CAN THO UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES STUDY ON THE REPLACEMENT OF FISH MEAL PROTEIN BY SOYBEAN MEAL PROTEIN IN FEED FOR CLOWN KNIFEFISH (Chitala chitala) JUVENILE BY NGUYEN NHAT MINH QUANG A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor Science in Aquaculture Can Tho, January 16th, 2013 CAN THO UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES STUDY ON THE REPLACEMENT OF FISH MEAL PROTEIN BY SOYBEAN MEAL PROTEIN IN FEED FOR CLOWN KNIFEFISH (Chitala chitala) JUVENILE BY NGUYEN NHAT MINH QUANG A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor Science in Aquaculture Supervisors Ass Prof Dr TRAN THI THANH HIEN MSc TRAN LE CAM TU Can Tho, January 16th, 2013 Acknowledgements First of all, I wish to express my deep appreciation to Ass Prof Dr Tran Thi Thanh Hien and MSc Tran Le Cam Tu for their constant guidance They have enthusiastically instructed and facilitated me to finish my thesis recently I honestly thank to Board directors of CAF and teaching staffs of AAP supported the knowledge to me in 4.5 years I also want to show my deep gratitude to my advisor Dr Pham Minh Duc for his constant support and encouragement during learning time in College of Aquaculture and Fisheries I want to thank my sister Nguyen Thi Linh Dan and my classmates in Advance Aquaculture Program Class so much for encouraging and helping me in last time Finally, I want to thank Advance Aquaculture Program for supporting expenses to complete my thesis i Abstract The study was conducted in plastic tanks (80 L /tank) to evaluate the effect of replacement of fish meal protein by soybean meal protein in diets of clown knife fish juveniles Triplicate groups of fish with the initial weight 4.57 g ± 0.07 were fed with diets in which 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60% fish meal protein were replaced by soybean meal protein After weeks, the results showed that fishmeal protein replacement levels were not significantly different on survival rate (SR) (p>0.05) Basing on the significant difference of fish weight gain (WG), food conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER); the results were indicated up to 45 % fish meal protein replaced by soybean meal protein without causing reduction on growth index Replacing 60% of fish meal protein by soybean meal protein resulted in lower growth value than the control diet (p0.05) (Figure 4.1) Besides, many researches on replacing fish meal protein by soybean meal protein also did not affect on the survival rate, such as: researching on snakehead murrel (Channa striata) of Tran Thi Be (2010), Nguyen Thanh Phuong et al, (2000) on river cobbler (Pangasius bocourti), Hernandez et al., (2007) on sharpsnout seabream (Diplodus puntazzo), Deng et al., (2006) on Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), and Wang et al, (2006) on cuneate drum (Nibea miichthioides)… 100.00 a a 90.00 80.00 Survival rate (%) a a 30% SBM 45% SBM a 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 0% SBM 15% SBM 60% SBM Treatments Figure 4.1: Survival rate of experimental fish after weeks The results proved that experimental diets did not affect the survival rate of experimental fish when increasing percentage of soybean meal protein 4.4 Growth performances The growth rate was one of the parameters to evaluate the quality of feed The growth was shown by the weight gain and daily weight gain After weeks, the weight gain of fish was descending when fish meal protein was ascending the percentage of soybean protein in feed The weight gain had a descending tendency when soybean meal protein was ascending in diets Treatment 30% SBM had the highest value of weight gain 16 (5.83±0.01 g) and not significant different from treatment 0% SBM and treatment 15% SBM (p>0.05) However, the lowest value of weight gain was treatment 60% SBM (4.84±0.38 g) Treatment 60% SBM was significantly different from treatment 0% SBM, 30% SBM, 45% SBM (p>0.05) Value of treatment 45% SBM was 5.32±0.29 g and it was not significantly different from the rest of treatment (Table 4.3) Thus, fish meal protein could be replaced until 45% soybean meal protein that did not affect growth rate of experimental fish This result was similar to research of El-Ebiary (2005) on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciata) (Chong et al., 2003), barramundi perch (Lates calcarifer) (Tantikitti et al., 2005); these authors said that the quantity of soybean meal in feed which affected to the flavor of the pellet feed was one of reason reducing the weight gain of fish Table 4.3: Growth performances of experimental fish Treatment 0% SBM 15% SBM Wi (g) 4.56±0.09a 4.58±0.07a Wf (g) 10.02±0.04ab 10.15±0.49b WG (g) 5.46±0.08b 5.57±0.42b DWG (mg/day) 86.67±1.31b 88.34±6.72b 30% SBM 4.56±0.08a 10.40±0.09b 5.83±0.01b 92.56±0.26b 45% SBM 4.58±0.08a 9.90±0.24ab 5.32±0.29ab 84.46±4.62ab 60% SBM 4.59±0.09a 9.43±0.41a 4.84±0.38a 76.79±6.00a Values are means of triplicate group and presented as mean ± SD Values in the same columns having the same superscript letters are not significantly different (p>0.05) Besides, the final weights of treatment 0% SBM, 15% SBM, and 30% SBM had a descending tendency and they were not significantly different (p>0.05) The lowest value of final weight was treatment 60% SBM (9.43±0.41 g) and it was significantly different with treatment 15% SBM, 30% SBM However, treatment 45% SBM was not significantly different with the rest of treatment Therefore, the level of replacing fish meal protein by soybean meal protein was also 45% This level was not affected the growth of experimental fish In the other hand, values of daily weight gain of treatments 0% SBM, 15% SBM, 30% SBM and 45% SBM was not significantly different (p>0.05) The value of treatment 45% SBM was not significantly different with the rest of treatments (p>0.05) The 17 highest value of daily weight gain was 30% SBM (92.56±0.26 mg /day) and the lowest value was 60% SBM (76.79±6.00 mg /day) (Table 4.3) According to the research on cross-bred tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x Oreochromis aureus) (Shiau and Libang et al., 1989), fish still got good result when replacing 67% fish meal by soybean meal Moreover, the researches on tilapia (Oreochromis ssp) (Tri and David, 2009) also showed that tilapia could use the soybean diet that did not affect to the growth of fish The results of the researches on replacement fish meal protein by soybean meal protein were different because of the quality of feed processing, size of fish in the experiment, and environment factors (El-Sayed, 1999; Elangovan and Shim, 2001; Goda, 2007) Therefore, when the research on replacement fish meal protein by sources of animal protein and plant protein, we should notice the size of experimental fish, source of feed and environmental conditions 4.5 Feed utilization The feed intake of fish was decreased when increasing the ratio of soybean meal protein in fish meal protein from treatment 30% SBM to treatment 60% SBM The feed intake which had the highest was treatment 30%SBM (8.51±0.21 g) and the lowest value was treatment 60% SBM (7.88±0.77 g) However, there were not significantly different among all treatments (p>0.05) (Table 4.4) Table 4.4: Feed utilization of experimental fish Treatment FI PER 0% SBM 8.15±0.52a 1.74±0.09bc 15% SBM 7.84±0.45a 1.82±0.05b 30% SBM 8.51±0.21a 1.78±0.05bc 45% SBM 8.15±0.95a 1.63±0.15ab 60% SBM 7.88±0.77a 1.51±0.07a Values are means of triplicate group and presented as mean ± SD Values in the same columns having the same superscript letters are not significantly different (p>0.05) 18 Some authors indicated that the feed intake was not significantly different (p>0.05) when using the soybean meal protein instead of fish meal protein of malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus) (Le Anh Tuan, 2006), coast range trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (Wantanabe and Pongmaneerat, 1993), African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) (Fagbenro and Davies, 2001); or not used the fish meal in feed did not also affect the ability to catch prey of tilapia (Oreochromis spp) (Tri and David, 2009) In the opposite side, the study of Ai and Xie (2005) on southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis) showed that fish admitted high quantity of soybean meal into bodies Thus, increasing the replacement fish meal protein by soybean meal protein leads to decrease the feed intake of clown knife fish According to this, the weight gain was continuously descending when increasing the percentage of soybean meal in feed because fish reduced eating Protein efficiency ratio (PER) of clown knife fish had descending tendency when the percentage of soybean meal protein was increased in diet The highest PER value was treatment 15% SBM (1.82), it was not significantly different in comparison with treatment 0% SBM and 30% SBM (p>0.05) On the other hand, treatment 60% SBM had the lowest value of protein efficiency ratio and it was significantly different with treatments 0% SBM, 15% SBM and 30% SBM (p0.05) Thus, protein efficiency ratio value showed that proximate level of soybean meal protein was 45% and it did not affect experimental fish (Table 4.4) Basing on many studies, such as: African catfish (Heterobranchus lonifilis) (Atse et al., 2008), Nile tilapia (O niloticus) (Al-Ogaily, 2002), snakehead murrel (Channa striata) (Phan Hong Cuong, 2009); PER was decreased slightly when increased the levels of soybean meal protein Some authors proved that there was not different in PER while using soybean meal by fish meal in feed on Nile tilapia (O niloticus) (Koumi et al., 2009), Blue catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) (Webster et al., 1995), rohu (Labeo rohita) (Khan et al., 2003) Contrary to the result of PER, food conversion ratio (FCR) value of clown knife fish had an increasing tendency from treatment 15% SBM to treatment 60% SBM (1.41 – 1.63) based on the increasing percentage of soybean meal in diets The value of treatment 0% SBM was 1.49, it was not significantly different in comparison with treatments 15% 19 SBM, 30% SBM and 45% SBM (p>0.05) Treatment 60% SBM