VIEN KHOA HOC XA HQI VIET NAM VIEN NHA NlTdC VA PHAP LUAT • • it Je* * if rk BAO CAO TOM 'A TATX KETA' QUAA NGHIEN ClTU DE TAICAP BO ■ De tai: TAI PHAN HIEN PHAP - MOT SO VAN DE LY LUAN CO BAN, KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE VA KHA NANG AP DUNG CHO VIET NAM • Chu nhiem de tai: Thu ky de tai: Ca quan chu tri de tai: • PGS TS Nguyen Nhir Phat Vien Nha nuac va Phap luat TS Bui Nguyen Khanh Vien Nha nuac va Phap luat Vien Nha nird’c va Phap luat Vien Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam Ha Noi, 12/2009 DANH SACH THANH VIEN THl/C HIEN DE TAI NGHIEN CUtJ KHOA HOC CAP BQ “Tai phan hien phdp-Mot so van de ly luan ca ban, kinh nghiem quoc te va kha nang dp dung cho Viet Nam ” PGS TS Nguyen Nhu* Phat-Vien Nha nirdc va Phap luat TS Bui Nguyen Khanh -Vien Nha niro’c va Phap luat GS TS Nguyen Dang Dung - DHQGHN GS TSKH Dao Trf Uc- Vien Nha nutfc va Phap luat PGS TS Bui Xuan Du-c -M at tran To Quoc Viet Nam PGS TS Dinh Ngoc Viroug-Vien Tir Dien hoc va Bach khoa Thtf PGS TS Le Minh Thong-Vien khoa hoc to chirc - Ban TCTW TS Nguyln Dire Minh -Vien Nha nirorc va Phap luat PGS TS Pham Hiru Nghi -Vien Nha niro’c va Phap luat 10 PGS TS Tru’O’ng Dac Linh - Dai hoc Luat TP HCM 11 Ths Bui Ngoc San - DHQGHN 12 Ths Le Phtnmg Hoa - Vien Nha nirorc va Phap luat 13 CN Nguyen Thj Hirng - Vien Nha niro’c va Phap luat M yc L ye Loi noi dau Phan thir nhat: Chu nghTa lap hien va vai tro cua Hien phap xa hoi, he thong phap luat I Khai luan ve chu nghla hop hien Khai niem ve chu nghla hap hien Cac yeu to cau cua chu nghTa hop hien tu X A II Qua trinh hinh va phat trien cua chu nghTa hop hien tren the f r r f Nguon goc cua chu nghTa hop hien phuang Tay Chu nghTa hop hien phuang Tay hien dai 2.1 Quyen luc toi cao cua hien phap y * e r * * 2.2 Tai phan hien phap (Judicial review) 2.3 Hien phap cuong tinh 2.4 Chu quyen nhan dan va chinh quyen dan chu 2.5 Tu tam quyen phan lap den kim che doi (Checks and Balances) 2.6 Quyen ca ban 2.7 Tu phap doc lap ' / r f * r \ r r r Nhu cau xay dung che tai phan hien phap Khai niem va noi dung cua che tai phan hien phap / r II Ljch sir hinh tai phan hien phap cf cac nuac tren the gioi Su hinh va phat trien cua che bao hien den Chien tranh the giai lan thu nhat Su phat trien cua tai phan hien phap giua hai cuoc chien tranh the gioi lan thu nhat va lan thu hai Su phat trien cua tai phan hien phap sau cuoc chien tranh the giai lan thu hai Su phat trien cua tai phan hien phap thap ky 70 cua the ky XX Mot so mo hinh bao hien tren the giai 5.1 Mo hinh bao hien va giam sat hien phap kieu My ? t/ r # f r / f r \ r \ 't 5.2 Mo hinh bao hien va giam sat hien phap doc lap Ao - Due 5.3 Toa an hien phap CHLB Nga 5.4 Toa an hien phap a mot so nuac Chau A Ket luan III Tai phan hien phap moi lien he giira phap luat va chinh tri Phap tri Thieu bien phap dam bao tu cap cao han Ai giai thich Hien phap ? Bao ve phap luat bang tai phan hien phap Xuat xu tu chinh sach dang phai va yeu cau ve cong vu doi vai Tham phan cua CHLB Due Giai han cua Toa an hien phap bai khuon kho cua phap luat Tai phan hien phap su xung dot giua luat hien phap va tinh than thai dai Toa an hien phap la vuang mien cua nha nuac phap quyen - truang hap CHLB Due ? Toa an hien phap la ca quan cua phap luat chu khong phai cua chinh tri kinh nghiem cua CHLB Due IV Pham vi thirc thi quyen tai phan hien phap Nha nutfc phap quyen Vai tro cua tai phan hien phap viec bao ve cac quyen ca ban cua cong dan Vai tro cua tai phan hien phap viec giai quyet cac tranh chap ve tham quyen hien dinh giua cac thiet che Nha nuac Vai tro cua Tai phan hien phap viec giai thich Hien phap, giai quyet \ r r \ / f \ r •> \ cac tranh chap ve bau cii va trung cau dan y Phan thu* ba: X A Mo hinh va khai quat cac xu htrimg phat trien tai phan Hien phap cua cac quoc gia tren the gioi I Khai quat va phan loai ve mo hinh bao hien cua cac niro’c tren the gun Mo hinh Toa an toi cao va toa an cac cap co chuc nang bao hien- Mo hinh Hoa Ky 1.1 Lich su hinh va phat trien 1.2 Cac dac diem ca ban Mo hinh Toa an hien phap (Constitutional Court) hoac Hoi dong bao hien (Constitutional Council)- Mo hinh luc dia chau Au 2.1 Ca cau, cach thuc lap, va tham quyen cua Toa an hien phap 2.2 VS cach thuc thuc hien quyen giam sat tinh hop hien cua cac van ban luat 2.3 Dac diem cua giam sat hien phap theo mo hinh luc dia chau Au Mo hinh ca quan lap hien dong thai la ca quan bao hien II Xu hirfrng phat trien cua cac mo hinh tai phan hien phap the gioi dinmg dai Tham quyen cua ca quan tai phan hien phap 1.1 Khai quat chung ve tham quyen cua ca quan tai phan Hien phap cua mot so nuac tren the giai 1.2 Tham quyen tai phan Hien phap a mot so nuac cu the — — r Trinh tu va thu tuc theo tai phan Hien phap 2.1 Cac nguyen tac cua to tung tai phan hien phap 2.2 Trinh tu va thu tuc tai phan hien phap •> r r a / r r r w r 2.3 Hieu luc cua cac phan quyet cua ca quan tai phan hien phap \ f f 2.4 So sanh ve trinh tu thu tuc to tung cua cac ca quan tai phan hien phap III Mot so mo hinh tai phan hien phap tren the gioi Mo hinh CHLB Due 1.1 Vai net ve lich su 1.2 Vi tri cua Toa an hien phap lien bang bo may nha nuac 1.3 To chuc va nhiem vu cua Toa an hien phap lien bang Mo hinh Hoa Ky’ 2.1 Lich su hinh ca quan giam sat Hien phap cua Hoa Ky 2.2 Dac diem cua mo hinh giam sat hien phap kieu My 2.3 Toa an toi cao Hoa Ky _ _ _ r _ •> y r 2.4 Tham quyen giam sat Hien phap cua ca quan tu phap 2.5 Trinh tu, thu tuc giai quyet cac vu viec co lien quan den Hien phap 2.6 Hau qua phap ly Mo hinh cac nuac SNG Mo hinh cac nuac ASEAN Phan thu* tir: Nhu cau va nhirng dieu kien tien de xay dirng che tai phan hien phap o’ Viet Nam I Thtrc trang co che giam sat Hien phap o’ Viet Nam hien Khai quat ve ca che giam sat Hien phap theo quy dinh cua cac ban Hien phap Viet Nam 1.1 Giam sat Hien phap theo Hien phap nam 1946 1.2 Giam sat Hien