TRѬӠNG ĈҤI HӐC CҪN THѪ KHOA NÔNG NGHIӊP & SINH HӐC ӬNG DӨNG NGUYӈN HOÀNG LUÂN XÂY DӴNG Hӊ THӔNG ĈO TRÊN Hӊ NHIӊT DUNG RIÊNG VÀ Hӊ SӔ DҮN NHIӊT CӪA THӴC PHҬM Luұn văn tӕt nghiӋp Ngành: CÔNG NGHӊ THӴC PHҬM Cҫn Thѫ, 2013 TRѬӠNG ĈҤI HӐC CҪN THѪ KHOA NÔNG NGHIӊP & SINH HӐC ӬNG DӨNG Luұn văn tӕt nghiӋp Ngành: CÔNG NGHӊ THӴC PHҬM Tên ÿӅ tài: XÂY DӴNG Hӊ THӔNG ĈO TRÊN Hӊ NHIӊT DUNG RIÊNG VÀ Hӊ SӔ DҮN NHIӊT CӪA THӴC PHҬM Giáo viên h˱ͣng d̳n Sinh viên th͹c hi͏n PGS.TS. Võ Tҩn Thành NguyӉn Hoàng Luân MSSV: 2101988 Lӟp: CNTP K36 Cҫn Thѫ, 2013 Lu̵n văn t͙t nghi͏p Ĉ̩i h͕c Khóa 36 - 2013 Tr˱ͥng Ĉ̩i h͕c C̯n Th˯ LӠI CAM ĈOAN Tôi xin cam ÿoan ÿây công trình nghiên cӭu cӫa bҧn thân vӟi sӵ hѭӟng dүn cӫa PGs.Ts. Võ Tҩn Thành. Các sӕ liӋu kӃt quҧ trình bày luұn văn trung thӵc chѭa tӯng ÿѭӧc công bӕ bҩt kì công trình luұn văn trѭӟc ÿây. Luұn văn ÿính kèm dѭӟi ÿây vӟi ÿӅ tài “ Xây dӵng hӋ thӕng ÿo nhiӋt dung riêng hӋ sӕ dүn nhiӋt cӫa thӵc phҭm” ÿã ÿѭӧc hӝi ÿӗng chҩm luân văn thông qua. Giáo viên hѭӟng dүn PGs.Ts. Võ Tҩn Thành Ngành Công ngh͏ Th͹c pẖm, Khoa NN&SH˰D Tác giҧ luұn văn NguyӉn Hoàng Luân i Lu̵n văn t͙t nghi͏p Ĉ̩i h͕c Khóa 36 - 2013 Tr˱ͥng Ĉ̩i h͕c C̯n Th˯ LӠI CҦM TҤ Trong trình thӵc hiӋn luұn văn tӕt nghiӋp tҥi phòng thí nghiӋm cӫa bӝ môn Công nghӋ thӵc phҭm, Khoa Nông nghiӋp Sinh hӑc ӭng dөng, Trѭӡng Ĉҥi hӑc Cҫn Thѫ, mһc dù gһp không khó khăn trình thӵc hiӋn ÿӅ tài nhѭng vӟi sӵ giúp ÿӥ tұn tình cӫa quí thҫy cô cNJng nhѭ bҥn sinh viên bӝ môn Công nghӋ thӵc phҭm. Tôi ÿã hoàn thành ÿúng tiӃn ÿӝ thu ÿѭӧc kӃt quҧ nhѭ mong ÿӧi. Tôi xin gӱi lӡi cҧm ѫn chân thành ÿӃn thҫy Võ Tҩn Thành ÿã tұn tình hѭӟng dүn, giúp ÿӥ truyӅn ÿҥt nhӳng kiӃn thӭc kinh nghiӋm quí giá cho suӕt trình làm viӋc. Xin chân thành cҧm ѫn ÿӃn tҩt cҧ quí Thҫy cô bӝ môn Công nghӋ thӵc phҭm ÿã tҥo ÿiӅu kiӋn trang bӏ ÿҫy ÿӫ kiӃn thӭc cҫn thiӃt cho hoàn thành tӕt luұn văn này. Cҧm ѫn bҥn sinh viên lӟp Công nghӋ thӵc phҭm K36 ÿã nhiӋt tình giúp ÿӥ, chia sҿ ÿóng góp ý kiӃn ÿӇ thӵc hiӋn tӕt luұn văn này. Xin chân thành cҧm ѫn. Cҫn Thѫ, Ngày Tháng Năm . Sinh viên thӵc hiӋn NguyӉn Hoàng Luân Ngành Công ngh͏ Th͹c pẖm, Khoa NN&SH˰D ii Lu̵n văn t͙t nghi͏p Ĉ̩i h͕c Khóa 36 - 2013 Tr˱ͥng Ĉ̩i h͕c C̯n Th˯ TÓM LѬӦC Thí nghi͏m Xây d͹ng h͏ th͙ng ÿo nhi͏t dung riêng h͏ s͙ d̳n nhi͏t ÿ˱ͫc th͹c hi͏n vͣi m͡t s͙ lo̩i nguyên li͏u cͯ, qu̫ ti͇n hành tr̫i qua thí nghi͏m. Thí nghi͏m 1: Xác ÿ͓nh nhi͏t dung riêng b̹ng ph˱˯ng pháp h͟n hͫp, kho̫ng nhi͏t ÿ͡ thay ÿ͝i tͳ ÿ͇n 650C. K͇t qu̫ cho th̭y mô hình CP = A.T2 + B.T + C có h͏ s͙ t˱˯ng quan R2 cao phù hͫp cho lo̩i nguyên li͏u. Thí nghi͏m 2: Xác ÿ͓nh h͏ s͙ d̳n nhi͏t b̹ng ph˱˯ng pháp Fitch. Tͳ k͇t qu̫ ÿo nhi͏t dung riêng ͧ thí nghi͏m nhi͏t ÿ͡ theo dõi ÿ˱ͫc, tính toán h͏ s͙ d̳n nhi͏t K (W/moC). Kh̫o xát h͏ s͙ d̳n nhi͏t vͣi chi͉u dày l = cm l = cm. K͇t qu̫ ÿo cho th̭y cho th̭y có s͹ khác bi͏t ͧ mͱc ý nghƭa 5% ͧ ph̯n lͣn m̳u. H͏ s͙ d̳n nhi͏t gi̫m tăng chi͉u dày m̳u. Ngành Công ngh͏ Th͹c pẖm, Khoa NN&SH˰D iii Lu̵n văn t͙t nghi͏p Ĉ̩i h͕c Khóa 36 - 2013 Tr˱ͥng Ĉ̩i h͕c C̯n Th˯ MӨC LӨC LӠI CAM ĈOAN͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ŝ LӠI CҦM TҤ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ŝŝ TÓM LѬӦC͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ŝŝŝ DANH SÁCH BҦNG͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ǀŝ DANH SÁCH HÌNH͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ǀŝŝ CHѬѪNG ĈҺT VҨN Ĉӄ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭ 1.1 TӘNG QUAN ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭ 1.2 MӨC TIÊU NGHIÊN CӬU ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭ CHѬѪNG LѬӦC KHҦO TÀI LIӊU͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ Ϯ 2.1 NHIӊT DUNG RIÊNG ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ Ϯ 2.1.1 Ĉӏnh nghƭa ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ Ϯ 2.1.2 Phân loҥi ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ Ϯ 2.1.2.1 Phân lo̩i theo nhi͏t ÿ͡ . 2.1.2.2 Phân lo̩i theo ÿ˯n v͓ ÿo l˱ͫng v̵t ch̭t . 2.1.2.3 Phân lo̩i theo trình 2.1.3 Các phѭѫng pháp xác ÿӏnh nhiӋt dung riêng͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϰ 2.1.3.1 Ph˱˯ng pháp so sánh 2.1.3.2 Ph˱˯ng pháp phòng ÿo̩n nhi͏t . 2.1.3.3 Ph˱˯ng pháp gia nhi͏t tr͹c ti͇p m̳u . 2.1.3.4 Ph˱˯ng pháp h͟n hͫp 2.2 Hӊ SӔ DҮN NHIӊT ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϲ 2.2.1 Khái niӋm͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϲ 2.2.2 Cѫ chӃ dүn nhiӋt ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϳ 2.2.3 Kƭ thuұt xác ÿӏnh hӋ sӕ dүn nhiӋt ӣ trҥng thái әn ÿӏnh. ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϴ 2.2.3.1 Ph˱˯ng pháp gia nhi͏t m̳u . 2.2.3.2 Ph˱˯ng pháp d͹a d̳n nhi͏t cͯa v̵t th͋ hình trͭ . 2.2.4 Kƭ thuұt xác ÿӏnh hӋ sӕ dүn nhiӋt ӣ trҥng thái bán әn ÿӏnh ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϵ 2.2.4.1 Ph˱˯ng pháp Fitch . 2.2.4.2 Ph˱˯ng pháp Cenco- Fitch 12 2.2.4.3 C̫i ti͇n ph˱˯ng pháp Fitch . 12 2.2.4.4 Ph˱˯ng pháp Rahman- Fitch . 