中国留学生在新加坡的语码转换 现象 CODE-SWITCHING OF P.R.C STUDENTS IN SINGAPORE 吕 晶 LU JING 新加坡国立大学中文系 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 北京大学中国语言文学系 PEKING UNIVERSITY 2011 中国留学生在新加坡的语码转换现象 CODE-SWITCHING OF P.R.C STUDENTS IN SINGAPORE 吕 晶 LU JING (B.A. Hons, NUS) 新加坡国立大学中文系 北京大学中国语言文学系 双学位硕士（研究）毕业论文 A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DOUBLE DEGREE M.A. BY RESEARCH IN CHINESE LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT OF CHINESE STUDIES, NUS DEPARTMENT OF CHINESE LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE, PKU 2011 Acknowledgements This dissertation would be impossible without the guidance and help of several individuals who in one way or another contributed and extended their invaluable assistance in the preparation and completion of this study. First and foremost, I offer my sincerest gratitude to my NUS supervisor, A/P Lee Cher Leng, who has supported me throughout my thesis with her patience and knowledge whilst allowing me the room to work in my own way. I attribute the level of my Masters degree to her encouragement and effort and without her, this thesis would not have been completed or written. One simply could not wish for a better or friendlier supervisor. I would also like to offer my sincerest thanks to my PKU supervisor, Dr. Wang Chao-Hsien for his guidance, patience and support. Moreover, I really appreciate the tremendous effort A/P Lee Cheuk Yin, Dr. Peng Rui, Professor Guo Rui, Professor Shen Yang put in for solving problems arising from the double degree programme between NUS and PKU. I would also like to extend my gratitude to the administrative staffs from both NUS and PKU Chinese Studies department for providing me support with regards to administrative matters. I am grateful to come across several life-long friends whom have helped me in one way or another during my course of study. Thank you Ming Chew, Karen, Jun Da, Shi Theng, Claire, Xiuhui, Kheng Yong for being such supportive friends of mine. I would also like to convey my sincerest thanks to all my informants for their time and effort to collect data for my research. Without them, this thesis will not be complete. Finally, my deepest gratitude goes to my parents and relatives for their unflagging love and support throughout my studies at NUS and PKU. i 目录 Acknowledgements.……………………………………………………………….. i 目录.………………………………………………………………………………. ii Abstract …………………………………………………………………………...vi 统计表一览……………………………………………………………………….vii 图表一览…………………………………………………………………………. ix 第一章：诸论…………………………………………………………………… 1 1.1 研究综述……………………………………………………………………… 1 1.2 研究背景……………………………………………………………………… 3 1.3 研究目的与意义……………………………………………………………… 第二章：文献综述……………………………………………………………... 8 2.1 语码转换的相关术语与概念界定…………………………………………… 8 2.1.1 语码转换与语码夹杂………………………………………………. 8 2.1.2 语码转换与借用…………………………………………………... 10 2.2 双语与语码转换…………………………………………………………….. 13 2.3 语码转换的形态结构研究………………………………………………….. 17 2.4 语码转换的社会语言学研究……………………………………………….. 20 2.5 语码转换的心理动因研究………………………………………………….. 22 2.6 语码转换的形式语法研究………………………………………………….. 25 2.7 语码转换的交际功能研究………………………………………………….. 26 第三章：方法论……………………………………………………………….. 29 ii 3.1 研究背景…………………………………………………………………….. 29 3.2 研究对象…………………………………………………………………….. 31 3.3 研究方法…………………………………………………………………….. 34 第四章：第一组研究对象的语码转换 现象……………………………….. 40 4.1 语码转换的频率统计……………………………………………………….. 40 4.1.1 总频率统计………………………………………………………... 40 4.1.2 语码转换成分的词形归类与统计………………………………... 43 4.1.3 语码转换成分的词性类型的统计………………………………... 46 4.2 语码转换的语域分析………………………………………………………. 51 4.2.1 行业用语…………………………………………………………... 