phap theo Hien phap nam 1959 1.3 Giam sat Hien phap theo Hien phap nam 1980 1.4 Giam sat Hien phap theo Hien phap nam 1992 Nhung bat cap, han che cua ca che giam sat hien phap a Viet Nam hien II Nhu cau xay dirng che tai phan hien phap a Viet Nam Su can thiet phai doi mai ca che bao hien Su lua chon ca che bao hien thich hap: tien tai thiet lap mot ca quan tai phan Hien phap doc lap - Toa an Hien phap III Dieu kien tien d! va mo hinh xay dirng che tai phan hien phap o’ Viet Nam hien Tien de nao cho xay dung che tai phan hien phap a Viet Nam Dinh huang lua chon mo hinh tai phan hien phap a Viet Nam Chuc nang cua ca quan tai phan hien phap a Viet Nam Mo hinh tai phan hien phap a Viet Nam Tham quyen cua Toa an Hien phap a Viet Nam * r f f r r r r r r / r / r / r r LOfI NOI DAU Tinh cap thiet cua de tai Be ngan ngira nhung kha nang vi pham cac quyen va tu cua cong dan va trat tu Hien phap tuc la de cho nhung doi hoi cua che Hien phap dugc ton va bao dam thuc te, cac ly thuyet chinh tri va thuc tien su dung quyen luc a cac nuac phat trien tren the giai da hinh nhung ca che bao ve va khoi phuc trat tu hien dinh Trong boi canh xay dung mot Nha nuac phap quyen XHCN va xa hoi dan su a nuac ta hien nay, quyen nguai va cac quyen cong dan luon dugc dat a vi tri trung tarn va dong thai la giai han cho su can thiep cua Nha nuac Tuy nhien, viec bao ve cac quyen noi tren a nuac ta tren thuc te van gap phai nhung kho khan ve mat phap ly nhu: - Pham vi bao ho nhung quyen nguai va quyen ca ban cua cong dan doi hoi can phai dugc giai thich va ap dung nhat quan, - Viec xac lap ca sa Hien phap cho su can thiep cua Nha nuac doi vai cac quyen ca ban cua cong dan chua ro va day du, - Ca sa Hien phap bien ho cho Nha nuac ban hanh cac van ban phap luat anh huang den cac quyen ca ban cua cong dan cung chua that day du va nhieu truang hap can co su giai thich chinh thuc Xuat hien nguy ca thieu dong bo cua Hien phap va cac Dao luat co lien quan den cac quyen cong dan viec giai thich Hien phap chua dugc tien hanh mot cach thuang xuyen ' y r r ' Ben canh do, cung can chi rang, moi quan he giua cac thiet che Nha nuac cao nhat nhu Quoc hoi, Chinh phu, Toa an, Vien kiem sat nhan dan toi cao, Toa an nhan dan toi cao, moi quan he giua Quoc hoi va Hoi dong nhan dan cap tinh theo Hien phap nhieu truang hgp cung can phai co su giai thich cu the de nang cao hieu qua hoat dong cua ca bo may Nha nuac Them vao do, nhieu yeu cau cua mot nen kinh te thi truang ky nguyen toan cau hoa va mot xa hoi dan su hien dai da „vugt suc“ cua mot Dao luat dan le cung doi hoi su „soi duang“ cua Hien phap nhu: hoi nhap kinh te quoc te, nhan ban vo tinh, chong khung bo f t r r / r r f \ \ f F r \ r f r r ? f \ \ \ •> x \ \ r •} Dai Hoi X cua Dang da khang dinh phai “Xay dung, hoan thien ca che kiem tra, giam sat tinh hop hien, hop phap cac hoat dong va quyet dinh cua cac ca quan cong quyen” va “Xay dung ca che phan quyet ve nhung vi pham Hien phap hoat dong lap phap, hanh phap va tu phap” Nhu vay, co the khang dinh rang, yeu cau bao hien da tra mot yeu cau cap bach dai song phap ly cua chung ta Trong nhung nam qua, viec bao hien ca che thuc thi quyen luc a nuac ta da dugc thuc hien thong qua su lanh dao toan dien cua Dang, ca che giam sat toi cao cua Quoc hoi, ca che tham dinh, kiem tra cac van ban quy pham phap luat, ca r r r r _ che tra va giai quyet cac khieu nai to cao cua cong dan Tuy nhien, hieu qua cua viec bao ve trat tu Hien phap thong qua cac ca che rat nhieu han che Nguyen nhan ca ban theo chung toi la chua co sir nhan thuc dung, day du va nhat quan ve cac yeu cau cua Hien phap thieu vang su giai thich chinh thuc Hien phap mot cach thuang xuyen Viec thiet lap tai phan Hien phap a nuac ta ro rang can phai co su nghien cuu quy mo, nghiem tuc va can vi no doi hoi phai nhan thuc lai ve ca che thuc thi quyen lire Nha nuac a nuac ta hien Chinh vi vay, xet pham vi nhiem vu, chuc nang cua minh, Vien Nha nuac va Phap luat nhan thay can co su tap trung nghien cuu mot cach day du, toan dien cu the ve kinh nghiem dieu chinh phap luat ve tai phan hien phap va kha nang ap dung tai Viet Nam dieu kien hien Day la van de can nghien cuu mot cach ca ban, tong the va rat nghiem tuc vi no doi hoi phai co cach tiep can mai viec nhan thuc ve ca che thuc thi quyen luc Nha nuac a nuac ta hien na Tinh hinh nghien cihi 2.1 Tinh hinh nghien cim nuac Tuy co tam quan nhu vay, song tai phan hien phap mai chi dugc chinh thuc nghien cuu a nuac ta thai gian gan day va cac ket qua nghien cuu thu dugc het sue khiem ton Phan lan cac cong trinh khoa hgc ve linh vuc dugc cong bo duai hinh thuc cac bai viet dugc dang tai f » / r > f r r x \ r r r r r r y t y •> r y y r r r r f y r r y y f > r y y y \ y y ? •> \ r f \ r r r y r Dang cong san Viet Nam, Van kien Dai hoi dai bilu toan qu6c lin thu X, NXB Chinh tri qu6c gia, HN, 2006, tr 126, 127 tren cac tap chi khoa hoc chuyen nganh luat hoac tham luan cac Hoi thao quoc gia va quoc te va Bao cao cong tac cua cac Doan dai bieu Quoc hoi cua Viet Nam lam viec tai nuac ngoai Quan nhat so co the ke den bai viet cua PGS.TS Nguyen Nhu Phat, Mo hinh tai phan Hien phap a CHLB Due, Tap chi Nghien cuu lap phap so 11, 2004; PGS TS Thai _ f r r VTnh Thang, Mo hinh ca quan bao hien a cac nuac tren the giai, Tap chi Luat hoc, so 5, 2004; GS TSKH: Dao Tri Uc, Tai phan Hien phap va xay dung tai phan Hien phap a Viet Nam hien nay, Tap chi Nha nuac va phap luat so 10, 2006; Bao cao cua Doan Uy ban phap luat ve ket qua nghien cuu _ r tai CHLB Due; Bao cao ket qua cua Doan cong tac cua Ban cong tac lap ' r > phap tai Cong hoa Ao va Vuang quoc Anh; Tai lieu tham khao ve Hoi thao ve ca che bao hien a Viet Nam Ban cong tac lap phap to chuc tai Vinh, Nghe An, thang nam 2005 Dang chu y la, mot so cong trinh dugc bien soan duai dang sach tham khao ve giam sat hien phap da dugc cong bo thai gian gan