had the highest value of food conversion ratio (1.63) and it was significantly different with treatments 15% SBM and 30% SBM (p0.05) Basing on the growth performance, this proved that FCR treatment 45% SBM did not affected the food conversion ratio of experimental fish (Figure 4.2) 2.00 1.80 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 1.49ab 0% SBM 1.41a 15% SBM 1.53ab 1.63b 45% SBM 60% SBM 1.44a 30% SBM Treatments Figure 4.2 : Food conversion ratio of clown knife fish after weeks The result of this study was similar to Phan Hong Cuong’s research (2009) on snakehead murrel (Channa striata) which showed that FCR was not significantly different when replacing the percentage of soybean meal to 30%, but it was remarkably increasing when the replacement level was increased from 40% - 50% (p0.05); but it was significantly different when replacing at the level 100% (p[...]...1.3 Contents of the study  Evaluation on the effect of different levels of replacing fishmeal protein by soybean protein on Chitala growth  Evaluation on the effect of replacing fishmeal protein by soybean protein on feed efficiency of clown knife fish 2 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Clown knife fish 2.1.1 Biological characteristics Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii... use the soybean diet that did not affect to the growth of fish The results of the researches on replacement fish meal protein by soybean meal protein were different because of the quality of feed processing, size of fish in the experiment, and environment factors (El-Sayed, 1999; Elangovan and Shim, 2001; Goda, 2007) Therefore, when the research on replacement fish meal protein by sources of animal protein. .. Growth performances The growth rate was one of the parameters to evaluate the quality of feed The growth was shown by the weight gain and daily weight gain After 9 weeks, the weight gain of fish was descending when fish meal protein was ascending the percentage of soybean protein in feed The weight gain had a descending tendency when soybean meal protein was ascending in diets Treatment 30% SBM had the highest... soybean meal limited essential amino acids Therefore, contents of Methionine and Lysine were continously descending when increasing level of soybean meal in diets Many researchers indicated that supplement of Methionine and Lysine in feed improved weight gain and efficiency of using feed The research of Ai and Xie (2005) on Southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis) showed that fish could use soybean meal protein. .. catch prey of tilapia (Oreochromis spp) (Tri and David, 2009) In the opposite side, the study of Ai and Xie (2005) on southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis) showed that fish admitted high quantity of soybean meal into bodies Thus, increasing the replacement fish meal protein by soybean meal protein leads to decrease the feed intake of clown knife fish According to this, the weight gain was continuously... and protein efficiency ratio when added soybean meal in experimental diets 5.2 Recommendations Continue doing research on the ability to replace fish meal protein by soybean meal protein in diet and other cheap sources of materials, such as rice bran supplement with odorous substances to increase the ability to use plant materials Applying the replacement of fish meal protein by soybean meal protein in. .. when replacing fish meal protein by soybean meal protein in diet of experimental fish Experimental fish had the ability to utilize feed having 45% fish meal protein replaced by soybean meal protein that did not affect to the survival rate, weight gain, food conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio Although essential amino acids were limited in soybean meal diet, fish was also unaffected to the growth... weight In diet, protein provides amino acids by the digestive process and hydrolysis The amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream and transferred to the agencies for involving in protein biosynthesis process They serve in developing, reproducing and maintaining the living body Thus, we should provide sufficient protein demand for fish in the process of culturing Protein demand of fish ranges about... common Of these, 10 are essential (indispensable) amino acids that cannot be synthesized by fish The 10 essential amino acids that must be supplied by in diet are: Methionine, Arginine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Histidine, Isoleucine, Lysine, Leucine, Valine and Phenylalanine Among them, Lysine and Methionine are often the first limiting amino acids Diet which is prepared with plant (soybean meal) protein. .. 2.22 Fish meal 1.98 5.08 Soybean meal 0.79 3.03 Initial fish 1.73 5.53 The content of Methionine and Lysine in control treatment were 1.44% and 2.78% respectively Both of them were decreased continously from 0% SBM to 60% SBM (Table 4.2) Table 4.2 showed that content of essential amino acids would be descending in feed when increased the levels of fish meal protein by soybean meal protein Because soybean