13 Ngành Công ngh͏ Th͹c pẖm, Khoa NN&SH˰D iv Lu̵n văn t͙t nghi͏p Ĉ̩i h͕c Khóa 36 - 2013 Tr˱ͥng Ĉ̩i h͕c C̯n Th˯ 2.2.5 Kƭ thuұt xác ÿӏnh hӋ sӕ dүn nhiӋt tҥm thӡi - Phѭѫng pháp so sánh nhiӋt ϭϰ CHѬѪNG PHѬѪNG TIӊN VÀ PHѬѪNG PHÁP NGHIÊN CӬU ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϲ 3.1 PHѬѪNG TIӊN NGHIÊN CӬU ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϲ 3.1.1 Ĉӏa ÿiӇm, thӡi gian thí nghiӋm ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϲ 3.1.2 Dөng cө thí nghiӋm͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϲ 3.1.3 Nguyên liӋu ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϲ 3.2 PHѬѪNG PHÁP NGHIÊN CӬU͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϳ 3.3 BӔ TRÍ THÍ NGHIӊM ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϳ 3.3.1 Thí nghiӋm 1: Xây dӵng phѭѫng trình biӅu diӉn nhiӋt dung riêng phө thuӝc vào nhiӋt ÿӝ cӫa thӵc phҭm ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϳ 3.3.1.1 S˯ ÿ͛ thí nghi͏m 17 3.3.1.2 Mô t̫ thí nghi͏m . 18 3.3.1.3 X͵ lí s͙ li͏u 19 3.4.2 Thí nghiӋm 2: Xác ÿӏnh hӋ sӕ dүn nhiӋt bҵng phѭѫng pháp Fitch͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϮϬ 3.4.2.1 S˯ ÿ͛ thí nghi͏m 20 3.4.2.2 Mô t̫ thí nghi͏m . 20 3.4.2.3 X͵ lí s͙ li͏u . 22 CHѬѪNG KӂT QUҦ VÀ THҦO LUҰN͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ Ϯϰ CHѬѪNG KӂT LUҰN VÀ Ĉӄ NGHӎ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϯϰ 5.1 KӂT LUҰN ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϯϰ 5.2 Ĉӄ NGHӎ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϯϰ TÀI LIӊU THAM KHҦO͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϯϱ PHӨ LӨC ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ǀŝŝŝ Ngành Công ngh͏ Th͹c pẖm, Khoa NN&SH˰D v Lu̵n văn t͙t nghi͏p Ĉ̩i h͕c Khóa 36 - 2013 Tr˱ͥng Ĉ̩i h͕c C̯n Th˯ DANH SÁCH BҦNG Bҧng 3.1 Mӝt sӕ loҥi nguyên liӋu sӱ dөng thí nghiӋm 16 Bҧng 4.1 NhiӋt dung riêng phө thuӝc vào nhiӋt ÿӝ cӫa khoai tây 24 Bҧng 4.2 NhiӋt dung riêng phө thuӝc vào nhiӋt ÿӝ cӫa khoai lang 24 Bҧng 4.3 NhiӋt dung riêng phө thuӝc vào nhiӋt ÿӝ cӫa bí rӧ 24 Bҧng 4.4 NhiӋt dung riêng phө thuӝc vào nhiӋt ÿӝ cӫa cӫ sҳn . 24 Bҧng 4.5 NhiӋt dung riêng phө thuӝc vào nhiӋt ÿӝ cӫa carot . 25 Bҧng 4.6 NhiӋt dung riêng phө thuӝc vào nhiӋt ÿӝ cӫa khoai mӥ 25 Bҧng 4.7 NhiӋt dung riêng phө thuӝc vào nhiӋt ÿӝ cӫa su su . 25 Bҧng 4.8 NhiӋt dung riêng phө thuӝc vào nhiӋt ÿӝ cӫa cӫ dӅn . 25 Bҧng 4.9 NhiӋt dung riêng phө thuӝc vào nhiӋt ÿӝ cӫa khoai tây 25 Bҧng 4.10 NhiӋt dung riêng phө thuӝc vào nhiӋt ÿӝ cӫa long 26 Bҧng 4.11 NhiӋt dung riêng phө thuӝc vào nhiӋt ÿӝ cӫa khóm 26 Bҧng 4.12 NhiӋt dung riêng phө thuӝc vào nhiӋt ÿӝ cӫa әi 26 Bҧng 4.13 NhiӋt dung riêng phө thuӝc vào nhiӋt ÿӝ cӫa táo 26 Bҧng 4.13 NhiӋt dung riêng phө thuӝc vào nhiӋt ÿӝ cӫa cӫ cҧi trҳng . 26 Bҧng 4.15 NhiӋt dung riêng phө thuӝc vào nhiӋt ÿӝ cӫa ÿu ÿӫ . 27 Bҧng 4.16. Tóm tҳt kӃt quҧ ÿo nhiӋt dung riêng theo mô hình CP = A + B.T + C.T2 . 27 Bҧng 4.17 KӃt quҧ so sánh nhiӋt dung riêng mô hình (I) vӟi mô hình (II) (III) khoҧng nhiӋt ÿӝ 0: 70o C . 28 Bҧng 4.18 KӃt quҧ so sánh theo phѭѫng trình y = f(x) . 30 Bҧng 4.19 HӋ sӕ dүn nhiӋt cӫa mӝt sӕ nguyên liӋu thӵc phҭm vӟi l = cm l = cm . 32 Ngành Công ngh͏ Th͹c pẖm, Khoa NN&SH˰D vi Lu̵n văn t͙t nghi͏p Ĉ̩i h͕c Khóa 36 - 2013 Tr˱ͥng Ĉ̩i h͕c C̯n Th˯ DANH SÁCH HÌNH Hình 2.1 Mô hình phѭѫng pháp hӛn hӧp xác ÿӏnh nhiӋt dung riêng Hình 2.2 ThiӃt bӏ ÿo hӋ sӕ dүn nhiӋt cӫa Fitch 10 Hình 2.3 ThiӃt bӏ ÿo ÿӝ dүn nhiӋt Cenco- Fitch 12 Hình 2.4 Sѫ ÿӗ bӝ máy Zuritz cӝng sӵ vӟi phѭѫng pháp Fitch . 13 Hình 2.5 Ĉӗ thӏ thay ÿәi nhiӋt ÿӝ ÿo ÿҥt cӫa Zuritz at al bҵng phѭѫng pháp Fitch 13 Hình 2.6 Sѫ ÿӗ mҥch bӝ máy cӫa Rahman-Fitch. . 14 Hình 2.7 Sѫ ÿӗ so sánh nhiӋt sӱa ÿәi 15 Hình 3.1 Sѫ ÿӗ thí nghiӋm xác ÿӏnh nhiӋt dung riêng . 17 Hình 3.2 Nguyên liӋu ÿã ÿѭӧc xӱ lí trѭӟc ÿo nhiӋt dung riêng 18 Hình 3.3 Bình cách nhiӋt có chӭa mүu ÿo nhiӋt dung riêng . 18 Hình 3.4 Mô hình thí nghiӋm xác ÿӏnh nhiӋt dung riêng 19 Hình 3.5 Sѫ ÿӗ thí nghiӋm xác ÿӏnh hӋ sӕ dүn nhiӋt 20 Hình 3.6 Nguyên liӋu ÿã xӱ lí trѭӟc xác ÿӏnh hӋ sӕ dүn nhiӋt 20 Hình 3.7 Khuôn cách nhiӋt 21 Hình 3.8 Cҧm biӃn ghi nhiӋt ÿӝ . 21 Hình 3.9 Mô hình thí nghiӋm xác ÿӏnh hӋ sӕ dүn nhiӋt 22 Ngành Công ngh͏ Th͹c pẖm, Khoa NN&SH˰D vii Lu̵n văn t͙t nghi͏p Ĉ̩i h͕c Khóa 36 - 2013 Ngành Công ngh͏ Th͹c pẖm, Khoa NN&SH˰D Tr˱ͥng Ĉ̩i h͕c C̯n Th˯ Lu̵n văn t͙t nghi͏p 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 GVHD: PGs.Ts. Võ Ṱn Thành 30 29.5 30 29.5 30 29.625 30.125 29.625 30.125 29.75 30.125 29.75 30.25 29.875 30.25 29.875 30.25 30 30.25 30 30.375 30 30.375 30.125 30.5 30.125 30.5 30.25 30.5 30.25 30.625 30.25 30.625 30.375 30.625 30.375 30.75 30.375 HӋ sӕ góc K 29.375 29.375 29.5 29.5 29.625 29.625 29.75 29.75 29.875 29.875 30 30 30.125 30.125 30.125 30.25 30.25 30.25 30.375 -0.066 -0.066 -0.066 -0.071 -0.071 -0.071 -0.075 -0.075 -0.075 -0.075 -0.08 -0.08 -0.085 -0.085 -0.085 -0.089 -0.089 -0.089 -0.094 -0.0015 6.001 -0.069 -0.069 -0.074 -0.074 -0.078 -0.078 -0.083 -0.083 -0.087 -0.087 -0.087 -0.092 -0.092 -0.096 -0.096 -0.096 -0.101 -0.101 -0.101 -0.0017 6.5422 -0.069 -0.069 -0.073 -0.073 -0.078 -0.078 -0.082 -0.082 -0.087 -0.087 -0.091 -0.091 -0.096 -0.096 -0.096 -0.101 -0.101 -0.101 -0.105 -0.0017 6.4203 M̳u ÿu ÿͯ Mүu Ti 29 28.375 28.375 m(g) 3.95 4.03 3.99 Nhiet 30.25 29.648 29.705 Cp 3081.9 3074.9 3075.5 Tm Thӡi gian(min) 10 11 12 13 14 15 56.7 29 29.125 29.125 29.125 29.125 29.125 29.25 29.25 29.375 29.375 29.5 29.5 29.625 29.625 29.625 29.75 NhiӋt ÿӝ ÿo 28.375 28.5 28.5 28.5 28.5 28.625 28.625 28.625 28.75 28.75 28.75 28.875 28.875 29 29 29 28.375 28.5 28.5 28.5 28.5 28.625 28.625 28.625 28.75 28.75 28.875 28.875 29 29 29 29.125 Ngành Công ngh͏ Th͹c pẖm, Khoa NN&SH˰D -0.005 -0.005 -0.005 -0.005 -0.005 -0.009 -0.009 -0.014 -0.014 -0.018 -0.018 -0.023 -0.023 -0.023 -0.027 