day song noi dung cua no mai chi dung lai a viec giai thieu va cung cap nhung thong tin ban dau ve kinh nghiem dieu chinh cua phap luat nuac ngoai Ve loai cong trinh nay, co the ke den: TS Nguyen ST Dung (chu bien), Quyen giam sat cua Quoc hoi- Noi dung va thuc tien tu goc nhin tham chieu, Nha xuat ban tu phap, Ha Noi, 2004; Ban cong tac lap phap - Dang Van Chien (chu bien), Ca che bao hien, Nha xuat ban tu phap, Ha Noi, 2005 Co the noi, cho den van chua co cong trinh khoa hoc nao di sau nghien cuu mot cach ca ban va co he thong ve vai tro cua tai phan hien phap doi vai viec tri va bao ve che Nha nuac va nen dan chu, xu huong phat trien cua chung the giai duong dai va dac biet la ve mo hinh ly luan cho viec xay dung tai phan hien phap a nuac ta giai doan hien 2.2 Tinh hinh nghien cim ngoai nuac Sau the chien the giai lan thu hai, cung vai su lan manh cua cac trao luu dan chu va tien bo xa hoi, tai phan Hien phap da dan tra mot yeu cau cap thiet dai song chinh tri - phap ly hien dai Vai tinh cach la ca sa phap ly quan trgng nhat de tri su can bang quyen luc Nha nuac, bao / r r •> r f > r r r r iv r r r y f f r r \ f r r \ f F t \ \ ve cac quyen nguai va cac quyen ca ban cua cong dan, Hien phap tu than no da doi hoi phai co ca che bao ve Cac yeu cau cua Hien phap phai dugc bao dam thuc hien khong chi hoat dong cua bo may hanh phap ma chinh hoat dong cua ca quan lap phap Cau hoi dugc dat la ca quan nao la nguai chiu trach nhiem tri va bao dam viec thuc thi Hien phap da dugc cac quoc gia phuc dap bang nhung phuang an khac Do co the la mot ca quan Nha nuac doc lap he thong hanh phap hoac la chinh ca quan lap phap hoac la mot ca quan tai phan doc lap Khi nhan loai buac sang the ky 20, cac quoc gia Tay Au da co chung nhan thuc rang, viec xac dinh cac van ban phap luat va hanh vi vi hien chi co the giao cho Toa an Toa an la ca quan thich hgp nhat de thuc hien nhiem vu neu nhu dam bao rang cac Tham phan tai day dugc dao tao mot cach chuyen nghiep, tin cay, hoat dong doc lap va khong the bi mua chuoc Truac nam 1945, tai phan Hien phap chi ton tai a quoc gia tien phong la Hoa Ky, Thuy ST, Ao va Ailen Sau nam 1945, tai phan Hien phap da co ca hoi va dieu kien de phat trien a cac quoc gia khac tren the giai A A _ Khai dau cho xu huang a Chau Au chinh la Cong hoa Italia va CHLB Due - hai quoc gia da tung ton tai che phat xit truac day Mo hinh tai phan Hien phap tiep tuc dugc nhan rong nhung nam 70 a cac quoc gia Tay Au vua co nhung cai cach sau rong ve dan chu nhu Tay Ban Nha, Bo Dao Nha va Hy lap va sau nam 1989 a cac quoc gia chuyen doi a Dong va Nam Au (nhu Hunggari, Bungari, Ba Lan ) Tai phan Hien phap da nhanh chong dugc thua nhan la cong cu thich hgp cho viec tri sir can bang quyen luc theo Hien phap va la hon da tang cua hoat dong bao hien Tai phan Hien phap dugc tiep tuc lan toa cac quoc gia ngoai Chau Au nhu cac quoc gia cua Khoi Thinh Vugng Chung (nhu Uc, Canada, An Do), cac quoc A _ gia My la tinh, a Chau Phi va Dong Nam A (nhu Thai Lan, Campuchia ) Mac du dugc suy ton la vuang mien cua Nha nuac phap quyen, song tai phan Hien phap nhieu truang hgp cung bi thach thuc mot quy dinh cua Hien phap mau thuan vai tinh than cua thai dai (vi du ve quyen pha thai a cac quoc gia Chau Au) va viec thuc thi quy dinh co kha nang gay X _ chia re su dong thuan cua xa hoi Tuy khong phai la cong cu van nang, song / y r u * f r a > ■ > w r \ t r / •> v \ f r r / / r r > f fV f \ \ \ A 10 r x f y cua Hoi dong nhan dan cap duai true tiep va co quyen bai bo van ban neu trai voi Hien phap Chu tich Uy ban nhan dan co quyen dinh chi hoac bai bo van ban trai phap luat cua co quan chuyen mon thuoc Uy ban nhan dan cap minh va van ban trai phap luat cua Uy ban nhan dan, Chu tich Uy ban nhan dan cap duoi true tiep; dinh chi viec thi hanh nghi quyet trai phap luat cua Hoi dong nhan dan cap duoi true tiep Co the noi, theo quy dinh cua phap luat hien hanh, o Viet Nam da hinh mot co che bao hien voi thiet che va noi dung giam sat Hien phap tuang doi cu the, van de quan nhat la giam sat va bao dam tinh hap hien, hap phap cua cac van ban quy pham phap luat Tuy nhien, chung ta cung chua co mot ca che nao de giam sat chinh hoat dong cua Quoc hoi va giam sat tinh hap hien cua cac dao luat, nghi quyet Quoc hoi ban hanh Nhieu thiet che quan trong viec giam sat va bao ve Hien phap nhu tham quyen huy bo, dinh chi van ban trai Hien phap thi thuc tien hau nhu khong dugc ap dung, nhat la hoat dong cua cac co quan cao cap cua Nha nuac Hinh thuc kien nghi thong qua hoat dong giam sat cua cac ca quan cua Quoc hoi chua thuc su dem lai hieu qua Vi vay, viec nghien cuu de de xuat giai phap huu hieu phuc vu viec tiep tuc hoan thien co che giam sat va bao ve Hien phap o Viet Nam dang dugc dat nhu mot yeu cau cap thiet Mot nhung dieu kien quan cua viec xay dung co che bao hien la mot he thong tu phap phat trien, sach, doc lap, su hien dien cua mot trinh hieu biet phap luat va y thuc ton trgng phap luat, song lam viec va tu theo phap luat, mot doi ngu cac chuyen gia phap luat co ban linh chinh tri chi cong vo tu, “phung cong thu phap”.Bo thuc la nhung dieu kien ly tuang de co dugc nhung dieu kien chung ta da di dugc mot chang duong kha dai, nhung chua du Dinh hircmg lira chon mo hinh tai phan hien phap o’ Viet Nam Kinh nghiem cua mot so quoc gia dang phat trien cho thay ho khong hoan toan theo han mot mo hinh nao ma thuong tich hgp nhung dinh che phu hgp cua tung mo hinh de sang tao mot mo hinh rieng cho quoc gia minh Viet Nam co the thiet lap mot mo hinh dac trung cua minh tren ca sa t f / r x f r r r r r f % r t r \ f •t y r * r r f r x r / f "> f r •» r r 185 r tham khao kinh nghiem cua cac nuac tren the giai Chu the bao hien phai la mot dinh che tu phap - Toa an Hien phap Hien tren the giai co hai mo hinh bao hien: Toa an thuong va Toa an Hien phap Khi trao quyen bao hien cho he thong toa