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3. The research objectives, mission and scope. 3.1. The research objectives. The objectives of the study are applying the Multiple Perspective Tool to give multidimensional viewpoints relating to Climate change, equipping for students necessary skills in using this tool to analyse and assess not only this problem but also other ones especially environmental pollution and sustainable development. 3.2. The research mission This thesis focused on addressing the following missions: • Gain and choose data, documents; examine the geographical, historical and cultural – social characteristics of Thai Binh. • Analyse and integrate the evidence, reasons, impacts and adaptive solutions to climate change in Thai Binh. • Based on the previous results, the author used the Multiple Perspective Tool to assess Climate change in Thai Binh 3.3. The research scope. About the content: After analysing the characteristics of nature, economy, society , history and cultural diversity in Thai Binh, the author applied the Multiple Perspective Tool to appraise climate change under 8 perspectives of this tool. About territory: the study was done in Thai Binh. About methods: there are several methods used such as: quantitative, map and chart, field trip, comparative, especially using the Multiple Perspective Tool in assessing climate change in Thai Binh. About time: The series of climatic data was gathered in the period from 1961 to 2011, and the socio economic data was gained from 2005 to 2011.
1 Acknowledgment I would like to express my deepest appreciation to those who have helped and supported me throughout the conduct of the thesis: Ph.D Dao Ngoc Hung, Meteorology Ph.D, Faculty of Geography, HNUE, my adviser, for his guidance, fondness and inspiration, without him this study would not be possible; Ph.D Phan Thi Thanh Hang, Institute of Geography (Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology) who tended and provided me necessary data in the time doing this research To all the members of staff at Hydro - Meteorological Centre, Department of Labour, War invalids and Social Affairs, Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism in Thai Binh province as well as Thai Binh’s people who were very willing to provide needed information and important data in the conduct of this thesis Finally, my lecturers at Faculty of Geography, Hanoi National University of Education for supporting and concerning in the best way they can and my parents, my friends always care and help me conquer difficulties in my life to study and finish this thesis Hanoi, 22thMarch, 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Rationale .9 History of research .9 The research objectives, mission and scope .10 3.1 The research objectives .10 3.2 The research mission .10 3.3 The research scope 11 The research viewpoint and method 11 4.1 The research viewpoint 11 4.2 The research method .12 CHAPE I 16 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 16 Climate change and adaptation 16 1.1 Climate change .16 Adaptation to climate change can be spontaneous or planned The latter – whether seen as a normative goal, or as a process of policy changes or practical actions - is rising up the international development agenda From an initial focus on top-down analyses of CC impacts, attention has shifted to vulnerability assessments (again conducted in a top-down manner) and more recently to both top-down and bottom-up adaptation planning (e.g National Adaptation Programmes of Action or NAPAs12) 17 Sustainable development and Multiple Perspective Tool 17 CHAPE II 23 THE NATURAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THAI BINH 23 The natural condition 23 1.1 The geography location and territory 23 1.2 Geology and minerals 23 1.3 Land topography 24 1.4 Climate 26 1.5 Hydrology regime 27 1.6 Marine regime .28 1.7 Soil .28 1.8 Biology resource 30 Socio – economic condition 31 2.1 Population and society 31 2.2 Economic development situation 34 2.3 Infrastructure .35 2.3.1 Irrigation system 35 2.3.2 Traffic system 36 2.3.3 Electronic system 36 CHAPE III APLICATION OF THE MULTIPLE PERSPECTIVE TOOL IN ASSESSING CLIMATE CHANGE IN THAI BINH 37 Values perspective .37 Geographic perspective 38 Cultural diversity perspective 50 7.1 Climate change evidence in Thai Binh 59 7.2 The cause of climate change 61 Sustainable perspective 63 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 66 REFERENCES 68 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AR4 the Fourth Assessment Report CC Climate change CSIR Council of Scientific and Industrial Research DESD Decade of Education for Sustainable Development DIST District ESD Education for Sustainable Development GDP Gross Domestic Product IPPC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change NAPAs National Adaptation Programmes of Action NGOs Non-governmental organizations MPT Multiple Perspective Tool UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization WCED World