THE STUDY OF GENE AND PROTEIN VACCINES FOR ALLERGIC DISEASES IN MICE TAN LI KIANG NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2007 THE STUDY OF GENE AND PROTEIN VACCINES FOR ALLERGIC DISEASES IN MICE TAN LI KIANG (B.Sc. Hons., University of Edinburgh, UK) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF PAEDIATRICS NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2007 Acknowledgements My gratitude is endless to my supervisor, Professor Chua Kaw Yan. Thank you for the kindness, encouragement and support for my PhD project. I am profoundly grateful to Professor Yap Hui Kim, who has been very supportive and graciously given me time to complete my research project. Thanks and blessings to Dr Renee Lim Lay Hong and Dr Cheong Nge. Both have been great advisors along the way and gracious enough to provide help at times when I am down at heels. Also thanks to Dr Liew Lip Nyin. Many thanks to my fellow lab mates Dr Huang Chiung-Hui and Dr Kuo I-Chun, who have been providing continual guidance in many ways too numerous to mention. My gratitude continues to fellow lab mates Dr Yi Fong Cheng, Dr Seow See Voon, Mdm Xu Hui, Ms Liew Lee Mei, Mdm Wen Hong-Mei for providing me technical assistance. I would like to thank the Bioinformatics Group at the Nanyang Polytechnic, Singapore, for performing the statistical analysis on the microarray data. Thank you, Dr Kong Wai Ming, Mr Choo Keng Wah and Mr Tan Tsu Soo. I am most grateful to my dearest husband, Kenny, for showering me with great concern and all those endless motivation in the course of my study. I truly appreciate him for being so understanding. Also to my dearest baby, Ryan, for adding bundles of joys during the period of my thesis write up. To my parents, thank you for being so understanding and supportive. I close my thanks to everyone in this department who has supported me in one way or the other. i Patent US Patent Application No: BRC/P/04066/00/US (2006) Title: Recombinant lactobacillus and use of the same. Authors: Chua KY, Renee Lim LH, Tan LK. Publications Li Kiang Tan, Chiung-Hui Huang, I-Chun Kuo, Lee Mei Liew, Kaw-Yan Chua. Intramuscular immunization with DNA construct containing Der p and signal peptide sequences primed strong IgE production. Vaccine. 2006. 24: 5762–5771 Li Kiang Tan, I-Chun Kuo, Chiung-Hui Huang, Kaw-Yan Chua. Evaluation of the immune responses and mechanisms induced by immunization with different dosages of Der p allergen (manuscript in preparation) Li Kiang Tan, Chiung-Hui Huang, I-Chun Kuo, Kong Wai Ming, Choo Keng Wah, Tan Tsu Soo, Kaw-Yan Chua. Microarray profiling of differentially expressed genes induced by immunization with different doses of Der p allergen (manuscript in preparation) ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements Patent and publications Table of contents Summary List of Tables List of Figures Appendices Abbreviations i ii iii vii x xi xiii xiv Chapter Introduction 1-57 1.1 History of Allergy 1.2 Allergy diseases and asthma 1.2.1 Epidemiology 1.2.2 Allergic responses 3 1.3 House dust mite 1.3.1 Classifications 1.3.2 Mite allergens 1.3.2.1 Group allergens 1.3.2.2 Group allergens 1.3.2.3 D. pteronyssinus 5 1.4 Cells associated with allergic responses 1.4.1 T lymphocytes 1.4.2 Th1 cells and Th2 cells 1.4.3 T regulatory cells 1.4.4 B cells 1.4.5 Dendritic cells 11 11 11 15 17 18 1.5 Immunoglobulin E 1.5.1 Signals