an thuong, cac tham phan phai co trinh nghiep vu va phap ly rat cao, nhat la trinh ve luat hien phap Chat lugng cua cac tham phan a toa an thuong a Viet Nam chua bao dam cho viec thuc hien quyen bao hien Ben canh do, mo hinh bao hien bang ca quan tu phap thuong cung doi hoi mot trinh hieu biet kha cao cua nhan dan Vi theo mo hinh nay, khai mao cua mot vu an hien phap lai chinh tu phia nguai dan Chinh nguai dan khong co rach nhiem chung minh tinh bat hop hien hanh vi cua nha nuac, nhung phai nai rang hanh vi la bat hop hien Trong trinh nhan thuc ve hien phap cua nguai dan a Viet Nam co the noi la chua cao Dan ta hiem vien dan Hien •> \ phap truoc toa de bao ve cac quyen va lai ich hop phap cua minh Nhu vay, mot toa an Hien phap hoac Hoi dong bao ve hien phap co the dugc lap Khi nhan dan da la chu the lap hien thi nhan dan la cao nhat, chu the toi cao cua quyen luc, moi thiet che nha nuac deu a duai quyen chu the cua nhan dan Toa an Hien phap se nhan danh hien phap de phan xu Toa an hien phap doc lap, khong phai la mot toa chuyen trach nam he thong toa an tu phap thuong nhu toa hinh su, toa dan su , cung khong nam Quoc hoi hay Chinh phu Ve mat nhan su, vi toa an hien phap co chuc nang phan xu ve cac nganh quyen luc nen cac nganh quyen luc deu co chuc nang lap nhan su cua Toa an Hien phap Toa an hien phap co the gom tham phan, do, Quoc hoi bau ba nguai, Chu tich nuac bo nhiem nguai, Chanh an Toa an nhan dan toi cao bo nhiem nguai Cac tham phan cua Toa an hien phap co the chgn cac nha nghien cuu, cac giao su, luat gia ve luat hien phap va chinh tri hgc, cac tham phan da co kinh nghiem lau nam Toa an nhan dan toi cao, cac chinh tri gia Toa an Hien phap co the kiem tra tinh hgp hien cua mot van ban phap luat da dugc thong qua truac dugc Chu tich nuac cong bo Truac cong bo mot van ban phap luat Quoc hoi thong qua, Chu tich nuac co the •> r / r x f r \ r r x r r t x \ r y r r \ r x r •> r r •> r _ x r r x x X X X r 7 X f t r r r r \ t t r t r r t 186 yeu cau toa an hien phap kiem tra tinh hop hien cua van ban Neu van ban dugc Toa an xac dinh la bat hgp hien thi Chu tich nuoc co the gui lai cho Qu6c hoi d i chinh sua Neu Quoc hoi van thong qua vai da so 2/3 thi Chu tich nuac phai cong bo Nguyen tac thong nhat quyen luc khong cho phep Toa an hien phap hay Chu tich nuac co quyen phu quyet tuyet doi doi vai van ban phap luat da dugc Quoc hoi thong qua Sau mot van ban quy pham phap luat da dugc thong qua, Toa an hien phap co the co quyen thu ly dan yeu cau kiem tra tinh hgp hien cua van ban quy pham phap luat do, ma khong lien quan den cac vu viec tren thuc te Cac chu the co quyen yeu cau co the la: Chu tich nuac, Pho Chu tich nuac, Chu tich Quoc hoi, Pho chu tich Quoc hoi, Uy ban thuong vu Quoc hoi, Hoi dong dan toe va cac Uy ban chuyen mon cua Quoc hoi, dai bieu Quoc hoi, Thu tuang Chinh phu, Toa an nhan dan toi cao, Vien kiem sat nhan dan toi cao Viec thiet lap Toa an hien phap a Viet Nam, neu co the dugc, can tinh den su tuang hgp cua no vai nguyen tac thong nhat quyen luc Noi cach khac, nguyen tac thong nhat quyen luc se lam khuc xa mo hinh bao hien theo che tap trung hoa a Viet Nam Cu the la van de he qua phan quyet cua ca quan tu phap ve cac van de hien phap se khong the hoan toan giong r y r r r f f •> \ \ f r f r > f r / r r r f r y y # r r y r y / r \ f f f a nhu cua no a Chau Au Theo cach thuc cua Chau Au, Toa an hien phap co quyen true tiep phan quyet huy bo mot dao luat bat hgp hien Dieu chap nhan dugc khuon kho cua nguyen tac phan quyen tu phap dugc doc lap va nganh bang vai lap phap Neu Toa an Hien phap co the true tiep phan quyet tuc khac huy bo mot dao luat bat hgp hien thi nguyen tac thong nhat quyen luc se khong duac bao dam, Quoc hoi se khong la ca quan quyen luc nha nuac cao nhat Khong giong nhu che bao hien a cac nuac Chau Au khac, phan quyet ve tinh chat bat hgp hien cua Toa an Yugoslavia khong dan den su vo hieu hoa lap tuc mot van ban phap luat Can co cach sau day de xu ly van de : Thu nhat, truac dua phan quyet Toa an hien phap se danh mot r r r r r r r y r r r y y r r y j> r t r a r r r r a f ** r y _ a f r 187 ca hoi cho ca quan dai dien hoac cac ca quan nha nuac khac tu huy bo mot trat tu da dugc xac lap hay mot van ban phap luat trai vai Hien phap va/hoac luat cua lien bang Theo cach nay, Toa an hien phap tranh tuyen bo mot dao luat la bat hgp hiSn va cho phep cac ca quan nha nuac co nhung hanh dong can thiet de hieu chinh Thu hai, quy tac cua toa an thiet lap rang neu cong quyen khong hieu chinh nhung van ban phap luat bat hgp hien vong sau thang ke tu Toa an Hiln phap ban hanh phan quyet thi van ban phap luat se bi cham dut hieu luc phap ly.147 Day la kinh nghiem ma chung ta co the tinh den de ap dung dieu kien cua Viet Nam Phan quyet cua Toa an hien phap neu dugc lap a Viet Nam cung khong the huy bo lap tuc mot van ban phap luat bat hgp hien cua Quoc hoi Trong dua mot phan quyet ve tinh chat bat hgp hien cua mot van ban phap luat, Toa an hien phap se an dinh mot thai han nhat dinh de ca quan da ban hanh van ban sua doi, hoac tu huy bo; neu qua thai han an dinh ma ca quan da ban hanh van ban phap luat van khong sua doi, huy bo thi van ban se khong co hieu luc Trong thai gian Toa an hien phap an dinh cho ca quan nha nuac da ban hanh van ban b it hgp hien sua doi, hay tu huy bo thi van ban tam thai khong dugc dem thi hanh Trong truang hgp kiem tra sau, nguai nai tinh chat bat hgp hien co the xuit phat tu chinh nguai dan nhung vu viec cu the Chung ta co the trao cho Toa an thuong thuc hien chuc nang bao hien Theo do, cong dan mot vu viec cu the co quyen yeu cau toa an kiem tra tinh hgp hien, hgp phap cac van ban phap luat cua Quoc hoi, Chinh phu ma se dugc ap dung d6i vai minh Neu su khien kien cua duang su la co can cu thi Toa an phai tu troi ap dung van ban So dT chung toi cho rang co the trao cho Toa an thuong