Commission on Environment and Development LIST OF TABLE Table 1: Thai Binh’s hydro - meteorological parameters Table 2: The number of population by administrative units Table 3: The monthly average income per capita at current prices in the period from 2008 – 2012 in the entire province, urban and rural areas Table 4: The number of school divided by the levels of education from 2008 to 2013 Table 5: The rate of poverty in Thai Binh from 2008 to 2012 Table 6: GDP at compare prices by economic sectors from 2005 to 2010 Table 7: The damage from natural disasters in Thai Binh in the period from 1980 2011 Table 8: Difficulties for households having migrating members in Nam Phu commune, Tien Hai district Table 9: The rate of poverty household in Thai Binh in the period from 2008 to 2012 Table 10: The monthly average income per capita at current prices in Thai Binh, Red River Delta and nation from 2008 - 2010 Table 11: The proportion of female being students divided by school levels from 2008 to 2003 Table 12: The unemployment rate by gender LIST OF MAP AND CHARTS Figure 1: The general diagram about eight perspectives of Multiple Perspective Tool Figure 2: Thai Binh administration map in 2012 Figure 3: The chart about the current state of land using structure in the period from 2008 – 2012 Figure 4: The population and the rate of natural increase through years in Thai Binh Figure 5: The number of health staff and hospital beds in Thai Binh from 2008 to 2012 Figure 6: The variability over years and the linear trend of area was inundated by saltwater spilling into in the period from 1980-2011 Figure 7: The hard clam farming ponds in Nam Thinh commune, Tien Hai dist, Thai Binh has been threatened by climate change Figure 8: Ecological shrimp production model Figure 9: The situation of labour force and employment in Nam Phu commune, Tien Hai district from 2005 to 2009 Figure 10: The effects of climate change and sea-level rise to migration in Nam Phu commune, Tien Hai district Figure 11: Vo Nhiem Maria Square – Trung Dong Parish –Tien Hai district Figure 12: Residents in Cao Binh fishing village – Kien Xuong district Figure 13: The year to year variability and linear trend of January, July and annual temperature in the period from 1961-2011 of Thai Binh meteorological station Figure 14: The year-to-year variability and linear trend of the amount of rainfall in Thai Binh meteorological station from 1961 – 2011 Figure 15: The year-to-year variability and linear trend of the number of dry and drought months in Thai Binh meteorological station from 1961 – 2011 Figure 16: Son Tinh storm (in 2012) – the storm having the strangest movement in the last 40 years Figure 17: Smog column of Shengli Vietnam special steel company, Cau Nghin Industrial park, Quynh Phu district Figure 18: Local people use Dang day method to catch fry Figure 19: The area of mangrove forest is planted at the end of 2013 in Nam Thinh commune, Tien Hai district, Thai Binh ABSTRACT Nowadays climate change is the biggest problem of the human being It is already happening and represents one of the greatest environmental, social and economic threats facing the planet The warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global mean sea level Because all regions over the world will fairly suffer on climate change, adapting to this issue is very imperative With the slogan “Thinking globally, acting locally”, the author would like to contribute to equipping students with new and effective tool in climate change education in Thai Binh province It is Multiple Perspective Tool After collecting and analysing basically natural and socio-economic conditions of Thai Binh province, the author used this tool to assess reasons, impacts and propose some solutions for mitigating and adapting to climate change There are some following conclusions: - Cultural values of Thai Binh are either favourable conditions or barriers for climate change education Ancestor’s experiences in the fighting against natural disasters can be applied for this moment - Gender equality movement achieved several positive results, but male dominated ideology still is deep-rooted in local As a result, women’s life becomes more and more unstable in the context of climate change - The old and children are vulnerable easily by climate change, so the most important solution for adapting is to raise awareness of protecting themselves to natural disasters, and training necessary skills to mitigate impacts of this phenomenon etc In the process of doing this research, the author used some methods such as: quantitative, map and chart, field trip, comparative, especially using the Multiple Perspective Tool in assessing climate change in Thai Binh Along with those, Mapinfo version 10.0, PowerPoint, Excel software, proved their effective influences in designing maps, charts and linear functions INTRODUCTION Rationale Nowadays, Climate change is one of the hottest topics around The tropical storms have become stronger and more extra – ordinary (anomaly) in the movement with the destroy ability have never seen before There are the increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather; melting icebergs, glaciers and permafrost; sea-level rise; and changes in the timing and amount of precipitation All of them lead to serious results, threaten the environment and ecosystems and put human life in danger Therefore, this problem has been researched largely from global to local Thai Binh is a coastal province, located in the South East of Red River Delta From my research named “Assessment of the changes of some climatic factors in Thai Binh”, author can conclude that: climate in Thai Binh has been changing in the last 50 years and causing bad effects to the sustainable development in local One of the most effective methods to adapt to climate change is educating the young generation having the multidimensional view about this problem, also having the ability to adapt to climate change However, we still lack tools to equip students for understanding deeply about climate change, ensure for ESD (Education for Sustainable Development) in the future For the above reasons, I did this research with high hoping that I can contribute to the sustainable development of Thai Binh province through equipping the Multiple Perspective Tool (MPT) for students in adapting to climate change problem effectively History of research Climate change is one of the most striking concerns of the world at this moment In Vietnam, there are numerous documents and researches which were constructed and published such as: - “Một số điều cần biết biến đổi khí hậu”, Truong Quang Hoc and Nguyen Duc Ngu, 2009 - “Giáo dục ứng phó với biến đổi khí hậu trung tâm giáo dục thường xuyên”, Ministry of Education and Training, 2012 - “Nghiên cứu biến đổi khí hậu vùng Đồng sơng Hồng thời kì 1961 – 2002”, Master Thesis, Nguyen Quyet Chien, 2002 10 - “Kịch biến đổi khí hậu nước biền dâng cho Việt Nam” Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 2012 Etc… However, researches about climate change in Thai Binh are still limited Some typical researches such as: - “Nghiên cứu, đánh giá tác động biến đổi khí hậu tới tỉnh Thái Bình, đề xuất giải pháp thích ứng, giảm thiểu thiệt hại” Dr A/ Prof Nguyen Van Hoang – Geology Institute – Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 2010 – 2011 - Thesis “Nghiên cứu biến đổi nhu cầu tiêu biện pháp tiêu cho hệ thống thủy nơng Nam Thái Bình có xét đến ảnh hưởng biến đổi khí hậu tồn cầu”, PhD candidate Bui Nam Sach, Water Resources University - “Assessment the changes of some climatic factors in Thai Binh province” PhD Phan Thi Thanh Hang, Institute of Geography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology and Phan Thi Loan, Faculty of Geography, Hanoi National University of Education Previous research about the application Multiple Perspective Tool in ESD was done about clean water in some countries such as: Zambia, Tunisia, Thailand, Scientific report “The Multiple Perspectives Approach as a framework to analyse social systems in a developing country context” was done by author groups: Marita Turpin, Pretoria University; Jackie Phahlamohlaka, Defence, Peace, Safety and Security, CSIR and Mario Marais – Meraka Institute, CSIR, South Africa… However, at this moment, there is no research about application MPT in Climate change The research objectives, mission and scope 3.1 The research objectives The objectives of the study are applying the Multiple Perspective Tool to give multi-dimensional viewpoints relating to Climate change, equipping for students necessary skills in using this tool to analyse and assess not only this problem but also other ones especially environmental pollution and sustainable development 3.2 The research mission This thesis focused on addressing the following missions: 56 Gender equality perspective The movement towards gender equality develops strongly and effectively in Thai Binh In the period from 2003-2013, the proportion of female always is higher than that of male and revealed a figure of 53% Thai Binh is one of the provinces having the lowest ratio of male/female with 0,98/1 In 2013, in the total sum of new workers being 32000 people there are 18496 female ones (accounting for 57,8%); there are 25000 labours participating in labour force export to foreign countries (in that female labour made up 47%) Over 90% poverty households which having head of household is woman borrow capital for developing economy following to Poverty reduction program and Thai Binh’s job support Fund According to report of For the advancement of women Department and Education and training Department, the rate of female students increases constantly over time - 100% of little girls (from 11 – 14 years old) after graduating from Primary school entrance to grade 6; the rate of secondary school girl students gains 98%, that figure at High school level is 78% and tends to increase over years - Dissemating education and erasing illiteracy for the aged group from 15 to 40 are