involved in IgE synthesis 1.5.2 Regulation of ε-chain germline transcription 1.5.3 Sequential or Direct Switch of heavy chain genes –primary route to IgE 20 20 22 23 1.6 Experimental models of allergy asthma 1.6.1 Animal models 1.6.2 Parameters of immunization protocols 24 24 25 1.7 Immunotherapy for Allergy 1.7.1 Therapeutic strategy 1.7.2 Conventional specific immunotherapy (SIT) 26 26 27 iii 1.7.2.1 Immunological Effects of SIT 1.7.2.2 Antibody Responses following SIT 1.7.3 Genetic vaccine 1.7.3.1 Regulatory elements 1.7.3.2 Kozak sequences 1.7.3.3 Immunostimulatory CpG motifs 1.7.3.4 DNA vaccine for allergy 28 29 31 34 35 35 36 1.8 Microarray 1.8.1 Beginning of microarray 1.8.2 Gene profile technology 1.8.2.1 Array Fabrication 1.8.2.2 Probe Preparation and Hybridization 1.8.2.3 Data Collection and Analysis 1.8.2.4 Data Validation, Quality, and Statistical Issues 1.8.2.5 Limitations of Expression Analysis and Confirmation of Results 1.8.2.6 Microarray technology in allergy research 40 40 41 42 42 44 45 46 47 1.9 Rationales and specific aims of the study 1.9.1 Rationales of the study 1.9.2 Specific aims of the study 54 54 57 Chapter Evaluation of the immune responses induced by immunization with different dosages of Der p allergen 58-96 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Materials and methods 2.2.1 Preparation of recombinant Der p 2.2.2 Mice 2.2.3 Immunization regimen 2.2.4 Detection of Der p 2-specific immunoglobulin responses 2.2.5 Preparation of single cell suspension 2.2.6 Splenic and lymph nodes cell cultures 2.2.7 Removal of dead cells from short term cultured cells by Ficoll-Pague centrifugation 2.2.8 Preparation of antigen presenting cells 2.2.9 Enrichment of splenic CD4+CD25+ T cells 2.2.10 Preparation of cytokine and proliferation assay 2.2.11 Cytokine ELISA 2.2.12 Enrichment of short term cultured splenic CD4+ T cells 2.2.13 Total RNA extraction 2.2.14 RT-PCR 2.2.15 Quantification of cytokine gene expression level by conventional PCR 2.2.16 IL-13 depletion study 2.2.17 Statistical Analysis 58 61 61 62 62 63 64 65 66 66 67 68 69 70 70 71 71 72 72 iv 2.3 Results 2.3.1 Humoral responses of allergen dosage murine model 2.3.2 Distinct cytokine responses were elicited in cell cultures of Der p protein immunized mice 2.3.3 CD4+CD25+ T cells of D50 immunized mice suppressed the proliferative response and cytokine production of antigen-specific Th2 cells 2.3.4 Humoral responses of protein boost and aerosol challenged mice 2.3.5 D50 model suppressed the aerosol challenge-induced IL-13 gene expression 2.3.6 Depleting serum IL-13 abrogated antibody response in D10 murine model 2.4 Discussion 74 74 77 78 79 79 89 Chapter Microarray profiling of differentially expressed genes induced by immunization with different doses of Der p allergen 97-157 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Materials and Method 3.2.1 Mice and experimental protocol 3.2.2 Total RNA extraction 3.2.3 Sample preparation for gene microarray studies 3.2.4 Eukaryotic Target Hybridization 3.2.5 Eukaryotic Arrays: Washing, Staining, and Scanning 3.2.6 Data acquisition, processing and analysis 3.2.7 Hierarchical clustering 3.2.8 Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RQ-PCR) 3.2.9 Determination of amplification efficiency and Comparative Ct Method 3.2.10 Statistical analysis 3.3 Results 3.3.1 Microarray analysis of differentially expressed