thuc hien chuc nang giai quyet cac khieu kien hien phap cua cong dan la vi ca che doi vai nuac ta co uu diem la khong mau thuan vai nguyen tac thong nhat quyen luc nha nuac Se khong co su mau thuan giua tinh quyen luc cao nhat cua r / f r f r f r \ / r f r r / t t r / •> 147 \ r r f r f iv r r # r \ Allan R.Brewer- Carias Judicial review in comparative law Cambridge University press, p240 188 Quoc hoi va tinh doc lap cua toa an thua nhan tham quyen giai quyet khien kien cua toa an vi theo cach thuc ve mat nguyen tac Toa an khong co quyen true tiep huy bo hieu luc van ban bat hop hien cua Quoc hoi, ma chi tuyen bo khong ap dung van ban mot truang hap cu the Trong truang hap nay, to tung hien phap co the nhu sau: - Trong mot vu kien cu the, neu mot hai ben yeu cau toa an thu ly vu an tu choi ap dung mot van ban phap luat dugc ap dung de giai quyet vu an vi ly van ban bat hgp hien, thi truac tien Toa an phai tam dinh chi viec giai quyet vu an - Toa an thu ly vu an phai co trach nhiem chuyen cho Toa an hien phap kiem tra tinh hgp hien cua van ban phap luat ma mot hai ben duang su cho rang bat hgp hien - Toa an Hien phap se xem xet va phan quyet ve tinh hgp hien cua van ban quy pham phap luat ma duang su da nai - Toa an da thu ly vu an cua hai ben duang su se can cu vao phan quyet tren cua Toa an Hien phap de dua phan quyet ve vu an giua hai ben duang su - Neu Toa an Hien phap xac nhan van ban bi duang su nai la thuc su bat hgp hien thi Toa an da thu ly vu an phai tu choi ap dung van ban Nhu vay, giam sat cu the, Toa an thuong khong huy bo mot van ban quy pham phap luat bat hgp hien ma chi tuyen bo khong ap dung Toa an Hien phap se an dinh mot thai gian de ca quan da ban hanh van ban bat hgp hien sua doi, huy bo Neu qua thai han ma van ban quy pham phap luat dugc xac dinh bat hgp hien khong dugc sua doi, huy bo thi se khong hieu luc Ben canh tham quyen phan xet ve tinh hgp hien cac van ban cua nganh lap phap va hanh phap, Toa an hien phap co the co them cac quyen: giai quyet tranh chap giua lap phap va hanh phap, giua trung uang va dia phuang, phan xet ve tinh hgp hien cua ket qua bau cu, xem xet lai tu goc ' * w quyen nguai cac phan quyet cua Toa an nhan dan toi cao Chirc nang cua co* quan tai phan hien phap o’ Viet Nam r r > r r r r r r r •> r / > r f 7 f > r x — r \ f > r \ r f \ 189 Viec xac dinh chuc nang va nhiem vu cua ca quan tai phan Hien phap phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to Tuy nhien, xuat phat tu dac thu to chuc va phan cong quyen luc nha nuac cua moi nuac la yeu to quyet dinh nhat Vai suy nghi do, neu ca quan tai phan Hien phap dugc lap a Viet Nam, dau duai mo hinh gi cung phai dam duang cac chuc nang va nhiem vu sau day: Dac diem noi bat to chuc va phan cong quyen luc nha nuac a nuac ta la ca che bao ve Hien phap hien co mot khiem khuyet can sam khac phuc Do la, Quoc hoi nuac ta - ca quan quyen luc nha nuac cao nhat, ca quan dai bieu cao nhat cua nhan dan co mot nhung chuc nang ca ban la giam sat toan bo hoat dong cua nha nuac nham bao ve Hien phap va phap luat Nhung ban than Quoc hoi lai chua co giam sat de bao dam cho chinh Quoc hoi hoat dong hgp hien, lam dung, lam du cac quy dinh cua Hien phap Quoc hoi cung nhu cac thiet che khac bo may nha nuac deu la nhung thuc the song, to chuc va hoat dong cua minh khong tranh khoi nhung sai sot, nhat la nhung sai sot viec thuc hien chuc nang lap phap Nhung sai sot nhu V.I Le nin da timg nhan manh khong kem phan nguy hai so vai sai sot hoat dong hanh phap va hoat dong tu phap Vi the, doi hoi phai co ca quan thuc hanh nhiem vu giam sat hoat dong cua Quoc hoi dam bao cho het thay moi ca quan, mgi ca nhan co tham quyen bo may nha nuac deu chiu su giam sat Day la mot doi hoi va la mot dac diem khong kem phan quan trgng cua nha nuac phap quyen Trong hoat dong cua Quoc hoi thi hoat dong lap phap la hoat dong hang dau Mot nhung nguyen tac cua hoat dong la dam bao tinh hgp hien, tinh thong nhat cua cac dao luat Vi the, noi giam sat hoat dong cua Quoc hoi truac het la giam sat hoat dong lap phap San pham cua hoat dong lap phap chinh la cac dao luat Do do, noi den giam sat hoat dong lap phap chinh la giam sat tinh hgp hien cua cac dao luat, co ca nhung dieu uac quoc te ma Quoc hoi phe chuan Sap tai day, neu nuac ta lap co quan tai phan Hien phap, thi theo toi, nhiem vu truac tien cua ca quan la giam sat tinh hop hien cua cac dao luat va dieu uo'c quoc te ma Quoc hoi da phe chuan Muc dich cua nhiem vu la dam bao cho quyen lap phap khong vugt len tren Hien phap, bao dam tinh thong nhat cua he f \ t r x r iv t y t •> r r r n r \ r \ y r r •> r f f f r •* > f r •> r •> r y y •> y y r r x f r r x r r r r r •* r t r r 190 thong phap luat, quyen va lai ich hgp phap cua cong dan, khac phuc nhung khiem khuyet cua chinh ban than Quoc hoi hoat dong lap phap Van de dat la thuc hien nhiem vu nay, a nuoc ta nen tien hanh nhu the nao? Phu hgp vai kinh nghiem cua nhieu nuac tren the giai, theo toi, ca quan tai phan Hien phap khong tu minh quyet dinh viec xem xet tinh hgp hien cua cac dao luat va dieu uac quoc te da dugc Quoc hoi phe chuan ma phai thong qua cac yeu cau cua cac chu the nhat dinh Hien phap hoac luat to chuc ca quan tai phan Hien phap quy dinh Do co the la Chu tich nuac, Chinh phu, Thu tuang chinh phu, mot lugng dai bieu Quoc hoi xac dinh, Toa an toi cao, Vien kiem sat toi cao Noi dung yeu cau co the la co can cu cho rang mot dao luat nao co dau hieu trai vai Hien phap ve muc dich, ve noi dung cua mot hoac mot so dieu luat, ve thu tuc ban hanh Thuc hien quyen han va nhiem vu nay, ca quan tai phan Hien phap co the tien hanh giam sat truac hay chi giam sat sau dao luat co hieu luc phap luat? Xuat phat tu kha nang hien co cua nuac ta va kinh nghiem cua nhieu nuac, theo toi, ca quan tai phan Hien phap cua nuac ta, mai lap chi nen giao cho no tham quyen giam sat sau cac dao