concentrated in recent years Surveys have shown that 97% of under 40 years old female group are eradicated illiteracy, the rest one mostly live in fishing and coastal villages, so it is very hard to dissemate education - Anually, there are over 90% of females approaching to healthy services; 80% of pregnant women are trained in taking care of children scientifically and holding happiness in family However, the inequality in infant survival rate goes up gradually The sex ratio of infants in 2000 was 106 /100, in 2005 was 111 /100 , in 2010 and 2011 was 113/100 and in 2012 was 112/100 The fertility rate decreases slowly, also the predict sex of the baby and male dominated ideology remain popular in community including public servants The marriage age for the first time of women is 21-23 and of men is 26,1 Table 12: The unemployment rate by gender (Unit:%) Year 2008 Total 0,72 By gender Male Female 0,69 0,74 57 2009 0,81 0,78 0,83 2010 0,82 0,8 0,84 2011 2012 0,81 0,8 0,79 0,79 0,83 0,81 (Source: Thai Binh statistics Yearbook in 2010 and 2012) Although the unemployment rate by female and male decreased through years, the former surpassed the latter in all periods The trained female labour rate which is lower than that figure of male most years decreased 2,76% in the period from 20082012 and showed a figure of 13,37% in 2012 This tendency can put women’s life at high risk when coping with climate change Besides, gender discrimination still exists in people ideology, particularly in rural area Because of patriarchal ideology with men considered as bread-winner and women sticking housework, a wrong viewpoint about gender role formed, which leads to lack of sharing family responsibility between men and women in bringing up children, pursuing higher education Employment rates are generally low at the group of women and older workers This actual situation make women role weaker, as a result having negative effects on proposing policies (including climate change and sustainable development policies) and put them in reality of women Therefore, economically speaking, women live on their husbands, it means that they tend to be more dependent on climate-sensitive sectors and are vulnerable easily For example, the limited land use owner right for Thai Binh’s female farmers leads them hardly to approach the fertile lands for farming, and lack of capital to diversify their livelihood Thai Binh‘s women tend to marry earlier than men do, this tendency leads women to be tied by family’s responsibilities sooner and has little time for pursue career As a result, women and girls has less time to study, work or raise income and participate in the decision-making process, which would lead to inequality in gender, obviously By comparison, the local men also shoulder negative effects of climate change, especially when they are poor Living in a poor province with the oldfashionable agriculture, men can be nervous and tense when their main livelihoods are threatened by climate change They can not fulfill obligation as bread-winner family so they really feel pressure when having to have "heroic actions" to protect their family against natural disasters, followed by putting their lives at risk For example, in Son 58 Tinh storm landed in Thai Binh at the end of 2012, there were 76 injured people, in that most of them were men A remarkable point in labour issues in Thai Binh is exporting labour force particularly in female into Taiwan, Malaysia Most of them are hired for the manual works which require hard working, diligence When women labours earn a living far from their family, hardly they have time to take care of their children Notably, about 7% of households having women participating in export labour underwent debt or bankruptcy due to broken contracts, lacking works or husband at home used money to gambling, alcohol, followed by broken families, limiting educational opportunities for female and children Because women role in Thai Binh’s society is looked down on as well as the negative influences of climate change, their lives become more and more miserable Hence, with high hoping for a better future, several women would like to marriage foreinger husband, put them at high risk of trafficking in women and girls Over the past few years, Thai Binh has been one of typical localities in the entire nation about women and girls trafficking According to surveys of Security Sector from 2007 to 2008, there were 3899 women getting married with foreinger husbands, in that 596 ones married legally and 3303 ones married illegally Strikingly, in 2008, 11 women victims of trafficking were detected in the whole province and 115 women left hometown and became victims of trafficking Women who have been trafficked may suffer from serious health problems, including physical health, reproductive health and mental health problems Their family also feel inferior and keep away from around people This actual situation put social security in jeopardy, affects badly to sustainable development of Thai