53 4.2.1.1 学校用语………………………………………………… 53 4.2.1.2 电脑科技用语…………………………………………… 58 4.2.2 生活用语…………………………………………………………... 62 4.2.2.1 地名、地标……………………………………………… 62 4.2.2.2 日常生活用语…………………………………………… 64 4.3 语码转换的动因分析………………………………………………………. 67 4.3.1 引述谈话……………………………………………………………… 68 4.3.2 强调作用……………………………………………………………… 68 4.3.3 重复功能……………………………………………………………… 71 4.3.4 言语靠拢……………………………………………………………… 72 第五章：第二组研究对象的语码转换 现象……………………………….. 75 5.1 语码转换的频率统计……………………………………………………….. 75 iii 5.1.1 总频率统计………………………………………………………... 75 5.1.2 语码转换成分的词形归类与统计………………………………... 76 5.1.3 语码转换成分的词性类型的统计………………………………... 81 5.2 语码转换的语域分析……………………………………………………….. 87 5.2.1 行业用语…………………………………………………………... 87 5.2.1.1 学校用语………………………………………………… 87 5.2.1.2 电脑科技用语…………………………………………… 93 5.2.2 生活用语…………………………………………………………... 94 5.2.2.1 地名、地标……………………………………………… 95 5.2.2.2 日常生活用语…………………………………………… 97 5.2.2.3 其他……………………………………………………… 99 5.3 语码转换的动因分析…………………………………………………...…. 101 5.3.1 强调作用…………………………………………………………..101 5.3.2 重复功能…………………………………………………………. 102 5.3.3 言语靠拢…………………………………………………………. 103 5.3.4 感情色彩…………………………………………………………. 104 第六章：第三组研究对象的语码转换 现象……………………………… 107 6.1 语码转换的频率统计……………………………………………………… 107 6.1.1 总频率统计………………………………………………………. 107 6.1.2 语码转换成分的词形归类与统计………………………………. 108 6.1.3 语码转换成分的词性类型的统计………………………………. 113 6.2 语码转换的语域分析……………………………………………………… 117 6.2.1 行业用语…………………………………………………………. 118 6.2.1.1 学校用语……………………………………………….. 118 6.2.1.2 电脑科技用语………………………………………….. 122 iv 6.2.2 生活用语…………………………………………………………. 125 6.2.2.1 地名、地标…………………………………………….. 125 6.2.2.2 日常生活用语………………………………………….. 126 6.2.2.3 其他…………………………………………………….. 130 6.3 语码转换的动因分析……………………………………………………… 133 6.3.1 引述谈话…………………………………………………………. 133 6.3.2 强调作用…………………………………………………………. 134 6.3.3 重复功能…………………………………………………………. 135 6.3.4 言语靠拢…………………………………………………………. 136 6.3.5 感情色彩…………………………………………………………. 139 第七章：比较三组研究对象的语码转 换现象…………………………… 142 7.1 语码转换的频率比较……………………………………………………… 142 7.1.1 总频率比较………………………………………………………. 142 7.1.2 语码转换成分的词形比较………………………………………. 146 7.1.3 语码转换成分的词类比较………………………………………. 150 7.2 语码转换的语域比较……………………………………………………… 153 7.2.1 行业用语的比较…………………………………………………. 153 7.2.2 生活用语的比较…………………………………………………. 157 7.3 语码转换的动因比较……………………………………………………… 160 第八章：结语………………………………………………………………… 164 附录……………………………………………………………………………. 170 参考文献………………………………………………………………………. 315 v Abstract As Singapore is a multiracial, multicultural and multilingual society, each individual speech community has its own native language or mother tongue. On top of that, each individual needs to know English, the lingua franca of Singapore. Due to the multitude of languages present, many language contact phenomena arise due to complex interactions between these different speech communities. Code-switching is an example of a typical language contact phenomenon and is the main focus of this paper. By recording and analysing English code-switching instances in Mandarin conversations amongst PRC students in Singapore tertiary institutions, this paper has arrived at a conclusion, the longer a PRC student lived in Singapore and the more contact he/she had with local Singaporeans, the more a PRC student’s code-switching behavior will converge towards that of a local Singaporean. This convergence is reflected in two areas: 1) The frequency and complexity of code-switching. The longer a PRC student lived in Singapore, his/her frequency of switching to English code will be higher. Moreover, the morphology and word classes being code-switched will also be more varied. 