luat eta co hieu luc phap luat va dang hieu lire phap luat Giam sat sau co the thuc hien ca giam sat tritu tuang va giam sat cu the Giam sat trim tugng la giam sat tren ca sa de nghi cua cac chu the xac dinh da noi a tren Con giam sat cu the la hinh thuc giam sat dugc thuc hien gan vai vu viec tai toa an Trong qua trinh giai quyet mot vu an cu the neu xet thay dieu luat dem ap dung co the khong hgp hien, thi toa an tu phap yeu cau toa an toi cao de nghi vai ca quan tai phan Hien phap xem xet tinh hgp hien cua dieu luat dua ap dung Theo Hien phap va luat hoat dong giam sat cua Quoc hoi hien hanh thi Quoc hoi, cac ca quan cua Quoc hoi va dai bieu Quoc hoi deu co quyen giam sat cac van ban quy pham phap luat cua Chu tich nuac, Uy ban thuong vu Quoc hoi, Chinh phu, Thu tuang Chinh Phu, Toa an nhan dan toi cao, Vien kiem sat nhan dan toi cao Trong truang hgp phat hien cac van ban quy pham phap luat co dau hieu trai vai Hien phap, luat thi cac ca quan cua Quoc hoi co quyen yeu cau ca quan hoac ca nhan co tham quyen ban hanh f r ' r y r * y r r / y _ _ _ r r r r * r * ? r y y y \ r / r x X • • ' •> r / f \ y f f r r f f y f y y f y y * y 191 van ban quy pham phap luat khong hop hien tu sua doi hoac de nghi Uy ban thucmg vu Quoc hoi xem xet, dinh chi viec thi hanh va trinh Quoc hoi xem xet, quyet dinh viec bai bo mot phan hay toan bo van ban tai ky hop gan nh£t Thuc tien hoat dong giam sat cua Quoc hoi thai gian qua cho thay ca che tai phan ve tinh hop hien cua cac van ban quy pham phap luat noi tren kem hieu luc va hieu qua Vi the doi vai nhung van ban nay, thong qua hoat dong giam sat cua minh, phat hien co dau hieu trai vai Hien phap thi yeu cau ca quan tai phan Hien phap bai bo mot phan hay toan bo van ban Nhu vay tham quyen bai bo mot phan hay toan bo van ban quy pham phap luat duai luat khong nen giao cho Quoc hoi ma chuyen cho ca quan tai phan Hien phap Lam nhu vay vua dam bao cho ca quan Quoc hoi la ca quan lap phap chu khong phai la ca quan tai phan, lai vua dam bao tinh chuyen sau cua cac phan quyet Do vay, ngoai nhiem vu tai phan cac dao luat va cac dieu uac quoc te ma Quoc hoi da phe chuan, ca quan tai phan Hidn phap cua nuac ta co nhiem vu tai phan cac van ban quy pham du&i luat cua Chu tich nud'c, Chinh phu , Thu tuang Chinh phu , Tod an nhan dan toi cao, Vien kiem sat nhan dan toi cao phat hien co dau hieu trai voi Hien phap Trong ca che phan cong quyen luc nha nuac a nuac ta, theo Hien phap, Uy ban thucmg vu Quoc hoi dugc giao nhiem vu giai thich Hien phap, luat, phap lenh Viec giai thich Hien phap nham bao dam su thong nhat va on dinh cach hieu ve noi dung va y nghia cua cac quy pham Hien phap, la nhiem vu cuc ky quan de bao ve Hien phap Tiec rang, nhiem vu a nuac ta thuc hien rat yeu, neu khong muon noi la hau nhu chua dugc thuc hien De hoat dong giai thich Hien phap dugc thuc hien co hieu qua thuc te, theo toi, nhiem vu can giao cho ca quan tai phan Hien phap nhu kinh nghiem bien cua nhieu nuac Van de dat la viec giai thich Hien phap a nuac ta co gan vai cac vu viec cu the co yeu cau nhu mot so nuac da lam hay chi tien hanh giai thich theo mot quy trinh doc lap khong gan vai cac vu viec cu the Xuat phat tu thuc tien nuac ta, nhat la nang luc hien co, chi nen giao cho ca quan tai phan Hien phap nhiem vu giai thich Hien phap theo mot quy trinh duo'c luat quy dinh khong gan voi r r r > x r r r x ? \ A > r \ r r J\ ■> r •> ^ r f r r r t *> r \ r \ r r r r r / r t x x r r r Js y s / / v» / 192 A ' •» cac vu viec cu the va chi thuc hien co de nghi cua mot hay mot so chu the nhat dinh Co the la cac dai bieu Quoc hoi, Chu tich nuac, Chu tich Qu6c hoi, Thu tuang Chinh phu, Uy ban thuong vu Quoc hoi, Hoi dong dan toe, cac Uy ban cua Quoc hoi, Toa an toi cao, Vien kiem sat toi cao, Uy ban Trung uang Mat tran To quoc Viet Nam co quyen yeu cau giai thich Hien phap Viec giai thich tra chuan muc co tinh bat buoc chung Tren day la ba nhiem vu, quyen han cua ca quan tai phan Hien phap neu dugc lap a Viet Nam thai gian tai Day la ba nhiem vu va quydn han hang dau rat ca ban va quan cua ca quan tai phan Hien phap a nuac ta Ca ba nhiem vu va quyen han deu xuat phat tu khiem khuyet ca che to chuc va phan cong quyen luc nha nuac a nuac ta, tu su yeu kem cua ca che bao ve Hien phap hien co Nghi rang, ca quan tai phan Hien phap cua nuac ta sap dai dam duang ba nhiem vu noi tren va lam tot dugc ba nhiem vu co the noi viec bao ve Hien phap se co buoc tien vugt bac ca che bao ve Hien phap dugc hoan thien han, to chuc va phan cong quyen luc nha nuac hgp ly, hieu luc va hieu qua han Nhu vay, tu ba nhiem vu va quyen han cua ca quan tai phan Hien phap noi tren, co the hinh dung chiec nang cua no Id bao ve Hien phap bang tai phan tinh hap hien cua cac dao luat cua Quoc hoi va cac van ban quy pham du&i luat cua cac ca quan va ca nhan & tang cao nhat cua to chuc bo may nha nuoc va giai thich chinh thuc Hien phap Ngoai ba nhiem vu va quyen han noi tren, theo kinh nghiem cua nhieu nuac, ca quan tai phan Hien phap dam duang cac nhiem vu va quyen han khac nhu: giai quyet khieu kien doi vai van ban, hanh vi vi pham Hien phap cua ca quan nha nuac, ca nhan co tham quyen; giai quyet tranh chap ve tham quyen giua cac ca quan nha nuac; giai quyet tranh chap cac cuoc bau cu va trung cau y dan; xem xet cac van de lien quan den viec mien nhiem dai bieu Quoc hoi va cach chuc cac quan chuc nha nuac; tham gia luan toi quan chuc cao cap cua nha nuac; phan quyet ve tinh hgp hien muc dich va hoat dong cac Dang phai chinh tri; giai tan Dang phai chinh tri Nhung tham quyen tren day cua ca quan tai phan Hien phap, doi vai nuac ta, chua tra van de cap thiet, chua phu hgp vai thuc tien nuac ta r r » r / \ \ t r f % r > r r f *> > r r *> r > r r y r r f \ 9 \ \ r f r > r \ f r \ t y r r f r i+/ r \ # /v 193 Nghi rang qua trinh phat trien, sau ca quan tai phan Hien phap dai va di