walked in the door (Khi anh vừa ăn tối xong chị ta bước vào cửa) Nhóm từ kết hợp sau “Only” như: only after, only when, only then… Only after/only when/only then/only if + trợ động từ + S + V… Only by + noun/V-ing + trợ động từ/ động từ khuyết thiếu + S + V….: cách làm Ví dụ: Only then did I understand the problem (Chỉ sau lúc hiểu vấn đề) Only by hard work will we be able to accomplish this great task Only by studying hard can you pass this exam Chú ý: câu có hai mệnh đề, dùng đảo ngữ mệnh đề thứ hai: Only when you grow up, can you understand it Only if you tell me the truth, can I forgive you Only after the film started did I realise that I'd seen it before Nhóm từ: So, Such Câu đảo ngữ có chứa “So” mang cấu trúc sau: So + tính từ + to be + danh từ … Ví dụ: So strange was the situation that I couldn't sleep (Tình kì lạ khiến ngủ được) So difficult is the test that students need three months to prepare (Bài kiểm tra khó tới mức mà sinh viên cần tháng chuẩn bị) Câu đảo ngữ có chứa “Such” mang cấu trúc sau: “Such + to be + danh từ +…” Ví dụ: Such is the moment that all greats traverse (Thật thời khắc trở ngại lớn lao) Such is the stuff of dreams (Thật giấc mơ vô nghĩa) Not only….but also… :không những…….mà còn… Not only + trợ động từ + S +V + but also + S + V… Ví dụ: Not only does he study well, but also he sings well 5 Một số cấu trúc khác • In/ Under no circumstances: Dù hoàn cảnh không Under no circumstances should you lend him the money • On no account: Dù lý không On no accout must this switch be touched • Only in this way: Chỉ cách Only in this way could the problem be solved • In no way: Không In no way could I agree with you • By no means: Hoàn toàn không By no means does he intend to criticize your idea • Negative , nor + auxiliary + S + V He had no money, nor did he know anybody from whom he could borrow • Khi mệnh đề mở đầu thành ngữ nơi chốn trật tự động từ đảo lên chủ ngữ tuyệt đối không sử dụng trợ động từ trường hợp Clause of place/ order + main verb + S (no auxiliary) In front of the museum is a statue First came the ambulance, then came the police (Thoạt đầu xe cứu thương chạy đến, tiếp sau cảnh sát.) • Khi ngữ giới từ làm phó từ địa điểm phương hướng đứng đầu câu, nội động từ đặt lên trước chủ ngữ tuyệt đối không sử dụng trợ động từ loại câu Nó phổ biến văn mô tả muốn diễn đạt chủ ngữ không xác định: Under the tree was lying one of the biggest men I had ever seen Directly in front of them stood a great castle On the grass sat an enormous frog Along the road came a strange procession • Tân ngữ mang tính nhấn mạnh đảo lên đầu câu: Not a single word did he say • Các phó từ away ( = off ), down, in, off, out, over, round, up theo sau động từ chuyển động sau danh từ làm chủ ngữ: – Away/down/in/off/out/over/round/up + motion verb + noun/noun phrase as a subject Away went the runners Down fell a dozen of apples – Nhưng đại từ nhân xưng làm chủ ngữ động từ phải để sau chủ ngữ: Away they went Round and round it flew – Trong tiếng anh viết (written English) ngữ giới từ mở đầu giới từ down, from, in, on, over, out of, round, up theo sau động từ vị trí (crouch, hang, lie, sit, stand ) dạng động từ chuyển động, động từ be born/ die/ live số dạng động từ khác From the rafters strings of onions In the doorway stood a man with a gun On a perch beside him sat a blue parrot Over the wall came a shower of stones *Chú ý: ví dụ diễn đạt V-ing mở đầu cho câu động từ to be đảo lên chủ ngữ: Hanging from the rafters were strings of onion Standing in the doorway was a man with a gun Sitting on a perch beside him was a blue parrot Bài tập 1: Viết lại câu với hình thức đảo ngữ She had never been so happy before I have never heard such nonsense! I have never seen such a mess in my life Public borrowing has seldom been so high They had seldom participated in such a fascinating ceremony They little suspected that the musical was going to be a runaway success The embassy staff little realized that Ted was a secret agent I had hardly begun to apologize when the door closed The shop can in no way be held responsible for customers' lost property 10 The couple had no sooner arrived than the priest started the ceremony 11 Tom only understood the meaning of the comment when he saw his wife's face 12 The restaurant cannot accept animals under any circumstances 13 The artist rarely paid any attention to his agent's advice Bài tập 2: Viết lại câu cho nghĩa không thay đổi Her grief was so great that she almost fainted –> So………………………………………… He got down to writing the letter as soon as he returned from his walk –> No sooner…………………………………………………… She had hardly begun to speak before people started interrupting her –> Hardly…………………………………………………………… I only realized what I had missed when they told me about it later –> Only when…………………………………………………… You won’t find a more dedicated worker anywhere than Mrs John –> Nowhere………………………………………… 6.