UNIT 4: VOLUNTEER WORK PART E: LANGUAGE FOCUS *Aims: *Aims - Pronunciation: help students pronounce the sounds /w/ and /j/ correctly - Grammar: help students to review gerund and distinguish between gerund / perfect gerund and participle/ perfect participle in some cases METHOD AND TEACHING APPROACH Communicative Communicative TEACHING AIDS Approach - chalk board and chalk - computer - paper PRONUNCIATION • Teacher reads the sounds /w/ and /j/ and the words once or twice • Conducting repetition • Asking some students to read again • Giving feedback • Teacher may read the sentences once or twice and ask some students to read again if time permits PRONUNCIATION /w/ we wheel west wet wine whale /j/ yes yellow young years use York • Teacher gives instructions • Teacher divides the class into groups Each group is given a big sheet of paper and asked to write the appropriate gerund in or minutes • Students stick their answers on the board • Teacher shows the answers The whole class check the answers and score the paper of each group • Teacher may ask students to explain their choices and tell the reasons why gerund is used in some of the sentences • Teacher helps students to review the uses of gerund GRAMMAR • Exercise 1: Complete each of the following sentences with an appropriate gerund of the verbs from the box spend start behave bend wait meet park listen Example: He found that parking was difficult in that city • 1- I have no objection to listening _ to your story again • 2- Touch your toes without _ bending your knees! • 3- You should be ashamed of yourself behaving so badly for _ meeting • 4- I am looking forward to _ you • 5- You can’t prevent him from spending his own money • 6- Would you mind _ waiting for a moment? starting • 7- In spite of late, we arrived in time The gerund can be used in the following ways As subject of sentence (in example) As complement of a verb After prepositions (in number 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6) After certain verbs ( in number 6) In noun compounds • The techniques of Exercise are similar to those of Exercise • Teacher explains the uses of present participle in some of the sentences and help students with the structures Exercise 2: Complete of the following sentence with an appropriate present participle of the verb from the box lie modernize rise try shop read pass burn Example : I saw him my house -I saw him passing my house prepare She smelt something _ burning and saw rising smoke _ reading her diary, If she catches you _ she’ll be furious The found a tree _ across the lying road I’m going shopping this afternoon preparing He doesn’t spend much time his lessons They wasted the whole afternoon trying to repair the bike _ modernizing They spend a lot of money the house Some of the uses of present participle After verbs of sensation (see, hear, feel, smell, listen to, notice, watch) After catch/ find/ leave+ O After go/ come/ spend/ waste/ be busy To replace a clause Ex: He entered the room and saw a stranger  Entering the room, he saw a stranger Comments The difference between gerund and present participle • Gerund: used as a noun equivalent • Present participle: more like a verb or an adjective Exercise 3: Put the verb in brackets into the perfect gerund or perfect participle **Example: He was accused of _ (desert) his ship two months ago _ He was accused of having deserted his ship two months ago Perfect Gerund and Perfect Participle • A perfect gerund / participle is used instead of a gerund/ participle when we want to emphasize the completion of the action Gerund We are happy about your completing all your assignments Perfect Gerund We are happy about your having completed all your assignments Participle Perfect Participle Finishing the work, they Having finished the went home work, they went home 1 I object to him having made (make) private calls on the office phone  PERFECT GERUND Having been (be) his own boss for such a long time, he found it hard to accept orders from another  PERFECT PARTICIPLE They denied having been (be) there  PERFECT GERUND Having tied (tie) one end of the rope to his bed, he threw the other end out of the window  PERFECT PARTICIPLE Having read (read) the instruction, he snatched up the fire extinguisher  PERFECT PARTICIPLE The children admitted having taken (take) the money  PERFECT GERUND CONSOLIDATION • Scoring and rewarding • Asking students some questions about the similarities and the differences between gerund/ perfect gerund and participle/ perfect participle HOMEWORK Write sentences using gerund and sentences using participle THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR ATTENTION