Binh Simultaneously, most women married before being trafficked, their children suffered psychological vulnerability and were lured into social evils easily In brief, climate change has both immediate and longevity effects on perspective of gender equality The immediate consequences can easily be seen such as unstable livelihood of women, but the potential consequences affecting slowly and directly to living activities like threatening to sense of future generations and sustainable development is difficult to be recognized Thus, through the above analysis, author partly make the effects of climate change on gender equality perspective clearly to contribute to building socio-economic development stragery of Thai Binh in the next time 59 Scientific perspective In scientific report named “Assessment the changes of some climatic factors in Thai Binh province” author collected and analyzed a series of climatic data in the period from 1961-2011 of meteorological stations in Thai Binh as well as examined climate change and sea-level rise scenario and conclude that climate in Thai Binh has been changed 7.1 Climate change evidence in Thai Binh - Thai Binh’s average temperature tends to increase over time, particularly in summer, whereas the opposite trend is true of winter’s temperature As a result, the range of temperature has been going up and climate has been becoming harsher and harsher Figure 13: The year-to-year variability and linear trend of January, July and annual temperature in the period from 1961-2011 of Thai Binh meteorological station (Source:Thai Binh center of Meteorology and Hydrology) - The amount of rainfall tends to decrease through years, also rainfall distribution becomes equal between months when the amount of rainfall has been going down in rainy season and up in dry season 60 Figure 14: The year-to-year variability and linear trend of the amount of rainfall in Thai Binh meteorological station from 1961 – 2011 (Source:Thai Binh center of Meteorology and Hydrology) - The extreme weather including unusual, severe or unseasonal weather happens complicatedly and unpredictably Drought occurs more regularly in dry season with an increase in drought time Figure 15: The year-to-year variability and linear trend of the number of dry and drought months in Thai Binh meteorological station from 1961 – 2011 (Source:Thai Binh Center of Meteorology and Hydrology) Within 52 years (from 1960 to 2011) the number of hurricanes and tropical cyclones landing in coastline area from Quang Ninh province - Thanh Hoa province was 87 and underwent a decline trend over time However, the direction, speed and time of storm movement gradually become complexly In 2012, Son Tinh storm which landing directly in Thai Binh has the most extraordinary movement in the last 40 years At the end of 2013, Haiyan storm – the storm has the fastest speed in history landed into coastal areas of the province 61 Figure 16: Son Tinh storm (in 2012) – the storm having the strangest movement in the last 40 years (Source: Hoang Ha) 7.2 The cause of climate change 7.2.1 Natural causes Earth’s temperature depends on the balance between energy entering and leaving the planet’s system When incoming energy from the sun is absorbed by the Earth system, Earth warms When the sun’s energy is reflected back into space, Earth avoids warming When energy is released back into space, Earth cools Many factors, both natural and human, can cause changes in Earth’s energy balance, including: - Changes in the greenhouse effect, which affects the amount of heat retained by Earth’s atmosphere - Variations in the sun’s energy reaching Earth - Changes in the reflectivity of Earth’s atmosphere and surface - Volcanic eruptions, etc Because natural causes only make up 10% for the change of climate, in the scale of this research, author mostly mentions about human causes 7.2.2 Human causes Human activities are contributing to climate change, primarily by releasing billions of tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other heat-trapping gases, known as greenhouse gases, into the atmosphere every year Over the past century, human activities have released large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases 62 into the atmosphere The majority of greenhouse gases come from burning fossil fuels to produce energy, although deforestation, industrial processes, and some agricultural practices also emit gases into the atmosphere Greenhouse gases act like a blanket around Earth, trapping energy in the atmosphere and causing it to warm This phenomenon is called the greenhouse effect and is natural and necessary to support life on Earth However, the buildup of greenhouse gases can change Earth's climate and result in dangerous effects to human health and welfare and to ecosystems The choices we make today will affect the amount of greenhouse gases we put in the atmosphere in the near future and for years to come The development of rice agriculture in Thai Binh accounting for nearly 80% of agricultural