Ln[(Tm-T)/(Tm-Ti)] -0.004 -0.004 -0.004 -0.004 -0.009 -0.009 -0.009 -0.013 -0.013 -0.013 -0.018 -0.018 -0.022 -0.022 -0.022 -0.004 -0.004 -0.004 -0.004 -0.009 -0.009 -0.009 -0.013 -0.013 -0.018 -0.018 -0.022 -0.022 -0.022 -0.027 xlii Lu̵n văn t͙t nghi͏p 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 29.75 29 29.75 29.125 29.875 29.125 29.875 29.125 30 29.25 30 29.25 30 29.375 30 29.375 30.125 29.5 30.125 29.5 30.125 29.5 30.25 29.5 30.25 29.625 30.25 29.625 30.375 29.75 30.375 29.75 30.375 29.75 30.5 29.875 30.5 29.875 30.5 30 30.5 30 30.625 30 30.625 30 30.625 30.125 30.625 30.125 30.625 30.125 30.75 30.25 30.75 30.25 30.75 30.25 30.75 30.25 30.875 30.375 30.875 30.375 30.875 30.375 31 30.375 31 30.375 31 30.5 31 30.5 31.125 30.5 31.125 30.5 31.125 30.625 31.125 30.625 31.25 30.625 31.25 30.75 31.25 30.75 31.25 30.75 HӋ sӕ góc K GVHD: PGs.Ts. Võ Ṱn Thành 29.125 29.125 29.25 29.25 29.25 29.25 29.375 29.375 29.5 29.5 29.5 29.5 29.625 29.625 29.75 29.75 29.875 29.875 30 30 30 30.125 30.125 30.125 30.25 30.25 30.25 30.25 30.375 30.375 30.375 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.625 30.625 30.625 30.625 30.625 30.75 30.75 30.75 30.75 30.875 30.875 Ngành Công ngh͏ Th͹c pẖm, Khoa NN&SH˰D -0.027 -0.027 -0.032 -0.032 -0.037 -0.037 -0.037 -0.037 -0.041 -0.041 -0.041 -0.046 -0.046 -0.046 -0.051 -0.051 -0.051 -0.056 -0.056 -0.056 -0.056 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.065 -0.065 -0.065 -0.065 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.075 -0.075 -0.075 -0.075 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.085 -0.085 -0.085 -0.085 -0.0014 6.2261 -0.022 -0.027 -0.027 -0.027 -0.031 -0.031 -0.036 -0.036 -0.041 -0.041 -0.041 -0.041 -0.045 -0.045 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.054 -0.054 -0.059 -0.059 -0.059 -0.059 -0.064 -0.064 -0.064 -0.068 -0.068 -0.068 -0.068 -0.073 -0.073 -0.073 -0.073 -0.073 -0.078 -0.078 -0.078 -0.078 -0.083 -0.083 -0.083 -0.088 -0.088 -0.088 -0.0015 6.6304 -0.027 -0.027 -0.031 -0.031 -0.031 -0.031 -0.036 -0.036 -0.041 -0.041 -0.041 -0.041 -0.045 -0.045 -0.05 -0.05 -0.054 -0.054 -0.059 -0.059 -0.059 -0.064 -0.064 -0.064 -0.068 -0.068 -0.068 -0.068 -0.073 -0.073 -0.073 -0.078 -0.078 -0.078 -0.083 -0.083 -0.083 -0.083 -0.083 -0.088 -0.088 -0.088 -0.088 -0.092 -0.092 -0.0016 6.8968 xliii Lu̵n văn t͙t nghi͏p GVHD: PGs.Ts. Võ Ṱn Thành PHӨ LӨC B THӔNG KÊ DӲ LIӊU Thí nghiӋm Polynomial Regression - C_Khoai_tay versus T Dependent variable: C_Khoai_tay Independent variable: T Order of polynomial = Parameter CONSTANT T T^2 Estimate 2.80337 -0.00783205 0.000351726 Standard Error 0.101819 0.00840883 0.000131596 T Statistic 27.5328 -0.931407 2.67276 P-Value 0.0000 0.3826 0.0319 Analysis of Variance Source Model Residual Total (Corr.) Sum of Squares 0.860285 0.0868503 0.947135 Df Mean Square 0.430142 0.0124072 F-Ratio 34.67 P-Value 0.0002 R-squared = 90.8302 percent R-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 88.2103 percent Standard Error of Est. = 0.111388 Mean absolute error = 0.0788245 Durbin-Watson statistic = 1.27627 (P=0.0104) Lag residual autocorrelation = 0.277529 The StatAdvisor The output shows the results of fitting a second order polynomial model to describe the relationship between C_Khoai_tay and T. The equation of the fitted model is C_Khoai_tay = 2.80337-0.00783205*T + 0.000351726*T^2 Polynomial Regression - C_Khoai_lang versus T Dependent variable: C_Khoai_lang Independent variable: T Order of polynomial = Parameter CONSTANT T T^2 Estimate 2.58486 0.0142109 -0.0000237808 Standard Error 0.0418844 0.00349497 0.0000548137 T Statistic 61.7142 4.06611 -0.433848 P-Value 0.0000 0.0048 0.6775 Analysis of Variance Source Model Residual Total (Corr.) Sum of Squares 0.637017 0.0138911 0.650908 Df Mean Square 0.318509 0.00198444 F-Ratio 160.50 P-Value 0.0000 R-squared = 97.8659 percent R-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 97.2561 percent Standard Error of Est. = 0.0445471 Mean absolute error = 0.0283378 Durbin-Watson statistic = 1.81766 (P=0.1000) Lag residual autocorrelation = -0.0182643 The StatAdvisor The output shows the results of fitting a second order polynomial model to describe the relationship between C_Khoai_lang and T. The equation of the fitted model is C_Khoai_lang = 2.58486 + 0.0142109*T-0.0000237808*T^2 Polynomial Regression - C_Bi_ro versus T Ngành Công ngh͏ Th͹c pẖm, Khoa NN&SH˰D xliv Lu̵n văn t͙t nghi͏p GVHD: PGs.Ts. Võ Ṱn Thành Dependent variable: C_Bi_ro Independent variable: T Order of polynomial = Parameter CONSTANT T T^2 Estimate 3.49148 0.0124639 -0.0000462747 Standard Error 0.0922484 0.00779727 0.000119118 T Statistic 37.8487 1.5985 -0.388478 P-Value 0.0000 0.1540 0.7092 Analysis of Variance Source Model Residual Total (Corr.) Sum of Squares 0.392897 0.074718 0.467615 Df Mean Square 0.196448 0.010674 F-Ratio 18.40 P-Value 0.0016 R-squared = 84.0215 percent R-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 79.4562 percent Standard Error of Est. = 0.103315 Mean absolute error = 0.0650459 Durbin-Watson statistic = 2.06281 (P=0.2024) Lag residual autocorrelation = -0.101094 The StatAdvisor The output shows the results of fitting a second order polynomial model to describe the relationship between C_Bi_ro and T. The equation of the fitted model is C_Bi_ro = 3.49148 + 0.0124639*T-0.0000462747*T^2 Polynomial Regression - C_Cu_san versus T Dependent variable: C_Cu_san Independent variable: T Order of polynomial = Parameter CONSTANT T T^2 Estimate 2.91825 0.0102888 -0.0000331998 Standard Error 0.0496429 0.00425902 0.0000655663 T Statistic 58.7848 2.41576 -0.506355 P-Value 0.0000 0.0464 0.6282 Analysis of Variance Source Model Residual Total (Corr.) Sum of Squares 0.291911 0.0227757 0.314687 Df Mean Square 0.145955 0.00325367 F-Ratio 44.86 P-Value 0.0001 R-squared = 92.7624 percent R-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 90.6945 percent Standard Error of Est. = 0.057041 Mean absolute error = 0.0422404 Durbin-Watson statistic = 2.27718 (P=0.3298) Lag residual autocorrelation = -0.230099 The StatAdvisor The output shows the results of fitting a second order polynomial model to describe the relationship between C_Cu_san and T. The equation of the fitted model is C_Cu_san = 2.91825 + 0.0102888*T-0.0000331998*T^2 Polynomial Regression - C_Carot versus T Dependent variable: C_Carot Independent variable: T Order of polynomial = Standard T Ngành Công ngh͏ Th͹c pẖm, Khoa NN&SH˰D xlv Lu̵n văn t͙t nghi͏p Parameter CONSTANT T T^2 Estimate 2.81828 0.0225072 -0.000168318 GVHD: PGs.Ts. Võ Ṱn Thành Error 0.0759933 0.00608736 0.0000915238 Statistic 37.0859 3.69737 -1.83906 P-Value 0.0000 0.0077 0.1085 Analysis of Variance Source Model Residual Total (Corr.) Sum of Squares 0.579327 0.047254 0.626581 Df Mean Square 0.289664 0.00675057 F-Ratio 42.91 P-Value 0.0001 R-squared = 92.4584 percent R-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 90.3037 percent Standard Error of Est. = 0.0821619 Mean absolute error = 0.0486946 Durbin-Watson statistic = 1.73356 (P=0.0753) Lag residual autocorrelation = 0.0817482 The StatAdvisor The output shows the results of fitting a second order polynomial model to describe the relationship between C_Carot and T. The equation of the fitted model is C_Carot = 2.81828 + 0.0225072*T-0.000168318*T^2 Polynomial Regression - C_Khoai_mo versus T Dependent variable: C_Khoai_mo Independent variable: T Order of polynomial = Parameter CONSTANT T T^2 Estimate 2.89757 0.0142031 -0.000107671 Standard Error 0.0625048 0.00500688 0.0000752787 T Statistic 46.3575 2.83673 -1.4303 P-Value 0.0000 0.0252 0.1957 Analysis of Variance Source Model Residual Total (Corr.) Sum of Squares 0.225241 0.0319679 0.257209 Df Mean Square 0.112621 0.00456685 F-Ratio 24.66 P-Value 0.0007 R-squared = 87.5712 percent R-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 84.0202 percent Standard Error of Est. = 0.0675784 Mean absolute error = 0.0486917 Durbin-Watson statistic = 1.48335 (P=0.0281) Lag residual autocorrelation = 0.087957 The StatAdvisor The output shows the results of fitting a second order polynomial model to describe the relationship between C_Khoai_mo and T. The equation of the fitted model is C_Khoai_mo = 2.89757 + 0.0142031*T-0.000107671*T^2 Polynomial Regression - C_Su_su versus T Dependent variable: C_Su_su Independent variable: T Order of polynomial = Parameter CONSTANT T T^2 Estimate 2.67119 0.0076716 0.0000125915 Standard Error 0.072444 0.00594595 0.0000902059 T Statistic 36.8724 1.29022 0.139586 P-Value 0.0000 0.2380 0.8929 Analysis of Variance Ngành Công ngh͏ Th͹c pẖm, Khoa NN&SH˰D xlvi Lu̵n văn t͙t nghi͏p Source Model Residual Total (Corr.) Sum of Squares 0.299117 0.0431751 0.342292 GVHD: PGs.Ts. Võ Ṱn Thành Df Mean Square 0.149558 0.00616788 F-Ratio 24.25 P-Value 0.0007 R-squared = 87.3864 percent R-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 83.7826 percent Standard Error of Est. = 0.0785358 Mean absolute error = 0.058109 Durbin-Watson statistic = 1.67006 (P=0.0609) Lag residual autocorrelation = -0.052523 The StatAdvisor The output shows the results of fitting a second order polynomial model to describe the relationship between C_Su_su and T. The equation of the fitted model is C_Su_su = 2.67119 + 0.0076716*T + 0.0000125915*T^2 Polynomial Regression - C_Cu_den versus T Dependent variable: C_Cu_den Independent variable: T Order of polynomial = Parameter CONSTANT T T^2 Estimate 2.95126 0.00415165 0.0000218929 Standard Error 0.0396181 0.00334361 0.0000510251 T Statistic 74.4928 1.24167 0.429061 P-Value 0.0000 0.2543 0.6808 Analysis of Variance Source Model Residual Total (Corr.) Sum of Squares 0.13613 0.0145335 0.150664 Df Mean Square 0.0680652 0.00207622 F-Ratio 32.78 P-Value 0.0003 R-squared = 90.3537 percent R-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 87.5976 percent Standard Error of Est. = 0.0455655 Mean absolute error = 0.0288424 Durbin-Watson statistic = 1.30813 (P=0.0121) Lag residual autocorrelation = 0.249782 The StatAdvisor The output shows the results of fitting a second order polynomial model to describe the relationship between C_Cu_den and T. The equation of the fitted model is C_Cu_den = 2.95126 + 0.00415165*T + 0.0000218929*T^2 Polynomial Regression - C_Le versus T Dependent variable: C_Le Independent variable: T Order of polynomial = Parameter CONSTANT T T^2 Estimate 2.40678 0.022989 -0.000112894 Standard Error 0.0678476 0.00570202 0.0000875022 T Statistic 35.4732 4.03173 -1.29018 P-Value 0.0000 0.0050 0.2380 Analysis of Variance Source Model Residual Total (Corr.) Sum of Squares 1.08103 0.0428353 1.12386 Df Mean Square 0.540515 0.00611933 F-Ratio 88.33 P-Value 0.0000 R-squared = 96.1886 percent