genes in lymph node cells 3.3.2 Quantitative Real-time PCR validation of differential gene expression 3.4 Discussion 97 100 100 100 100 102 103 104 105 105 106 Chapter Evaluation of the effects of Der p 2-gene immunization for suppression of Th2 responses 158-197 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Materials and methods 4.2.1 Animals 4.2.2 Molecular cloning vector and host strain 4.2.3 DNA immunization and in vivo electroporation 4.2.4 PCR amplification 158 163 163 163 163 164 107 110 110 111 147 v 4.2.5 pCI-52 construct 4.2.6 pCI-52LA construct 4.2.7 pCI-2 construct 4.2.8 Sequencing sample preparation and analysis 4.2.9 Immunization regimen 4.2.10 CD4 + T cells cytokine profiling 4.2.11 Isolation of dendritic cells 4.2.12 Detection of circulating Der p protein in sera 4.2.13 Statistical analysis 4.3 Results 4.3.1 Differential immune responses were induced in mice with different genetic background 4.3.2 Th1 type cytokine response was induced in DNA immunization 4.3.3 Der p specific IgE and Th2 responses in mice immunized with rDer p protein without adjuvant 4.3.4 Der p specific antibody responses in DNA immunized mice 4.3.5 T cell responses of DNA immunized mice 4.3.6 Adoptive transfer of DCs from pCI-52 vaccinated mice primed for IgE production 4.3.7 Circulating Der p protein detected in mice primed with pCI-52 4.4 Discussion 165 166 167 167 168 170 170 171 172 173 174 175 175 177 178 180 190 Chapter Conclusion and Perspectives 198-207 5.1 Conclusion 5.2 Perspectives 198 205 Chapter Bibliography 208-242 Chapter Appendices 243-252 vi Summary The increased prevalence of allergic diseases over the decades is a major health concern globally. Pharmacotherapeutic treatments of these diseases are largely symptomatic treatments. Allergen-specific immunotherapy has been shown to be a curative treatment for allergic diseases, but the underlying mechanisms for the efficacy remain elusive. The conventional allergen-specific immunotherapy for allergy has been conducted with allergenic proteins and a new approach involving allergen gene immunization is being developed over the last decade. This study aimed to gain a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of allergen specific immunotherapy, with the long term goal of improving the safety and efficacy of immunotherapeutic treatments for allergic disease. The first part of the thesis focused on the mechanistic studies underlying the protein-based allergy immunotherapy. A major allergen from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus mites, designated as Der p 2, was used as a model allergen to address the dosage effects of allergen on the nature of the immune responses elicited in mice immunized with different dosages of the Der p allergen using an adjuvant-free immunization approach. Mice primed with 10 µg of Der p (D10) displayed Th2-skewed responses, while priming with 50 µg (D50) showed suppressed Th2 responses with elevated TGF-β1 and IL-10 production. The notion of D50 immunization induced the development of Treg cells and hindered the IL-13-dependent IgE synthesis was evident by the suppression of cell proliferative and cytokines production (particularly IL-13) in the Der p 2-specific Th2 cells by the CD4+CD25+ T cells from the D50 immunized mice. The IL-13 neutralizing study has revealed the importance of IL-13 in vii regulating IgE synthesis in this