–> The outcome of the election was never in doubt –> At no time…………………………………… He forgot about the gun until he got home –> Not until……………………………… The only way you can become a good athlete is by training hard everyday –> Only by………………………………………………………… Xem đáp án Bài 1: She had never been so happy before > Never had she been so happy before I have never heard such nonsense! > Never have I heard such nonsense! I have never seen such a mess in my life > Never have I seen such a mess in my life Public borrowing has seldom been so high > Seldom has public borrowing been so high They had seldom participated in such a fascinating ceremony > Seldom had they participated in such a fascinating ceremony They little suspected that the musical was going to be a runaway success > Little did they suspect that the musical was going to be a runaway success The embassy staff little realized that Ted was a secret agent > Little did the embassy staff realize that Ted was a secret agent I had hardly begun to apologize when the door closed > Hardly had I begun to apologise when the door closed 9 The shop can in no way be held responsible for customers' lost property > In no way can the shop be held responsible for customers’ lost property 10 The couple had no sooner arrived than the priest started the ceremony > No sooner had the couple arrived than the priest started the ceremony 11 Tom only understood the meaning of the comment when he saw his wife's face > Only when Tom saw his wife’s face did he understand the meaning of the comment 12 The restaurant cannot accept animals under any circumstances > Under no circumstances can the restaurant accept animals 13 The artist rarely paid any attention to his agent's advice > Rarely did the artist pay any attention to his agent’s advice Bài 2: Her grief was so great that she almost fainted –> So great was her grief that she almost fainted He got down to writing the letter as soon as he returned from his walk –> No sooner had he returned from his walk than he got down to writing the letter She had hardly begun to speak before people started interrupting her –> Hardly had she begun to speak when people started interrupting her I only realized what I had missed when they told me about it later –> Only when they told me about it later did I realize what I had missed You won’t find a more dedicated worker anywhere than Mrs John –> Nowhere will you find a more dedicated worker than Mrs John The outcome of the election was never in doubt –> At no time was the outcome of the election in doubt He forgot about the gun until he got home –> Not until he got home did he remember about the gun The only way you can become a good athlete is by training hard everyday –> Only by training hard everyday can you become a good athlete .Under no cicumstances + trợ động từ ,tobe, ĐTKT, + S+ V , clause Với giá Not only+ TĐT,tobe, ĐTKT, +S+V, but also Không .mà Tưong tự : No sooner than Hardly when ( Ngay ) Scarely when Seldom , never, rare ly : thường dùng đơn cả, never dùng HTHT Not untill + mốc thời gian/ Mệnh đề + that ( không .) Only by , only in + có cụm chủ vĩ đảo ngữ MĐ lên ( Chỉ ) Ngoài cấu trúc đảo ngữ mệnh đề điều kiện Loại : Should+ S+ Vo , S + will + V Loại : Were+ S + Adj/ to+ V , S + would / should + Vo Loại 3.: Had + S + V3 + , S + would have / had + V3 Câu đảo ngữ dịch bình thường thui bạn, thay đổi nghĩa INVERSION ● Khi cần nhấn mạnh cho chủ ngữ, Trạng từ mang ý nghĩa phủ định đảo đầu câu Khi có đảo ngữ (inversion) chủ ngữ Trợ động từ Hardly Rarely Seldom + auxiliary + subject + verb Never Only John hardly remembers the accident that took his sister's life Hardly does John remember the accident that took his sister's life ● Một số cụm Trạng từ mang ý nghĩa phủ định đặt đầu câu cần đảo ngữ • In/ Under no circumstances: Dù hoàn cảnh không Under no circumstances should you lend him the money • On no account: Dù lí không On no account must this switch be touched • Only in this way: Chỉ cách Only in this way could the problem be solved ● Đảo ngữ với Nor sau mệnh đề phủ định Negative , nor + auxiliary + S + V He had no money, nor did he know anybody from whom he could borrow ● Các Cụm Trạng từ nơi chốn hay trật tự thời gian đặt đầu câu áp dụng đảo ngữ không dùng Trợ động từ trường hợp Adverb phrase of place/ order + main verb + S (no auxiliary) In front of the museum is a statue First came the ambulance, then came the police ● Các Cụm Trạng từ địa điểm phương hướng với nội động từ (intransitive verb) đặt đầu câu có đảo ngữ không dùng Trợ động từ Cách viết thường gặp lối văn mô tả Adverb phrase + instransitive verb + S (no auxiliary) Under the tree was lying one of the biggest men I had ever seen Directly in front of them stood a great castle On the grass sat an enormous frog Along the road came a strange procession Đảo ngữ(Inversions) Thông thường, câu kể (câu trần thuật) bắt đầu chủ ngữ sau động từ Tuy nhiên, trật tự câu bị thay đổi người nói muốn nhấn mạnh Lúc xuất hiện tượng "Đảo ngữ" Đảo ngữ thể dạng sau: Not until + phrase/clause Ex.: Not until 10 p.m yesterday did he come home Not until I left home did I realize what he had meant Neither, nor dùng để diễn tả người hay vật tương tự người, vật hay vật khác (kia): Ex: a/ Tom is ill today So is Tom b/ I can’t understand Spainish Nor can I Seldom, rarely never nhấn mạnh với nhấn mạnh với mục đích so sánh: Ex.: Seldom had I seen such a terrible thing Only, not only, not until nhấn mạnh đặt đầu câu Ex.: Only learning hard can you pass the exam Hardly… When, scarcely……when no sooner…… than dùng để diễn tả hành động xảy ran sau hành động khác Ex.: Hardly had I arrived when I heard a terrible explosion No sooner had I left than it started to rain Các cụm giới từ nơi chốn nhấn mạnh Ex.: Near the old pagoda is a red flower tree