land for a long time is one of sources releasing a large amount of methane gas The statistics of agriculture and rural development shows that Thai Binh’s people consume about 250-300 tons of pesticide and thousands of fertilizer tons each year In addition, with the dynamic development of industrial parks contributes to aggravating climate change According to statistics, industrial parks out of 10 industrial ones are operating in Thai Binh, but their current environment is degrading rapidly, in that the environment situation of many places is at alarming levels Greenhouse gas emissions in the industrial zones, industrial parks, craft villages, residential areas are increasing significantly Hence, the exploration of plant activities, status of the greenhouse gas emissions of the factories in the industrial zones is very necessary; however, because of the limitation in time and funds, the author is not able to collect specific data In this thesis, author makes qualitative assessments based on field trips visiting some industrial parks A telling example is pollution status of Cau Nghin Industrial Park (An Bai town – Quynh Phu district) In accordance with General Statement about Situation of Industrial Park’ Pollution in March/2009 shows that the concentration of CO2, SO2, NO2, NH3, dust and noise level at Cau Nghin industrial park exceeded permissible standards about 5937 and 5938/2005 In that, the most serious situation is the directly toxic emission into the environment of Shengli Vietnam special steel company, which causes the urgency for the inhabitants of An Bai town during that time Because this company releases smog and dust at night, the people’s health is threatened seriously Contaminated air causes several life-threatening diseases such as 63 cancerous disease, hypertension, respiration-related diseases and others In the morning, with vague smog, participating in traffic in this area is very dangerous Figure 17: Smog column of Shengli Vietnam special steel company, Cau Nghin Industrial park, Quynh Phu district Besides, exploiting natural gas at this moment as well as mining semi bituminous coal in the future leads to increase CO gas emission Notably, the mining coal probably results in depression, threatens directly to natural habitats and resources Sustainable perspective Climate change leads to the fluctuation of natural conditions, which make socio-economic background is unstable Therefore, to reach sustainable development objective Thai Binh’s authority has to apply solutions to adapt and mitigate to climate change Objectively, almost economic activities are developing unsustainably Typically, in mangrove forest, overfishing happens popularly, coastal people using “dang day” method to catch fry, followed by the destruction of coastline Destructing mangrove to expand shrimp and hard clam ponds area probably destroys natural habitats for fish, which in effect reduces local food sources, leads to salt-water intrusion from the sea, lack of local sustainable material, flooding due to the harming of natural barriers, destruction of biodiversity and loss of potential local economy For the sake of profit along with the loose management of authority, several industrial corporations violate regulations, use poor garbage treatment system or release directly greenhouse gas emissions into air environment Besides, farmers using fertilizer and 64 pesticide excessively causes water-contamination and exterminates aquatic organisms ubiquitously Figure 18 Local people use Dang day method to catch fry To make sustainable development become a vital objective, it needs to be shaped and integrated in all socio-economic activities and the most important is to shape in sense and action in the community as well as managers in authority structure In order to attain effectiveness in planning, it is essential to base on public benefits Besides, the combination of authority, economic sectors and community is precondition for this goal The involvement of local communities in the planning process also is necessary to ensure the feasibility and practicality of the plan This plan is built on the law background as well as the "village convention" and the model of "cultural village "… Currently, Thai Binh is conducting a number of policies to adapt to and mitigate the effects of climate change Firstly, local authority is implementing the National Target Program to Respond to Climate Change Involved departments raise the sense of initiate when giving People’s Committee of Thai Binh Province to consolidate Steering Committee and complete Action Plan to respond to climate change of Thai Binh from 2011-2015 and orientation to 2020 65 The agricultural sector has been equipped carefully on the season, plant structure, diseases prevention; restructured of plants and animals reasonably to adapt to climate change In the coastal regions, people is planting and restoring mangrove forests, protection forests damaged by climate change Simultaneously, local authority needs promote