model. Furthermore, attenuated IL-13 gene expression and low basal IgE titer were observed in D50 mice after Der p aerosol challenge. Gene profiling study has shown that MGAT5 gene might be involved in dosage effects on the phenotype of immune responses through the modulation of T cell activation threshold. The differential expression of some TGF-β related genes have further validated the induction of the TGF-β1 signaling pathway and the regulatory responses induced in D50 mice. Some Th2 related genes were upregulated in D10 mice but under-expressed in D50 mice, corresponding to the differential immune responses induced by the two doses of Der p in these immunized mice. The identification of genes associated with the Wingless (Wnt) signaling pathway suggests the possible cooperation between the Wnt and TGF-β1 signaling pathways in the specification of cell fates during development. The second part of the thesis aimed to gain further understanding of the mechanisms underlying the protective immunity against allergy induced by allergen gene immunization. The immunogenicity of Der p gene immunization was studied in mice immunized with plasmid DNA constructs encoding for different forms of Der p 2. Results showed that the magnitude of the immune responses induced by genetic immunization was partially influenced by the H2 haplotype of different mouse strains. The phenotype of the immune responses was significantly influenced and dictated by the design of the DNA construct for immunization. The immunological impacts of incorporating signal peptide and targeting sequences in DNA constructs for allergic disease were evaluated in mice immunized with DNA constructs designated as pCI-2, pCI-52, and pCI-52LA. Mice immunized with pCI52LA showed strong Th1-skewed responses, whereas construct pCI-2 induced only moderate viii Tang DC, DeVit M, Johnston SA. 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Interleukin 13, an interleukin 4-like cytokine that acts on monocytes and B cells, but not on T cells. Immunol Today. 1994. 15(1):19-26 242 Chapter Appendices Appendix 1: Reagents for microarray study 12X MES Stock MES-free acid monohydrate (Sigma-Aldrich) 1.22M 70.4g MES Sodium Salt (Sigma-Aldrich) 0.89M 193.3g Mix and adjust volume to 1L using DEPC water. Adjust pH to 6.5 and 6.7. Filter through a 0.2 µm filter. 2X Hybridization Buffer MES 200 mM 8.3 ml of 12X MES Stock NaCl 2M 17.7 ml of 5M NaCl EDTA 40mM 4.0 ml of 0.5 M Tween 20 0.02% 0.1 ml of 10% Tween 20 DEPC water 19.9 ml Adjust to 50mls. Do not autoclave. Store at 2°C to 8°C. Shield from light. Non-Stringent Wash Buffer SSPE 6X SSPE 300 ml of 20X SSPE Tween-20 0.01% 1.0 ml of 10% Tween-20 Top up with 699ml of DEPC water. Filter through a 0.2 µm filter Stringent Wash Buffer MES 100 mM 83.3 ml of 12X MES Stock NaCl 0.1M 5.2 ml of 5M NaCl Tween-20 0.01% 1.0 ml of 10% Tween 20 Top up with 910.5ml of DEPC water to1L. Filter through a 0.2 µm filter. Store at 2°C to 8°C and shield from light. 2X Stain Buffer MES 200mM 41.7 ml of 12X MES Buffer NaCl 2M 92.5 ml of 5M NaCl Tween 20 0.05% 2.5 ml 10% Tween 20 water Top up with 113.3ml of DEPC water to 250ml. Filter through a 0.2 µm filter. Store at 2°C to 8°C and shield from light. 