Name: Water Mate: Define, explain or tell something about: Phonology: Phonology is the study of sounds used by speakers of a particular language, which includes how and where each sound is articulated and the way that phonemes are combined to form a word Morphology: Morphology is the study of morphemes and their different forms and the way they combine in word formation Or morphology can be understood as the study of word formation Syntax: A syntax is just a grammatical order or arrangement of words in a sentence It's a study of rules for constructing acceptable sentences Lexicon The lexicon of a language is its vocabulary, including its words and expressions A lexicon is also a synonym of the word thesaurus Semantics Semantics is the meaning system of a language, including three types: lexical semantics (the study of word meaning), sentential semantics (the study of sentence meaning) and pragmatics (the study of sociocultural context and its impact on meaning construction (Moats, 2000) Pragmatics The basic meaning of pragmatic is matter of fact and practical So Pragmatics is the area of language function that embraces the use of language in social contexts 7 Linguistic Linguistics is the scientific study of human language Linguistics can be broken into three categories: the study of language form, of language meaning and of language in context Language A language is a form of speech used in many different regions It is the way in which societies communicate through speaking There are many different languages However, the most common one is English Dialects Dialects are pronunciation or words peculiar to an area In other words, a dialect is any variety of a language spoken by a group of people that is characterized by systematic differences from other varieties of the same language For example, in North America they say “Hello” but in the South they say “Howdy” 10 Language Acquisition Device Language acquisition device (LAD) is a hypothesized innate mental faculty present in infants that enables them to construct and internalize the grammar of their native language on the basis of the limited and fragmentary language input to which they are exposed 11 Instruction for oral development The goal of instruction for oral language development is to enable students to be good at both receptive (listening and reading) and expressive (speaking and writing) language for both social and economic functions Some strategies and activities for promoting oral language are: reading aloud, listening to books on tape, watching TV and Videos, Total physical respond, 12 Instruction for vocabulary development The goal of vocabulary instruction is to provide direct, systematic vocabulary instruction and allow students to be exposed to a wide range of vocabulary through reading and listening and to apply the learned vocabulary through speaking and writing Some strategies and activities for vocabulary development are selecting words for instruction, providing comprehensible input, focusing on concepts, teaching dictionary use 13 Instruction for phonological and orthography knowledge and fluency development Phonological knowledge includes phonemic awareness and phonics Orthographic knowledge is associated with how sounds are mapped into letters The ultimate goal of instruction is to help students understand the interconnectedness of phonological and orthographic knowledge and fluency in reading and writing Another goal is to contextualize the process of learning the abstract concepts in phonological and orthographic knowledge through students’ direct application in their reading and writing A final goal is to encourage students to develop L1 Some strategies and activities for promoting phonological and orthographic knowledge and fluency development are: teaching phonemic awareness, teaching difficult sounds, using media texts, 14 Academic vocabulary Academic vocabulary consists of words that cut across disciplines and appear in many kinds of textbooks Academic vocabulary includes important concepts and connectors to help students understand content in all academic subject areas (Freemans, 209-210) 15 Allophone An allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language For example, [t] and [tH] are allophones of the phoneme /t/ [b] and [B] are allophones of the phoneme /b/  ... construct and internalize the grammar of their native language on the basis of the limited and fragmentary language input to which they are exposed 11 Instruction for oral development The goal... students understand the interconnectedness of phonological and orthographic knowledge and fluency in reading and writing Another goal is to contextualize the process of learning the abstract concepts... to be good at both receptive (listening and reading) and expressive (speaking and writing) language for both social and economic functions Some strategies and activities for promoting oral language