vao hoat dong, thuc tien doi hoi den dau se tung buac bo sung va hoan thien den Mo hinh tai phan hien phap o’ Viet Nam Bao cao chinh tri cua BCH TW Dang khoa IX tai Dai hoi dai bieu toan quoc lan thu X cua Dang ve phuang huang "Tiep tuc xay dung va hoan thien Nha nuac phap quyen XHCN" da xac dinh nhiem vu: "Xay dung va hoan thien ca che kiem tra, giam sat tinh hap hien va hap phap cac hoat dong va quyet dinh cua cac ca quan cong quyen", "Xay dung ca che ' ' r phan quyet ve nhitng vi pham Hien phap hoat dong lap phap, hanh phap va tu phap ” 148 • ' ** r Lien quan den ca che tai phan Hien phap a nuac ta, hien co phuang an khac dugc dua ra: Phu’O’ng an l: Quoc hoi lap Uy ban giam sat Hien phap true thuoc Quoc hoi de giup Quoc hoi thuc hien viec bao hien doi vai cac van ban duai luat Uy ban Thuong vu Quoc hoi, Chu tich nuac, Chinh phu, Thu tuang, Toa an nhan dan toi cao, Vien kiem sat nhan dan toi cao, chinh quyen dia phuang ban hanh Uy ban co trach nhiem trinh ket qua giam sat de Quoc hoi xem xet, quyet dinh « Uu diem cua phuang an la khong lam cong keng them bo may nha nuac hien hanh, lap them Uy ban giam sat Hien phap cua Quoc hoi cung tuang tu nhu vua qua Quoc hoi quyet dinh lap them Uy ban tu phap va Uy ban Tai chinh - Ngan sach dugc tach tu Uy ban phap luat va Uy ban kinh te va Ngan sach cua Quoc hoi Thanh lap ca quan khong can sua doi Hien phap, chi sua doi Luat to chuc Quoc hoi, Quoc hoi van giu dugc vai tro la ca quan quyen luc nha nuac cao nhat, van thuc hien chuc nang giam sat toi cao doi vai toan bo hoat dong cua Nha nuac, co giam sat toi cao viec tuan theo Hien phap, luat va nghi quyet cua Quoc hoi f r r \ r r r i t r r r t r f X r r r f X r r t r •> \ r r r ** r 148 Xem: Dang cong san Viet Nam V&n kien Dai hoi dai bieu to&n qu6c lfin thu X NXB Chinh tri quoc gia, Ha Npi, 2006, tr.126-127 194 f ? Tuy nhien, nhuofc diem cua phuang an la cac dao luat, nghi quyet cua Quoc hoi ban hanh van chinh Quoc hoi tir giam sat tinh hop hien cua chung Trong truang hap Quoc hoi khong bai bo luat, nghi quyet cua Quoc hoi trai vai Hien phap, khong co bien phap phap ly nao xu ly dugc Ca che Quoc hoi tu kiem tra, giam sat chinh minh la can thiet, nhung thuc te da chi rSng su kiem tra, giam sat khong phai bao gia cung khach quan, cung dung "Khong tu ban phat cong ly cho chinh minh" la dieu can suy nghi Phiromg an 2: Thanh lap Toa an Hien phap doc lap (hoac Hoi dong bao hien), khong thuoc Quoc hoi, thuc hien quyen bao hien tat ca hoat dong nha nuac, co ca quan lap phap la Quoc hoi Nguai dung dau Toa an Hien phap se Quoc hoi bau so cac dai bieu Quoc hoi, vien cua ca quan co the Quoc hoi phe chuan theo de nghi cua Chu tich Nuac Day la mot phuang an kha bien nhieu mo hinh nha nuac phap quy6n tren the giai (nhu tren da neu) Tinh doc lap cua ca quan bao ve Hien phap dugc dam bao bai tinh can bang quan he quyen luc giua cac ca quan thuc hien quyen lap phap, quyen hanh phap va quyen tu phap Tuy nhien, ca quan bao hien doc lap tat yeu se lam thay doi cac quan he to chuc quyen lire nha nuac, vai trd cua Quoc hoi la co quan quyen luc nha nuoc cao nhdt se phai dupe nhan thuc lai Phu’O’ng an 3: Trao quyen bao ve Hien phap cho Toa an toi cao Toa an r5 rang "co nghe" nhung lai vuang a cho, Toa an chi la mot nhanh cua quyen lire Toa an giam sat, phan xet tinh hgp hien cac dao luat cua Quoc hoi duang nhu mau thuan vai "Quoc hoi la ca quan quyen luc Nha nuac cao nhat, thuc hien quyen giam sat toi cao1'.149 Han nua, theo toi, chuc nang, tham quyen xet xu cac vu an hinh sir, dan sir, kinh te, lao dong va hanh chinh cua TATC hien va tuang lai a nuac ta qua tai, nen TATC cua nuac ta khong the chuyen tam cham lo linh vuc mai la giam sat Hien phap dugc Day la chua ke yeu cau ve: tieu chuan tham phan, so lugng tham phan, cach thuc bo nhiem tham phan, nhiem ky cua tham phan, thu tuc r r r f r t r \ r r r I f •> r f \ •> i f \ o ^ r 149 Xem: Vietnamnet 14/3/2006 v i ng&y 14/4/2006 v.v 195 / f r to tung cua TATC (Toa an tu phap) va Toa an Hien phap neu dugc lap a nuac ta se la rat khac Vi vay, de tai ung ho phuang an lap Toa an Hien phap doc lap Vi hoat dong cua Toa an Hien phap neu dugc lap se bao dam tinh khach quan, hoat dong chuyen trach, theo thu tuc to tung Hien phap Chi co co quan doc lap mai co quyen phan quyet ve nhung vi pham Hien phap ca hoat dong lap phap, hanh phap va tu phap _ Tuy nhien, de thuc hien phuang an theo de tai can nghien cuu sua doi Hien phap theo huang ke thua cac quy dinh cua Hien phap nam 1946 (Dieu 21 va Dieu 70), tach chuc nang lap hien khoi Quoc hoi, Quoc hoi khong quyen vua lap hien, vua lap phap; khong phai: "Chi Quoc hoi moi co quyen sua doi Hien phap" nhu Dieu 146 Hien phap 1992 quy dinh Viec sua doi Hien phap phai nhan dan quyet dinh bang trung cau y dan Hien phap can quy dinh ngan ggn, xuc tich, khong quy dinh qua chi tiet (vi du het ke tung phan kinh te nhu Dieu 16 Hien phap hien hanh), nhung bo bat nhung quy dinh mang tinh tuyen ngon, tuyen bo vo thuong, vo phat va phien dien (nhu Dieu va nhieu dieu khac cua Hien phap hien hanh), cac quy dinh cua hien phap phai co hieu luc true tiep v.v Tham quyen Toa an hien phap o’Viet Nam Nghien cuu cac ca quan tai phan Hien phap cua mot so nuac tren the giai cho thay cac ca quan khac a nhieu khia canh ve: Tham quyen \ f f xet xu; Cac chu the co quyen khieu kien truac Toa an Hien phap; Cach thuc b6 nhiem tham phan; Nhiem ky cua tham phan; Hieu luc cua nhung phan quyet ve tinh vi hien; Thu tuc ban hanh phan quyet cua Toa an Hien phap v.v Lien quan den tham quyen cua ca quan tai phan Hien phap (bao gom Toa an thucmg co chuc nang giam sat Hien phap va Toa an Hien phap — ' r chuyen biet, - a day tam ggi chung la Toa an Hien phap) cho thay: mot so Toa an Hien phap chi xem xet tinh hgp hien cua hoat dong lap phap, thi mot so Toa an Hien phap khac dugc trao quyen phan quyet ve nhirng linh vuc co lien