the dissemination, training to improve knowledge and experience for staff at all levels and native people to respond to climate change Especially, raising public awareness and stakeholders about planting and conserving zonation of mangroves in the area based on the management model of The Red River Delta Biosphere Reserve is very necessary In addition, the province is also implementing schemes and research in the sustainable development of agriculture, fishing, and forestry; integrated management of the coastal areas, coastal protection, and development of livelihood towards the mode of community business Figure 19: The area of mangrove forest is planted at the end of 2013 in Nam Thinh commune, Tien Hai district, Thai Binh (Source: Author) The lessons in history about flood prevention of local people have been accumulated The results can be seen in the Haiyan storm damage - the largest hurricane in history landed in mainland There is no case about damages of person and infrastructure recorded in Thai Binh province However, climate change is a global problem Solving this problem at the local level is not easy, especially when Thai Binh is a poor province Although Thai Binh has received practical support of government, but the implementation of plans to respond to climate change is meeting budget constraints The province still does not 66 access to big projects in Vietnam as well as in the global scale These reasons culprit for many local departments in the province cannot integrate climate change issues into strategies, programs in constructing and implementing socio-economic development projects The shifting of economic structure is considered progressive, significant reduction in the primary sector also means that reduces dependence of economy on natural condition, partly avoids the influences of CC However, how to not only develop industrial, service sectors reasonably but also control green-house emissions, ozone layer depletion? This remains controversial issue in building the development strategy of the province Local infrastructure, especially irrigation systems in normal conditions can pepper, drain safely and on time, but when heavy rain or storms occur simultaneously, floods rise very quickly and easily destroy dikes, dams, and cause landslides, threaten directly to the lives and property of the people Besides, local governments should apply policies to ensure gender equality, poverty reduction, improve literacy levels In particularly, to overcome unrest in the countryside due to impacts of climate change which accompanied by a range of social consequences such as social evils, it is very important to decrease migration, indicate the strength of agricultural activity and restructure of the rural economy, "leaving agriculture does not means leave hometown " "Without a solid agricultural foundation, Thai Binh is difficult to develop other economic sectors." [4] CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Normally, people say that Climate refers to the average weather conditions in a place over many years (usually at least 30 years); however, climatic factors (rainfall, temperature…) are not “constant”, they have been changing but slowly Meteorologists collect and analyze climatic data in the period of 30-40 years to assess the change of climate and predict the change trend through climate change scenario 67 Climate system is a large one and has intimate relationship with other factors of natural system Hence, only a little change in climate can produce serious impacts on nature, socio-economy and our lives Besides, the development of socio-economy has influences partly on climatic factors such as the increase of greenhouse gas emission because of unsustainable industrial growth In this graduation thesis, the author assessed the change of climatic factors by analyzing climatic data of my province in the period from 1961-2011 After that, the author examined the effects of climate changes in natural system and socioeconomic development Both people's socio-economic background and climate have been changing, but if human can plan growth strategies for sake of sustainable development, they can mitigate and adapt to climate change To specify: - About scientific perspectives: Thai Binh’s climate has been changing with the rise of temperature, the decrease of rainfall and the fluctuation of extreme weather In two main causes for this situation, human factors affect stronger and is analyzed more specific than natural one to propose effective and timely solutions - About geographic perspectives: After analysing geographic characteristics, author concludes about both positive and negative effects of them to Climate change manifestations as well as its impacts on natural system and socioeconomic development With high hoping, the author would like to help learner understand deeply about those effects to raise their awareness and regulate their behaviors to adapt to this issue - About values, historical, cultural diversity perspectives: Undeniably, people’s ideology, awareness and traditional experiences to conquer natural disasters have drastic influences on building solution for climate change education for adaptation and mitigation in Thai Binh - About human rights perspective: because the rate of poverty households remains high; the rate of illiteracy in some regions is about 50% especially in fishing villages, farmers, fishermen and the poor tend to be more dependent on climate-sensitive sectors and are vulnerable easily Their illiteracy means that they have no chance to express their opinions and preferences related to community events and challenges, particularly in protecting their interests in solutions adapting to climate change in locality 68 - About gender equality perspective: because women are the main labor of agriculture, they are vulnerable easily by climate change Although gender equality movement in Thai Binh has developed significant in recent years, the rate of female unemployment is very popular, male dominated ideology existed persistently The new trends such as marrying foreigner, exporting female labor force… put women’s life at risk - About sustainable perspective: Based on the overall and diversify analyses, building sustainable development strategies in the context of climate change is very imperative Firstly, people need to promote the strength of agriculture and reduce disorganized migration in the whole province Secondly, it is necessary to focus on sustainable development in industry and service sectors Along with those, local governments should apply policies to ensure gender equality, poverty reduction, improve literacy levels They are longevity solutions, for temporary ones, they are to raise awareness of environmental issues, pursue healthy-spirit lifestyle and equip knowledge to protect themselves when coping with disasters and climate change impacts Some commendations are proposed for sake of climate change education for mitigation and adaptation: - Equipping people particularly in children with Multiple Perspective Tool to nurture and develop critical thinking and world outlook for complex problems such as: climate change, pollution, sustainable development and so on - Planning and building a series of questions that encourage students to think multi-perspective and train them about setting and solving problems skill - Although this thesis focuses on analyzing climate change by MPT, it has not put out specific solutions for this issue yet Thus, in the next time, the author tends to collect data and take field trips to formulate a realistic plan for sake of climate change education to mitigation and adaptation in Thai Binh REFERENCES I Vietnamese literature [1]“Kịch biến đổi khí hậu nước biền dâng cho Việt Nam”, 2012 Nxb Bộ Tài nguyên” - Môi trường Bản đồ Việt Nam 69 [2] Lê Thông, 2006 Địa lý tỉnh, thành phố vùng Đồng sông Hồng Nxb Đại học sư phạm Hà Nội [3] Nguyễn Đức Ngữ, 2009 Biến đổi khí hậu Nxb Khoa học kỹ thuật [4] Nguyễn Thị Cẩm Tú, 2012 “Ảnh hưởng tín ngưỡng dân gian đời sống tinh thần người dân tỉnh Thái Bình nay” – Luận văn Thạc sĩ Triết học [5] Niên giám thống kê tỉnh Thái Bình năm 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 Nxb thống kê [6] Trương Quang Học Nguyễn Đức Ngữ, 2009.“Một số điều cần biết BĐKH” Nxb Khoa học Kỹ thuật [7] TS Phan Thị Thanh Hằng- Viện Địa lý, Viện Hàn lâm Khoa học Công nghệ Việt Nam Phan Thị Loan- Khoa Địa lý, Trường Đại học sư phạm Hà Nội, 2012 Báo cáo khoa học “Đánh giá biến động số yếu tố khí hậu tỉnh Thái Bình” English literature [8] Claudia Khourey-Bowers, Ph.D - Kent State University (USA), 2012.”Exploring Sustainable Development: A Multiple-Perspective Approach” Published by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization [9]IPCC AR4 Glossary 2007 [10] Kok, K., Patel, M., Rothman, D.S., Quaranta, G (2006) “Multi-scale narratives from an IA perspective: Part II” Participatory local scenario development Futures 38(3): 285-311 [11] Marita Turpin, Pretoria University; Jackie Phahlamohlaka and Mario Marais Meraka, Defence, Peace, Safety and Security Institute, CSIR, South Africa, 2012.“The Multiple Perspectives Approach as a framework to analyse social systems in a developing country context” [12] United Nations , 1992“United Nation Framework Convention on Climate change” Websites: [13]http://www.evl.uic.edu/cavern/multiperspective/ [14]http://thaibinh.gov.vn/ct/introduction/Lists/dktn/View_Detail.aspx?ItemID=22 [15]http://www.epa.gov/climatestudents/basics/concepts.html [16]http://www.waterencyclopedia.com 70 ... History of research .9 The research objectives, mission and scope .10 3.1 The research objectives .10 3.2 The research mission .10 3.3 The research. .. .10 3.3 The research scope 11 The research viewpoint and method 11 4.1 The research viewpoint 11 4.2 The research method .12 CHAPE I ... Africa… However, at this moment, there is no research about application MPT in Climate change The research objectives, mission and scope 3.1 The research objectives The objectives of the study