62 TAP CHI KHOA HQC XA HOl SO 3(151)-2011 TRUYEN THONG SAN X U A T G M OAT NUNG CUA NGLPOI KHMER VA NGU'OI VIET Q NAM BQ: NGHIEN CCrU NHU'NG BIEN OOl TRONG KY T H U A T CHE T A C V A K I E U D A N G SAN P H A M G O M OTINH KIEN GIANG NGUYEN THI HOAl HLfaNG TOM TAT VAl NET TONG QUAN KHU VU'C Bai viet la kit qua nghien eiru ky thuat lam NGHIEN ClJU gom thii edng d tinh Kien Giang dwoc thwc Khu vyc mien Nam Viet Nam thupc vung hien nam 2008 Nghien eiru dwa ehau t h i sdng Mekong la mpt khu vyc da eae van de hien trang san xuit, ehuyen doi s i c too Dan too Kinh ehilm p h i n Idn 87% ky thuat ehe tae va san phim gom Khmer t i n g dan s l , k l den la ngudi Hoa, ngudi d tinh Kien Giang qua trinh thich irng Khmer va ngudi Cham TCr khoang d i u t h i vdi nhirng blin doi kinh te, xa hgl hien ky XVII, ngudi Khmer ehilm s l lugng Idn Theo Si/ phat trien kinh te nhanh chdng tai trude ngudi Kinh, ngudi Hoa va ngudi Iwu virc Iwu song Mekong, hau nhw Cham den djnh c u tgi day Hipn d khdng cd hy vgng bag tin hien trang nghi o l n g b i n g sdng CCru Long cd khoang 90 gom thii cong mang tinh truyen thong tgc vgn dan la ngudi dan tdc Khmer, cu tru d ngwdi Dien hinh la san xuat gdm a lang cae tinh An Giang, Kien Giang, C i n Tha, Dau Doi d Kien Giang, viec dan gian hda dgc biet hp s i n g tap trung d Sde Trang, ciia ky thuat san xuit cung nhw hieu qua Tra Vinh P h i n Idn, hp ed quan he sau sac ciia san pham gom da thay doi dang ke v l van hda, xa hdi, Ijch su' vdi ngudi thay thi va chia se thj phin cung nhw so Khmer d Campuchia Ngudi Khmer sing Iwgng san xuit ciia tang Diu Dgi so vdi chu y l u d cae vung nui, chan d i i t h i p nhu gom eiia ngwdi Khmer Sw phan bo lang Hdn Olt-Hdn Queo (Kien Giang), eac chan Hdn Queo-lang Tri Ton-lang Diu Doi cho nui Tri Ton d tinh An Giang, bien gidi thay sir ton tai va sw can thiit cua gom huyen Tjnh Bien Chung ta de dang nhan sinh hoat d Dong bing song CCru dipn khu vyc sinh s i n g cua hp so vdi cac Long, dong thdi phan anh qua trinh chuyen tpc ngudi khac vi hp s i n g mdt khdng doi eua ky thuat san xuat va loai hinh gian tap trung theo phum, sdc Nghien eCru gom trudng hgp san x u i t g l m truyin thing d o l n g b i n g sdng CLPU Long eho bilt chi Nguyin Thi Hoai Huong Thae sT Vien Nghien cuu Phat tnen Thanh phi Nghien CLPU sinh nganh Khao co Hoc vien Khoa hpe Xa hpi cdn hai khu vyc ed ngudi Khmer lam g l m la huyen Hdn O l t tinh Kien Giang va huypn Tri Tdn tinh An Giang NGUYEN THI HOAl HUONG - T R U Y E N T H O N G SAN XUAT G O M OAT Huyen Hdn O l t ed dien tich t y nhien 1.019,75km^ dan s l 146,605 ngudi, mat dp dan s l 144 ngudi/km^'^', each phi Rach Gia khoang 30km, theo quIc Id 80 (cdn goi la dudng Rgch Gia Ha-Tien) Huyen Hdn O l t cd xa, dd 85% dan toe Kinh, 12% ngudi Khmer, ngudi Hoa va ngudi Cham la 3% Xa T h i San, Hon O l t c6 dan s l han 12.000 ngudi, dd, 