Ngành Công ngh͏ Th͹c pẖm, Khoa NN&SH˰D xlvii Lu̵n văn t͙t nghi͏p GVHD: PGs.Ts. Võ Ṱn Thành R-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 95.0996 percent Standard Error of Est. = 0.0782262 Mean absolute error = 0.055193 Durbin-Watson statistic = 1.87753 (P=0.1217) Lag residual autocorrelation = -0.181927 The StatAdvisor The output shows the results of fitting a second order polynomial model to describe the relationship between C_Le and T. The equation of the fitted model is C_Le = 2.40678 + 0.022989*T-0.000112894*T^2 Polynomial Regression - C_Thanh_long versus T Dependent variable: C_Thanh_long Independent variable: T Order of polynomial = Parameter CONSTANT T T^2 Estimate 2.79222 -0.000670956 0.000179893 Standard Error 0.093686 0.0077928 0.000119566 T Statistic 29.8041 -0.0860995 1.50456 P-Value 0.0000 0.9338 0.1762 Analysis of Variance Source Model Residual Total (Corr.) Sum of Squares 0.522044 0.0813586 0.603403 Df Mean Square 0.261022 0.0116227 F-Ratio 22.46 P-Value 0.0009 R-squared = 86.5167 percent R-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 82.6643 percent Standard Error of Est. = 0.107808 Mean absolute error = 0.0779352 Durbin-Watson statistic = 1.11831 (P=0.0041) Lag residual autocorrelation = 0.288523 The StatAdvisor The output shows the results of fitting a second order polynomial model to describe the relationship between C_Thanh_long and T. The equation of the fitted model is C_Thanh_long = 2.79222-0.000670956*T + 0.000179893*T^2 Polynomial Regression - C_Khom versus T Dependent variable: C_Khom Independent variable: T Order of polynomial = Parameter CONSTANT T T^2 Estimate 2.44243 0.0253173 -0.000190148 Standard Error 0.079878 0.0068605 0.000107635 T Statistic 30.577 3.69029 -1.76661 P-Value 0.0000 0.0078 0.1206 Analysis of Variance Source Model Residual Total (Corr.) Sum of Squares 0.78785 0.0613507 0.849201 Df Mean Square 0.393925 0.00876439 F-Ratio 44.95 P-Value 0.0001 R-squared = 92.7755 percent R-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 90.7113 percent Standard Error of Est. = 0.0936183 Mean absolute error = 0.0644764 Durbin-Watson statistic = 1.0475 (P=0.0026) Lag residual autocorrelation = 0.33925 The StatAdvisor Ngành Công ngh͏ Th͹c pẖm, Khoa NN&SH˰D xlviii Lu̵n văn t͙t nghi͏p GVHD: PGs.Ts. Võ Ṱn Thành The output shows the results of fitting a second order polynomial model to describe the relationship between C_Khom and T. The equation of the fitted model is C_Khom = 2.44243 + 0.0253173*T-0.000190148*T^2 Polynomial Regression - C_Oi versus T Dependent variable: C_Oi Independent variable: T Order of polynomial = Parameter CONSTANT T T^2 Estimate 2.62401 0.0106774 0.0000711919 Standard Error 0.0602902 0.00487227 0.0000734689 T Statistic 43.523 2.19147 0.969007 P-Value 0.0000 0.0645 0.3648 Analysis of Variance Source Model Residual Total (Corr.) Sum of Squares 0.974094 0.0305757 1.00467 Df Mean Square 0.487047 0.00436795 F-Ratio 111.50 P-Value 0.0000 R-squared = 96.9566 percent R-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 96.0871 percent Standard Error of Est. = 0.0660905 Mean absolute error = 0.0441583 Durbin-Watson statistic = 2.14905 (P=0.2545) Lag residual autocorrelation = -0.157931 The StatAdvisor The output shows the results of fitting a second order polynomial model to describe the relationship between C_Oi and T. The equation of the fitted model is C_Oi = 2.62401 + 0.0106774*T + 0.0000711919*T^2 Polynomial Regression - C_Tao versus T Dependent variable: C_Tao Independent variable: T Order of polynomial = Parameter CONSTANT T T^2 Estimate 2.45774 0.0227601 -0.000101319 Standard Error 0.0522258 0.00419618 0.0000630011 T Statistic 47.0599 5.42399 -1.60821 P-Value 0.0000 0.0010 0.1518 Analysis of Variance Source Model Residual Total (Corr.) Sum of Squares 1.10504 0.0228297 1.12787 Df Mean Square 0.552521 0.00326139 F-Ratio 169.41 P-Value 0.0000 R-squared = 97.9759 percent R-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 97.3975 percent Standard Error of Est. = 0.0571085 Mean absolute error = 0.0391954 Durbin-Watson statistic = 2.57358 (P=0.5474) Lag residual autocorrelation = -0.340645 The StatAdvisor The output shows the results of fitting a second order polynomial model to describe the relationship between C_Tao and T. The equation of the fitted model is C_Tao = 2.45774 + 0.0227601*T-0.000101319*T^2 Polynomial Regression - C_Cu_cai_trang versus T Ngành Công ngh͏ Th͹c pẖm, Khoa NN&SH˰D xlix Lu̵n văn t͙t nghi͏p GVHD: PGs.Ts. Võ Ṱn Thành Dependent variable: C_Cu_cai_trang Independent variable: T Order of polynomial = Parameter CONSTANT T T^2 Estimate 2.44433 0.0250093 -0.000132987 Standard Error 0.0727115 0.00592152 0.0000883189 T Statistic 33.6168 4.22346 -1.50576 P-Value 0.0000 0.0039 0.1758 Analysis of Variance Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value Model 1.17711 0.588555 91.56 0.0000 Residual 0.0449976 0.00642823 Total (Corr.) 1.22211 R-squared = 96.318 percent R-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 95.266 percent Standard Error of Est. = 0.0801763 Mean absolute error = 0.0552277 Durbin-Watson statistic = 2.00457 (P=0.1759) Lag residual autocorrelation = -0.0612547 The StatAdvisor The output shows the results of fitting a second order polynomial model to describe the relationship between C_Cu_cai_trang and T. The equation of the fitted