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Low Octane Rating of Gasoline vs. Demand Noise and Loss in Energy Solutions to the Problem Addition of High O.N. Compounds Tetra Ethyl Lead (TEL) Oxygenates (MTBE & TAME) Alteration of the Chemical Composition Thermal Reforming Catalytic Reforming
Catalytic Reforming Catalytic Reforming Under Supervision of Under Supervision of Dr. El-Shazly Salem Dr. El-Shazly Salem Eng. Hossam Hosny Mohamed El-Ghareeb Eng. Hossam Hosny Mohamed El-Ghareeb Eng. Mohamed Mohamed Refaat Ibrahiem Eng. Mohamed Mohamed Refaat Ibrahiem Eng. Mahmoud Ibrahiem Mohamed Mohamed Eng. Mahmoud Ibrahiem Mohamed Mohamed Eng. Mustafa Mahmoud Abd-ALLAH Eng. Mustafa Mahmoud Abd-ALLAH Eng. Mohamed Saied Abu Basha Eng. Mohamed Saied Abu Basha Antiknock Quality Problem Antiknock Quality Problem Low Octane Rating of Gasoline vs. Demand Low Octane Rating of Gasoline vs. Demand Noise and Loss in Energy Noise and Loss in Energy Solutions to the Problem Solutions to the Problem Addition of High O.N. Compounds Addition of High O.N. Compounds Tetra Ethyl Lead (TEL) Tetra Ethyl Lead (TEL) Oxygenates (MTBE & TAME) Oxygenates (MTBE & TAME) Alteration of the Chemical Composition Alteration of the Chemical Composition Thermal Reforming Thermal Reforming Catalytic Reforming Catalytic Reforming Catalytic vs. Thermal Reforming Catalytic vs. Thermal Reforming Catalytic Catalytic Higher Octane Higher Octane Number: 90 to 100 Number: 90 to 100 Lower Temp. ≈ 500°C Lower Temp. ≈ 500°C Higher H Higher H 2 2 Production Production Trace Olefins Contents Trace Olefins Contents Pt/Alumina Catalyst Pt/Alumina Catalyst Thermal Thermal Lower Octane Lower Octane Number: 65 to 80 Number: 65 to 80 Higher Temp. ≈ 600°C Higher Temp. ≈ 600°C Lower H Lower H 2 2 Production Production High Olefins Contents High Olefins Contents Without Catalyst Without Catalyst Feed Treatment By Hydrogen Feed Treatment By Hydrogen Removal of: Removal of: Nitrogen as Ammonia Nitrogen as Ammonia Sulfur as H Sulfur as H 2 2 S S Oxygen as Water Oxygen as Water Saturation of Olefins Present in Special Saturation of Olefins Present in Special Feeds Feeds The Catalytic Reforming Process The Catalytic Reforming Process Aims of Process: Aims of Process: Max. ON Max. ON ………… ………… By Conversion By Conversion Min. Capacity to form Gums Min. Capacity to form Gums …… …… By Saturation By Saturation Production of Hydrogen for other Processes Production of Hydrogen for other Processes Production of BTX for the Petrochemical Industry Production of BTX for the Petrochemical Industry Feed To Catalytic Reforming Feed To Catalytic Reforming Sources of Feed: Sources of Feed: HSR Naphtha (90°C to 160°C) HSR Naphtha (90°C to 160°C) Not LSR Not LSR …………… …………… Why? Why? Not Heavier Not Heavier …………… …………… Why? Why? Visbreaking & Coking Gasolines Visbreaking & Coking Gasolines Hydrocracking Hydrocracking Two Typical Feeds Composition Two Typical Feeds Composition Paraffinic (Arabian Light) Naphthenic (Nigeria) RON 50 66 Av. Mw. 114 119 S (weight ppm) 500 350 Paraffins 66.8 29.3 Naphthenes 21.8 61.85 Aromatics 11.4 8.85 Total Change to The Feed Total Change to The Feed Catalytic Reforming Product Catalytic Reforming Product Relation between ON and Reformate Yield Relation between ON and Reformate Yield Reformate Composition Reformate Composition Number of carbon atoms nP iP P O N A Total 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Total 0.57 1.51 1.69 2.5 1.16 0.26 0.07 0 7.76 2.37 1.97 8.42 4.91 1.04 0.28 0.02 21.01 0.57 3.88 5.66 10.92 6.07 1.3 0.35 0.02 28.77 0.1 0.16 0.35 0.44 0.08 0 0 1.13 0 0.19 0.4 0.34 0 0 0 0.93 2.34 14.16 26.28 21.08 4.76 0.55 69.17 3.98 8.35 25.83 33.13 22.46 5.11 0.57 100 nP: normal paraffins. iP: branched paraffins. P: total paraffins. O: olefins. N: naphthenes. A: aromatics [...]...Reformate Composition Reformate Composition Catalytic Reforming Technology Fixed-Bed Technology Non-Regenerative …… Replacement (months) Semi-Regenerative …… Shutdown (years) Regenerative (Cyclic) …… Switching (days) Moving-Bed Technology... Moving-Bed Technology UOP: “CCR Platformer®” Moving-Bed Technology IFP: “Octanizer®” Fluid-Bed Technology (Molybdena/Alumina) Catalyst is used Excellent temperature control prevents over- & under -reforming More selectivity for optimum yield of the desired product Reactions & Thermodynamics Dehydrogenation of Naphthenes Isomerization of Paraffins and Naphthenes Dehydrocyclization of Paraffins