2) The domains in which code-switching occur. For PRC students, the main domain in which code-switching occurs is the school domain. Other domains include ICT (information and communications technology) and everyday life. As before, the longer a PRC student lived in Singapore, his/her code-switching will increasingly expand towards the domain of everyday life. Furthermore, this paper also looked at the motivations behind code-switching amongst PRC students. Code-switching motivations can be sub-divided into two kinds, psychological and pragmatic motivations. A switch to English code during Mandarin conversations can be used when quoting someone, for emphasis, repetition, or to induce certain emotional effect (different communicative strategies). Psychological motivation for code-switching is to conform to the language habits of local Singaporeans and is thus a form of language convergence. Code-switching behavior of PRC students is language accommodation in action and shows an assimilation of PRC students into Singaporean society in the aspect of language style. vi 统计表一览 表 3.1 研究对象的资料…………………………………………………………. 31 表 3.2 第一组：研究对象在新加坡居住了一至三年（截止于2010年年中）..33 表 3.3 第二组：研究对象在新加坡居住了三至六年（截止于2010年年中）..33 表 3.4 第三组：研究对象在新加坡居住了六至九年（截止于2010年年中）..33 表 4.1 第一组研究对象的详细资料与语言背景………………………………. 41 表 4.2 第一组语码转换的不同词形的频率统计表……………………………. 44 表 4.3 第一组研究对象语码转换中词类的频率统计…………………………. 47 表 5.1 第二组研究对象的详细资料与语言背景………………………………. 75 表 5.2 第二组语码转换的不同词形的频率统计表……………………………. 77 表 5.3 第二组研究对象语码转换中词类的频率统计…………………………. 82 表 6.1 第三组研究对象的详细资料与语言背景……………………………... 107 表 6.2 第三组语码转换的不同词形的频率统计表…………………………... 109 表 6.3 第三组研究对象语码转换中词类的频率统计………………………... 113 vii 表 7.1 各组语码转换的频率／小时统计……………………………………... 144 表 7.2 各组语码转换的频率／小时统计（排除一个孤立案例）…………... 145 表 7.3 语码转换的不同词形的频率统计表…………………………………... 147 表 7.4 各组语码转换中不同词形的频率统计………………………………... 148 表 7.5 语码转换中词类的频率统计…………………………………………... 150 表 7.6 各组语码转换中词类的频率统计……………………………………... 151 viii 图表一览 图 2.1 语言模式连续体…………………………………………………………. 16 图 4.1 第一组语码转换的不同词形的频率分布………………………………. 44 图 4.2 第一组研究对象语码转换中词类频率的分布…………………………. 48 图 5.1 第二组语码转换的不同词形的频率分布………………………………. 78 图 5.2 第二组研究对象语码转换中词类频率的分布…………………………. 82 图 6.1 第三组语码转换的不同词形的频率分布……………………………... 109 图 6.2 第三组研究对象语码转换中词类频率的分布………………………... 114 图 7.1 各组语码转换的总频率分布…………………………………………... 142 图 7.2 各组语码转换的频率／小时…………………………………………... 146 图 7.3 字母／缩写词在各组不同语码转换词形中的比例…………………... 149 图 8.1 三组研究对象在语言模式连续体中的位置…………………………... 164 ix [...]... 图 2 .1 语言模式连续体………………………………………………………… 16 图 4 .1 第一组语码转换的不同词形的频率分布……………………………… 44 图 4.2 第一组研究对象语码转换中词类频率的分布………………………… 48 图 5 .1 第二组语码转换的不同词形的频率分布……………………………… 78 图 5.2 第二组研究对象语码转换中词类频率的分布………………………… 82 图 6 .1 第三组语码转换的不同词形的频率分布…………………………… 10 9 图 6.2 第三组研究对象语码转换中词类频率的分布……………………… 11 4 图 7 .1 各组语码转换的总频率分布………………………………………… 14 2 图 7.2 各组语码转换的频率／小时………………………………………… 14 6 图 7.3 字母／缩写词在各组不同语码转换词形中的比例………………… 14 9 图 8 .1 三组研究对象在语言模式连续体中的位置…………………………... 10 9 图 6.2 第三组研究对象语码转换中词类频率的分布……………………… 11 4 图 7 .1 各组语码转换的总频率分布………………………………………… 14 2 图 7.2 各组语码转换的频率／小时………………………………………… 14 6 图 7.3 字母／缩写词在各组不同语码转换词形中的比例………………… 14 9 图 8 .1 三组研究对象在语言模式连续体中的位置………………………… 16 4 ix ... student’s code- switching behavior will converge towards that of a local Singaporean This convergence is reflected in two areas: 1) The frequency and complexity of code- switching The longer a PRC student... which code- switching occur For PRC students, the main domain in which code- switching occurs is the school domain Other domains include ICT (information and communications technology) and everyday... in Singapore tertiary institutions, this paper has arrived at a conclusion, the longer a PRC student lived in Singapore and the more contact he/she had with local Singaporeans, the more a PRC