model is C_Cu_cai_trang = 2.44433 + 0.0250093*T-0.000132987*T^2 Polynomial Regression - C_Du_du versus T Dependent variable: C_Du_du Independent variable: T Order of polynomial = Parameter CONSTANT T T^2 Estimate 2.81354 0.00604868 0.0000932751 Standard Error 0.0811931 0.00674317 0.000101672 T Statistic 34.6525 0.897009 0.917414 P-Value 0.0000 0.3995 0.3894 Analysis of Variance Source Model Residual Total (Corr.) Sum of Squares 0.676345 0.0677299 0.744075 Df Mean Square 0.338173 0.0096757 F-Ratio 34.95 P-Value 0.0002 R-squared = 90.8974 percent R-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 88.2967 percent Standard Error of Est. = 0.0983652 Mean absolute error = 0.0712118 Durbin-Watson statistic = 1.71957 (P=0.0741) Lag residual autocorrelation = 0.0207432 The StatAdvisor The output shows the results of fitting a second order polynomial model to describe the relationship between C_Du_du and T. The equation of the fitted model is C_Du_du = 2.81354 + 0.00604868*T + 0.0000932751*T^2 Ngành Công ngh͏ Th͹c pẖm, Khoa NN&SH˰D l Lu̵n văn t͙t nghi͏p GVHD: PGs.Ts. Võ Ṱn Thành Thí nghiӋm ÓM̳u khoai tây ANOVA Table for He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value Between groups 0.133687 0.133687 6.55 0.0627 Within groups 0.0816174 0.0204043 Total (Corr.) 0.215305 Table of Means for He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc with 95.0 percent LSD intervals Stnd. error Kich thuot Count Mean (pooled s) Lower limit Upper limit Khoai tay 8.98272 0.0824709 8.82081 9.14463 Khoai tay 8.68418 0.0824709 8.52227 8.84609 Total 8.83345 Multiple Range Tests for He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc Method: 95.0 percent LSD Kich thuot Count Khoai tay Khoai tay 3 Mean 8.68418 8.98272 Contrast Khoai tay - Khoai tay Homogeneous Groups X X Sig. Differenc +/e Limits 0.298538 0.323822 Ó M̳u cͯ d͉n ANOVA Table for .He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc Source Between groups Within groups Sum of Squares 0.10294 0.120041 Df Total (Corr.) 0.222981 Mean Square 0.10294 0.0300103 F-Ratio 3.43 P-Value 0.1377 Table of Means for He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc with 95.0 percent LSD intervals Stnd. error Kich thuoc cu den Count Mean 9.6169 (pooled s) 0.100017 Lower limit 9.42054 Upper limit 9.81326 cu den Total 9.35493 9.48592 0.100017 9.15857 9.55129 Multiple Range Tests for He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc Method: 95.0 percent LSD Kich thuoc Count Mean cu den 9.35493 Homogeneous Groups X cu den 9.6169 X Ngành Công ngh͏ Th͹c pẖm, Khoa NN&SH˰D li Lu̵n văn t͙t nghi͏p Contrast Sig. cu den - cu den GVHD: PGs.Ts. Võ Ṱn Thành Difference +/- Limits 0.261967 0.392717 Ó M̳u su su ANOVA Table for He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc Source Between groups Within groups Total (Corr.) Sum of Squares 1.24813 0.215199 1.46333 Df Mean Square 1.24813 0.0537999 F-Ratio 23.20 P-Value 0.0085 Table of Means for He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc with 95.0 percent LSD intervals Kich thuoc su su su su Total Count 3 Mean 11.1628 10.2506 10.7067 Stnd. error (pooled s) 0.133915 0.133915 Lower limit 10.8998 9.98766 Upper limit 11.4257 10.5135 Multiple Range Tests for He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc Method: 95.0 percent LSD Kich thuoc su su su su Count 3 Contrast su su - su su Mean 10.2506 11.1628 Sig. * Homogeneous Groups X X Difference 0.912188 +/- Limits 0.525818 Ó M̳u khoai mͩ ANOVA Table for He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value Between groups 0.399643 0.399643 20.60 0.0105 Within groups 0.0775904 0.0193976 Total (Corr.) 0.477233 Table of Means for B.He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc with 95.0 percent LSD intervals Kich thuoc Khoai mo Khoai mo Total Count 3 Mean 9.1821 8.66594 8.92402 Stnd. error (pooled s) 0.0804106 0.0804106 Lower limit 9.02424 8.50807 Upper limit 9.33997 8.8238 Multiple Range Tests for He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc Method: 95.0 percent LSD Kich thuoc Khoai mo Khoai mo Count 3 Mean 8.66594 9.1821 Contrast Khoai mo - Khoai mo Sig. * Homogeneous Groups X X Difference 0.516167 +/- Limits 0.315732 Ngành Công ngh͏ Th͹c pẖm, Khoa NN&SH˰D lii Lu̵n văn t͙t nghi͏p GVHD: PGs.Ts. Võ Ṱn Thành Ó Carot ANOVA Table for He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square Between groups 0.0981385 0.0981385 Within groups 0.0192977 0.00482442 Total (Corr.) 0.117436 F-Ratio 20.34 P-Value 0.0107 Table of Means for He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc with 95.0 percent LSD intervals Stnd. error Kich thuoc Count Mean (pooled s) Lower limit Carot 9.47637 0.0401016 9.39765 Carot 9.22059 0.0401016 9.14186 Total 9.34848 Multiple Range Tests for B.He so dan nhiet by Kich thuot Method: 95.0 percent LSD Kich thuoc Count Mean Carot 9.22059 Carot 9.47637 Contrast Carot - Carot Sig. * Upper limit 9.5551 9.29932 Homogeneous Groups X X Difference 0.255784 +/- Limits 0.157459 ÓM̳u bí rͫ ANOVA Table for He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc Source Between groups Within groups Total (Corr.) Sum of Squares 0.321745 0.0605401 0.382285 Df Mean Square 0.321745 0.015135 F-Ratio 21.26 P-Value 0.0100 Table of Means for He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc with 95.0 percent LSD intervals Kich thuoc Bi ro Bi