60% ngudi Khmer, Viet 37%, 3% la ngudi Hoa va cac dan too khac LICH SLf NGHIEN CLfU V A N O t v l truyin thing san xuit g l m thu c6ng d miln Nam Viet Nam, theo cac nha nhan hpe 06ng Duang thdi thupe Phap, da cd nhilu md ta nhu Derbes (1880); Monographie de la province de Chau Doc, 1902, tr 34-35, ed ghi "O lang Nam Quy, nui Nam Vi (huyen Tri Tdn nay) cd san xuit d l g l m d i t nung'^'" Nhirng ghi chep Ngwdl Viet goc Mien cung cho bilt "Nghi lam g l m ( I p An Thuan, xa Chau Lang) eua ngudi Khmer d tinh An NUNG, 63 cung duge liet ke nhu la mdt nghe truyen thing gia dinh cua ngudi Khmer (Malleret 1957) Ngoai ra, tir nam 1996, Cort Lefferts va eac ding nghiep Konponsupu Konponehunan (Kompong Speu) va d miln Nam Viet Nam tinh Kien Giang, tinh An Giang da nghien eCru so sanh san xuit g l m tgi day vdi viing ddng b i c Thai Lan va d l g l m san xuit tgi Khorat, tai luc dja Ddng Nam A "ehu y l u la logi ring hinh trg" Trudng hgp n g h i g l m thu cdng eua ngudi Khmer d Hdn D i t tinh Kien Giang cd nghien eiru cua Truang Thanh Hiing, Hdi Van nghe Dan gian (Truang Thanh Hiing, 1998), va luan van thae sT cua Nguyin Thi Hoai Huang nghien eCru v l cac loai hinh va ky thuat san xuat g l m thu e6ng cua ngudi Khmer d D i n g bing s6ng CCru Long, trudng hgp lang g l m co ljch su t i n tgi lau ddi nhit vung chau t h i (Nguyin Thj Hoai Huang, 2001), da gidi thieu ky thuat lam g l m va cae logi hinh d l g l m thu edng tgi hai dia phuang tren Giang va ngudi Khmer d Campuchia nhin Ngoai ra, d Nam bp Viet Nam, dia Chung ed ehung truyen thing ky thuat san chi tinh Tay Ninh, ngudi ta cung ghi nhgn xuit va ehung logi, m i u ma san phim ngudi Khmer cung tirng san xuit g l m tgi Trudc nam 1975, n l i d i t ngudi Khmer day, nhung nhCrng d i u tich eua nghi g l m d I p An Thuan, xa Chau Lang, huyen Tri chi cdn luu giCr b i n g vai hinh anh va mpt Ten, tinh An Giang san x u i t cd m i u ma s l cdng eg lam g l m , n l i g l m trung bay tai giong nhu n l i d i t cua ngudi Khmer d tinh Nha Bao tang tinh Tay Ninh (Sd Van hda Kompong Chanang, Camphuehia da thu Thdng tin Tay Ninh, Dja ehi tinh Tay Ninh, hut nhieu khach hang d Viet Nam ma 2008) trudc dd hp phai sang Camphuehia d l Trong bai vilt nay, cae tae gia dua tren cac "mua di, ban lgi ... dinh cua ngudi Khmer (Malleret 1957) Ngoai ra, tir nam 1996, Cort Lefferts va eac ding nghiep Konponsupu Konponehunan (Kompong Speu) va d miln Nam Viet Nam tinh Kien Giang, tinh An Giang da nghien... qua lai giua nguoi Khmer d Viet Nam va ngudi Khmer d Campuchia vung bien gidi cua tlnh An Giang Hpi nghi Thdng b^o kit qua nghien cuu khoa hoc Vien Phat triln Ben vCrng vung Nam BO, 2009), Malleret,... l m va cae logi hinh d l g l m thu edng tgi hai dia phuang tren Giang va ngudi Khmer d Campuchia nhin Ngoai ra, d Nam bp Viet Nam, dia Chung ed ehung truyen thing ky thuat san chi tinh Tay Ninh,