quan, mot so thuc su mang tinh nhay cam ve chinh tri Ben canh chuc nang ca ban cua cac Toa an Hien phap la phan quyet ve cac van de r r r r \ r r r f •» r \ y y \ r r f r \ y r f r \ r f / r / r \ \ r / f r r f r \ r \ 196 f r > \ a Hien phap, nhieu Toa an Hien phap a Trung va Dong Au co tham quyen xet r \ xu doi voi mot so truang hop lien quan den bau cu, trung cau y dan, dan hach Tong thong va tinh hop phap cua cac chinh dang Tham quyen cua co quan tai phan Hien phap a cac nuoc khong chi phu thuoc vao co quan tai phan Hi§n phap dugc to chuc theo mo hinh cua My hay cua Chau Au luc dia (Ao - Due), ma phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to, nhu: nguyen tac to chuc bo may nha nuoc; moi quan he giua cac co quan lap phap, hanh phap, tu phap; giua chinh quyen trung uang vai dia phuang; nhat la dac diem ve chinh tri - xa hoi, ve truyen thong lich su van hoa, phap ly v.v cua moi nuoc Tham quyen cua Toa an Hien phap o nuac ta neu dugc lap phu thuoc rat nhieu vao nhan thuc doi moi cua chung ta hay khong ve: vi tri, vai tro cua cac ca quan quyen luc nha nuac a trung uang: Quoc hoi, Chu tich nuac va Chinh phu, TANDTC va VKSNDTC); ve vi tri, vai tro va moi quan he cua Toa an Hien phap voi cac thiet che quyen luc nha nuac noi tren, cung nhu tieu chuan, nhiem ky, cach thuc bo nhiem tham phap cua Toa an Hien phap v.v O day toi xin neu mot so tham quyen chu yeu cua Toa an Hien phap cua nuoc ta neu dugc lap: - Xem xet tinh hap hien cua cac luat, nghi quyet cua Quoc hoi; nghi quyet, phap lenh cua Uy ban thuong vu Quoc hoi; cac van ban quy pham phap luat cua Chu tich nuoc, cua Chinh phu, cua TANDTC, VKSNDTC (neu co quan khong dugc to chuc lai); cac van ban quy pham phap luat cua chinh quyen cap tinh (Neu to chuc chinh quyen dia phuang chuyen sang nguyen tac tu quan dia phuang); Van de dat a nhom tham quyen quan nhat cua Toa an Hien phap la: Toa an Hien phap xem xet tinh hgp hien cua nhung van ban truac hay sau ban hanh? Co quan tai phan Hien phap mot so nuoc xem xet truoc de phong ngira vi pham Hien phap nhu: Hoi dong bao hien cua Phap, Toa an Hien phap cac nuac Burundi, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Cong hoa Chad a Chau Phi, rieng Toa an Hien phap LB Nga chi xem xet truac tinh hgp hien cac hiep dinh quoc te ma Lien bang Nga da ky ket nhung r r r r r r > _ r •> > A r \ •> > •> ? r t t > f •> \ r t r •> > r ã> f \ r ã> ôằ t f r \ % ' / 197 •> chira co hieu luc v.v Ngugc lai, hau het Toa an Hien phap cua nhieu nuac, co TATC My lai chi xem xet sau van ban phap luat da ban hanh (co tranh cai thuc te) ma khong xem xet truoc (Vi du, Chanh an TATC dau tien cua My la John Jay da kien quyet khang dinh TATC khong "tu van" phap ly cho nganh hanh phap, Bo truang Ngan kho A Hamilton yeu cau ong cho y kien ve tinh hop hien cua mot nghi quyet Ha vien Virginia thong qua, hay Tong thong Washington da xin y kien ve cac cau hoi lien quan den Tuyen bo trung lap ca hai truong hop, cau tra lai cua ong la "khong", vi theo Dieu III Hien phap, TATC chi quyet dinh vu viec co tranh cai thuc te Tuy nhien, co quan tai phan Hien phap mot so nuoc lai co tham quyen xem xet tinh hop hien ca truac va sau van ban phap luat ban hanh, nhu: Cape Verde, Niger d Chau Phi - Giai quyet cac tranh chap ve tham quyen giua cac co quan quyen luc nha nuoc cao nhat o trung uang, giua chinh quyen trung uang vai chinh quyen cap tinh (neu cap ap dung che tu quan) - Kiem tra tinh horp hien cua dao luat da dugc ap dung hoac dang dugc ap dung lien quan den cac khieu kien ve viec vi pham cac quyen va tu co ban cua cong dan da dugc Hien phap quy dinh hoac theo yeu cau cua cac Toa an - Xac nhan ket qua bau cir Quoc hoi, ket qua trirng cau y dan Hien nay, de xac dinh ket qua bau cu dai bieu Quoc hoi moi dugc bau, chinh cac nhung nguai mai trung cu (chua biet minh dugc bau co hgp phap hay khong, co du tu cach hay khong) tai ky hgp dau tien cua Quoc hoi tu biu Uy ban kiem tra tu cach dai bieu de kiem tra chinh minh Cung chinh nhung nguai mai trung cu thong qua Nghi quyet cua Quoc hoi de cong nhan minh du tu cach dai bieu cung khong dugc hgp ly lam - Giai thich Hien phap - Giai quyet tranh chap ve dja gioi don vj hanh chinh giira cac tinh Hien nay, a nuac ta co hanh chuc vu tranh chap ve dia giai hanh chinh, co nhieu vu tranh chap keo dai nhieu nam, giai quyet nhieu lan khong r \ _ r r r \ f f f r > r f t f > r f r r y r f \ \ r y F \ i r F F f r f t \ y f \ y 198 / I) f f t dut diem, nhat la nhung nai co kha nang phat trien du lich, suoi nuac khoang, phat trien ben cang v.v Vi du, tranh chap giua tinh Binh Thuan va tinh Ba Ria - Vung Tau da dugc Bo Noi vu giai quyet, nhung UBND tinh khong chiu quyet dinh giai quyet cua Bo Noi vu Tham quyen sap nhap, chia tach, dieu chinh dia giai dan vi hanh chinh cap tinh theo quy dinh Dieu 84 Hien phap 1992 thuoc Quoc hoi quyet dinh, nhung cac tinh co tranh chip, Quoc hoi khong the va cung khong co dieu kien de giai quyet tranh chap loai Neu co Toa an Hien phap va nhat la sau to chuc chinh quyen dia phuang theo nguyen tac tu quan thi cac tranh chap giua chinh quyen cac tinh co the giao cho Toa an Hien phap giai quyet cung la thich •t t t t r r \ r r r t \ r •> t hgp Cac tham quyen khac lien quan den to chirc hoat dong n§i bo cua Toa an Hien phap 199 ... o’ Viet Nam hien Tien de nao cho xay dung che tai phan hien phap a Viet Nam Dinh huang lua chon mo hinh tai phan hien phap a Viet Nam Chuc nang cua ca quan tai phan hien phap a Viet Nam Mo hinh... (1904-1909, Duy Tan (1906-1908), Dong Kinh NghTa Thuc (1907), Dang Viet Nam doc lap, nhom Dong Duong tap chi, nhom Nam Phong tap chi, Nhom Thanh Nghi, Dang lap hiln a Nam Ky nam 1923, f r \ \ r r \ r r... hien phap Cho nen co nguai nhan xet rang ban Hien phap nam 1946 cua Viet Nam la ket qua dau tranh, sang loc cac luong tu tuang lap hien Viet Nam xet tit goc chinh tri phap ly Chung toi cho rang