ro Total Count 3 Mean 11.0114 10.5483 10.7798 Stnd. error (pooled s) 0.0710282 0.0710282 Lower limit 10.872 10.4088 Upper limit 11.1509 10.6877 Multiple Range Tests for He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc Method: 95.0 percent LSD Kich thuoc Bi ro Bi ro Count 3 Contrast Bi ro - Bi ro Sig. * Mean 10.5483 11.0114 Homogeneous Groups X X Difference 0.463138 +/- Limits 0.278892 Ngành Công ngh͏ Th͹c pẖm, Khoa NN&SH˰D liii Lu̵n văn t͙t nghi͏p GVHD: PGs.Ts. Võ Ṱn Thành ÓM̳u khoai lang ANOVA Table for B.He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc Source Between groups Within groups Total (Corr.) Sum of Squares 3.78887 0.223187 4.01206 Df Mean Square 3.78887 0.0557967 F-Ratio 67.90 P-Value 0.0012 Table of Means for He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc with 95.0 percent LSD intervals Kich thuoc Khoai lang Khoai lang Total Count 3 Stnd. error (pooled s) 0.136378 0.136378 Mean 8.30891 6.7196 7.51425 Lower limit 8.04117 6.45185 Upper limit 8.57665 6.98734 Multiple Range Tests for B.He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc Method: 95.0 percent LSD Kich thuoc Khoai lang Khoai lang Count 3 Mean 6.7196 8.30891 Contrast Khoai lang - Khoai lang Homogeneous Groups X X Sig. * Difference 1.58931 +/- Limits 0.535487 ÓM̳u cͯ c̫i tr̷ng ANOVA Table for He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc Source Between groups Within groups Total (Corr.) Sum of Squares 1.82371 0.23337 2.05708 Df Mean Square 1.82371 0.0583425 F-Ratio 31.26 P-Value 0.0050 Table of Means for He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc with 95.0 percent LSD intervals Kich thuoc Cu cai trang Cu cai trang Total Count 3 Mean 8.20108 7.09844 7.64976 Stnd. error (pooled s) 0.139454 0.139454 Lower limit 7.92729 6.82466 Upper limit 8.47486 7.37222 Multiple Range Tests for He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc Method: 95.0 percent LSD Kich thuoc Cu cai trang Cu cai trang Count 3 Mean 7.09844 8.20108 Contrast Cu cai trang - Cu cai trang Sig. * Homogeneous Groups X X Difference 1.10263 +/- Limits 0.547567 ÓM̳u cͯ s̷n ANOVA Table for He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc Source Between groups Sum of Squares 0.208271 Df Mean Square 0.208271 Ngành Công ngh͏ Th͹c pẖm, Khoa NN&SH˰D F-Ratio 3.92 P-Value 0.1189 liv Lu̵n văn t͙t nghi͏p Within groups Total (Corr.) GVHD: PGs.Ts. Võ Ṱn Thành 0.212727 0.420998 0.0531818 Table of Means for He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc with 95.0 percent LSD intervals Kich thuoc Cu san Cu san Total Count 3 Stnd. error (pooled s) 0.133144 0.133144 Mean 8.86713 8.49451 8.68082 Lower limit 8.60574 8.23312 Upper limit 9.12853 8.7559 Multiple Range Tests for He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc Method: 95.0 percent LSD Kich thuoc Cu san Cu san Count 3 Contrast Cu san - Cu san Mean 8.49451 8.86713 Sig. Homogeneous Groups X X Difference 0.372622 +/- Limits 0.522789 ÓM̳u long ANOVA Table for He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc Source Between groups Within groups Total (Corr.) Sum of Squares 0.0707205 0.090253 0.160973 Df Mean Square 0.0707205 0.0225633 F-Ratio 3.13 P-Value 0.1514 Table of Means for He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc with 95.0 percent LSD intervals Kich thuoc Thanh long Thanh long Total Count 3 Stnd. error (pooled s) 0.0867242 0.0867242 Mean 8.22547 8.00834 8.1169 Lower limit 8.05521 7.83808 Upper limit 8.39573 8.1786 Multiple Range Tests for He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc Method: 95.0 percent LSD Kich thuoc Thanh long Thanh long Count 3 Mean 8.00834 8.22547 Contrast Thanh long - Thanh long Homogeneous Groups X X Sig. Difference 0.217134 +/- Limits 0.340522 Ó M̳u táo ANOVA Table for He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc Source Between groups Within groups Total (Corr.) Sum of Squares 0.479441 0.20669 0.686131 Df Mean Square 0.479441 0.0516726 F-Ratio 9.28 P-Value 0.0382 Table of Means for He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc with 95.0 percent LSD intervals Kich thuoc Tao Tao Count 3 Mean 6.88654 6.32119 Stnd. error (pooled s) 0.131241 0.131241 Lower limit 6.62889 6.06353 Ngành Công ngh͏ Th͹c pẖm, Khoa NN&SH˰D Upper limit 7.1442 6.57885 lv Lu̵n văn t͙t nghi͏p Total GVHD: PGs.Ts. Võ Ṱn Thành 6.60387 Method: 95.0 percent LSD Kich thuoc Tao Tao Count 3 Contrast Tao - Tao Sig. * Mean 6.32119 6.88654 Homogeneous Groups X X Difference 0.565356 +/- Limits 0.515318 ÓM̳u lê ANOVA Table for He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc Source Between groups Within groups Total (Corr.) Sum of Squares 0.0650677 0.0171312 0.0821989 Df Mean Square 0.0650677 0.0042828 F-Ratio 15.19 P-Value 0.0176 Table of Means for He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc with 95.0 percent LSD intervals Kich thuoc Le Le Total Count 3 Mean 10.2033 9.99506 10.0992 Stnd. error (pooled s) 0.0377836 0.0377836 Lower limit 10.1292 9.92089 Upper limit 10.2775 10.0692 Multiple Range Tests for B.He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc Method: 95.0 percent LSD Kich thuoc Le Le Count 3 Contrast Le - Le Sig. * Mean 9.99506 10.2033 Difference 0.208275 Homogeneous Groups X X +/- Limits 0.148357 Ó Ĉu ÿͯ ANOVA Table for He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc Source Between groups Within groups Total (Corr.) Sum of Squares 0.0650444 0.289048 0.354093 Df Mean Square 0.0650444 0.0722621 F-Ratio 0.90 P-Value 0.3965 Table of Means for He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc with 95.0 percent LSD intervals Kich thuoc Du du Du du Total Count 3 Mean 6.79268 6.58444 6.68856 Stnd. error (pooled s) 0.155201 0.155201 Lower limit 6.48798 6.27974 Upper limit 7.09737 6.88914 Multiple Range Tests for He so dan nhiet by Kich thuoc Method: 95.0 percent LSD Kich thuoc Du du Du du Contrast Count 3 Mean 6.58444 6.79268 Sig. Homogeneous Groups X X Difference +/- Limits Ngành Công ngh͏ Th͹c pẖm, Khoa NN&SH˰D lvi Lu̵n văn t͙t nghi͏p Du du - Du du 0.208238 GVHD: PGs.Ts. Võ Ṱn Thành 0.609397 Ngành Công ngh͏ Th͹c pẖm, Khoa NN&SH˰D lvii [...]... trỡnh + Nhit dung riờng ng ỏp: Nu quỏ trỡnh trao i nhit xy ra iu kin ỏp sut khụng i, ta cú nhit dung riờng ng ỏp Nhit dung riờng ng ỏp c kớ hiu thờm ch s p, vớ d Cp l nhit dung riờng khi lng ng ỏp, Cp l nhit dung riờng th tớch ng ỏp, Càp l nhit dung riờng kilomol ng ỏp + Nhit dung riờng ng tớch: Nu quỏ trỡnh trao i nhit xy ra iu kin th tớch khụng i, ta cú nhit dung riờng ng tớch Nhit dung riờng ng... Cv l nhit dung riờng khi lng ng tớch, Cv l nhit dung riờng th tớch ng tớch, Cà v l nhit dung riờng kilomol ng tớch Trong nhit ng hc quan h gia nhit dung riờng ng ỏp v ng tớch cũn c biu th bng biu thc: (2.6) Vi k : s m on nhit 2.1.3 Nhit dung riờng ph thuc vo nhit i vi mt cht bao gm nhiu thnh phn nhit dung riờng ph thuc vo nhit nờn ta cú khỏi nim khỏc nhau gia nhit dung riờng thc v nhit dung riờng... quỏt, nhit dung riờng ph thuc vo nhit thng c biu din bng mt hm s: C = f(x) Ngnh Cụng ngh Thc phm, Khoa NN&SHD 3 Lun vn tt nghip i hc Khúa 36 - 2013 Trng i hc Cn Th 2.1.3 Cỏc phng phỏp xỏc nh nhit dung riờng 2.1.3.1 Phng phỏp so sỏnh L phng phỏp ph bin dựng xỏc nh nhit dung riờng ca cht lng Dựng mt cc cha y nc hoc mt dung dch ó bit nhit dung riờng v mt cc khỏc cha y cht lng cn xỏc nh nhit dung riờng,... (2.2) vo (2.3) ta cú: (2.4) Trong biu thc (2.4), C l nhit dung riờng thc Biu thc ny cho ta bit cỏch tớnh nhit dung riờng trung bỡnh khi bit giỏ tr nhit dung riờng thc ph thuc vo nhit 2.1.2.2 Phõn loi theo n v o lng vt cht + Nhit dung riờng khi lng õy n v o lng l kg Nhit dung riờng khi lng kớ hiu l C, n v o n v l J/kgoK + Nhit dung riờng th tớch Ngnh Cụng ngh Thc phm, Khoa NN&SHD 2 Lun vn tt... nhit ca mt n v o lng lờn mt trong mt quỏ trỡnh no ú Nhit dung riờng c kớ hiu l ch CP Nhit dung riờng ph thuc vo bn cht ca vt liu, nhit v ỏp sut 2.1.2 Phõn loi 2.1.2.1 Phõn loi theo nhit + Nhit dung riờng thc l nhit dung riờng ti mt giỏ tr nhit no ú Ta cú biu thc (2.1) Suy ra (2.2) + Nhit dung riờng trung bỡnh l giỏ tr nhit dung riờng trong mt khong nhit ăt = t2 t1 no ú Ta cú biu... Nu n v o l một khi tiờu chun (m3) Nhit dung riờng c gi l nhit dung riờng th tớch, kớ hiu l C, n v l J/m3tcoK Một khi tiờu chun o iu kin tiờu chun vt lớ: Po = 760 mmHg v to = 0oC + Nhit dung riờng kilomol Nu n v o lng khớ l kmol (kilomol), ta cú nhit dung riờng kilomol, kớ hiu Cà , n v J/ kmol.oK T cỏc nh ngha trờn cú th suy ra cỏc quan h sao õy i vi cỏc loi nhit dung riờng: à à (2.5) Vi vtc : th... W l khi lng mu 2.1.3.4 Phng phỏp hn hp So sỏnh nhit dung riờng ca mu cn o vi nhit dung riờng ca nc ó bit trc nhit dung riờng, sau khi trn chỳng li v cho nhit t n trng thỏi cõn bng Nng lng mt mỏt chớnh l nng lng truyn sang vt liu cn xỏc nh nhit dung riờng Phng trỡnh cõn bng nng lng cho h thng       (2.13) Trong ú C: nhit dung riờng (kJ/kgoC) W: khi lng (kg) Ngnh Cụng ngh Thc... 3,711 Bng 4.2 Nhit dung riờng ph thuc vo nhit ca khoai lang Nhit trung bỡnh( oC) Nhit dung riờng(kJ/kgoK) 5 7 11 19 36 40 47 51 55 60 2,642 2,726 2,734 2,808 3,042 3,122 3,192 3,330 3,268 3,298 Bng 4.3 Nhit dung riờng ph thuc vo nhit ca bớ r Nhit trung bỡnh(oC) Nhit dung riờng(kJ/kgoK) 4 7 10 16 23 39 47 51 56 62 3,576 3,475 3,590 3,702 3,904 3,875 3,996 3,903 4,044 4,182 Bng 4.4 Nhit dung riờng ph... trung bỡnh(oC) Nhit dung riờng(kJ/kgoK) 3 8 11 15 20 40 45 50 56 63 2,895 2,978 3,089 3,174 3,232 3,286 3,224 3,331 3,304 3,455 Bng 4.7 Nhit dung riờng ph thuc vo nhit ca su su Nhit trung bỡnh(oC) Nhit dung riờng(kJ/kgoK) 4 7,5 12 16 22 39 45 50 56 62 2,591 2,753 2,812 2,841 2,942 2,903 3,001 3,066 3,101 3,276 Bng 4.8 Nhit dung riờng ph thuc vo nhit ca c dn Nhit trung bỡnh(oC) Nhit dung riờng(kJ/kgoK)... TIấU NGHIấN CU Xõy dng h thng o nhit dung riờng v h s dn nhit da trờn cỏc nh lut c bn ca quỏ trỡnh truyn nhit Xõy dng phng trỡnh phng oỏn nhit dung riờng v xỏc nh h s dn nhit ca mt s thc phm mt khong nhit xỏc nh Ngnh Cụng ngh Thc phm, Khoa NN&SHD 1 Lun vn tt nghip i hc Khúa 36 - 2013 Trng i hc Cn Th CHNG 2 LC KHO TI LIU 2.1 NHIT DUNG RIấNG 2.1.1 nh ngha Nhit dung riờng ca mt cht l nhit lng cn thit . Bҧng 4 .5 NhiӋt dung riêng phө thuӝc vào nhiӋt ÿӝ cӫa carot 25 Bҧng 4.6 NhiӋt dung riêng phө thuӝc vào nhiӋt ÿӝ cӫa khoai mӥ 25 Bҧng 4.7 NhiӋt dung riêng phө thuӝc vào nhiӋt ÿӝ cӫa su su 25 Bҧng. Teacher, 3, 1 35, 19 35. ) HӋ thӕng xác ÿӏnh nhiӋt dung triêng trong ÿiӅu kiӋn truyӅn nhiӋt không әn ÿӏnh (phͭ thu͡c vào không gian và thͥi gian) ÿѭӧc mô tҧ ӣ Hình 2.2( Fitch, 19 35; Mohsenin, 1 980 ): Phѭѫng. trѭӟc khi ÿo nhiӋt dung riêng 18 Hình 3.3 Bình cách nhiӋt có chӭa mүu ÿo nhiӋt dung riêng 18 Hình 3.4 Mô hình thí nghiӋm xác ÿӏnh nhiӋt dung riêng 19 Hình 3 .5 Sѫ ÿӗ thí nghiӋm xác ÿӏnh hӋ