243 Appendix 2: Tree cluster on genes downregulated by D10 immunization (70) LOG LOG LOG (D50/D10) (D50/PBS) (D10/PBS) LOG LOG LOG (D50/D10) (D50/PBS) (D10/PBS) AK032132 Cbfa2t1h AK012493 Pax3 AK008191 Gsta6 AF260557 Tbx20 BC005431 Anpep AK008118 Hrmt1l3 AK007634 Snapc5 AJ242929 Matn3 AF020196 Pbx1 AF458063 Il17d AK034181 D10Bwg1379e AK032871 Adk AF190699 Ttyh1 NM_172688 Map3k7 AK004278 Fnbp1 L01991 Cntn3 AK028364 Adamts4 NM_028880 Lrrtm1 AK028341 Ddx1 AK011188 Robo2 L10385 Tgm3 D29668 Igk-V8 AF163315 Cml2 AF040945 Mab21l1 AJ292467 Wdr9 BC012704 Car4 AF221525 Cyp2d22 AF214016 Mocs1 BC017147 Klc3 AK018094 Frcl1 AF114378 Ldb3 M83218 S100a8 XM_356077 Nek1 AB010151 Stxbp1 BC031806 Smr1 AB036743 Cst10 AF276975 Swam2 AK029642 Amy1 AF079834 Car6 AK009449 Crisp1 BC024627 Dcpp BC014718 Dnase1 AB017907 Pip AK009032 Psp XM_355790 Sec15l2 AF288379 Klra20 AF109633 Etv1 AF257061 Mbp BC002039 Fxyd3 BC095996 Tbrg3 NM_029404 Phf14 AF144133 Nisch AB057759 Mlph NM_201227 Dte AB001489 Pigr AF231125 Pcdh8 AF148857 Peg12 AF513619 Fancl NM_198634 Tigd3 AY069926 Sox21 AF474154 Mgat5 BC011472 Kdelr3 AK034795 Vat1 NM_172829 St6gal2 AK014880 Armc3 AJ278069 Clstn2 NM_011506 Sucla2 AF249870 Perp AK007857 Sdro AJ005564 Sprr2f -3.0 1:1 3.0 244 Appendix 3: Tree cluster on genes upregulated by D10 immunization (15). LOG LOG LOG (D50/D10) (D50/PBS) (D10/PBS) AB036838 Ndst4 AF272847 Sfpq NM_170778 Dpyd AF028122 Klra12 AF020738 Fgf12 AK020863 Gng1 AY004873 Pramel3 NM_134014 Xpo1 AF003870 Galc AF319173 Psca AK014491 Xrcc3 AB026127 Cbx3 AF483516 Snap25 AF066075 Pth AB046693 Rab27a -3.0 1:1 3.0 245 Appendix 4: Tree cluster on genes downregulated by D50 immunization (47). LOG (D50/D10) LOG (D50/PBS) LOG (D10/PBS) NM_019670 Diap3 M87801 Hoxa2 BC032880 Aldh1a7 NM_183428 Epb4.1 AF085696 Kcnj15 AF302503 Peli1 BC020177 Atp1a3 AK019553 Daf2 NM_009071 Rock1 XM_485570 Mll5 AK012463 Psmd7 NM_019550 Ptbp2 AK004594 Usp16 AF099187 Pde3a AF162853 Nfat5 NM_008307 Htf9c NM_177306 Rfxdc1 NM_194062 Nalp9c AF090376 Gabre AK013905 Wt1 BC003475 Tubb2 AK080899 Trpm6 BC061172 Tncc NM_009535 Yes AK032106 Syt4 AK004597 Icam1 BC013459 Bmp4 AF027503 Baiap1 NM_007904 Ednrb NM_134048 Cbll1 AK052685 Ren1 NM_008608 Mmp14 NM_031394 Sytl2 AF365933 Zfp264 NM_016962 Spg4 AF213388 Abcc2 NM_144822 Cbara1 AK014887 Pde1c AF096867 Syn2 AF176530 Fbxo15 AK010296 Zdhhc6 AK035987 Egfl5 NM_015823 Acvrinp1 AK011379 Rad51ap1 AB041810 Bxdc1 NM_011444 Sox5 AB003503 Gspt2 -3.0 1:1 3.0 246 Appendix 5: Tree cluster on genes upregulated by D50 immunization (19). LOG (D50/D10) LOG (D50/PBS) LOG (D10/PBS) AK036112 Kcna4 AF325263 Sfxn4 NM_181728 Art2 NM_011122 Plod1 BC026463 Rerg NM_026201 Ccar1 NM_019628 Prpmp5 AJ621426 Sprn AF051102 Ggh AK036010 Vldlr AF073882 Mtmr7 AF184981 Fmo2 AK043718 Pnma2 BC050965 Fzd3 AF406755 Tgfbr2 AB008160 Stat3 AF201285 Tgfb1i4 AB030729 Papolb AB023631 Ces3 -3.0 1:1 3.0 247 Appendix 6: Tree cluster on unknown genes downregulated in D10 group (50) LOG (D50/D10) LOG (D50/PBS) LOG (D10/PBS) AK008407 2310057J18Rik BE981626 EST BB432990 EST BB025438 EST BG066476 EST C76958 D7Ertd143e AV306186 EST AK014695 4833414E09Rik AV229522 EST BM238675 EST BB552737 EST NM_173432 AW539964 AW121529 EST BG079055 EST AK015738 4930509K18Rik AK014370 3300002I10Rik BG082689 EST AK012378 6330407J23Rik BB035685 EST BB364961 EST AK033891 A230055J12Rik AK046123 AV344025 AW491340 EST AK035504 AU041483 BG067121 EST NM_183029 C330012H03Rik NM_010349 EST AI848860 1500002B03Rik AK010213 2310079D11Rik AW556170 EST AK054336 AI987712 AI415201 1500011B03Rik BB667258 4930563B10Rik AK006268 1700023D19Rik BB383493 7530428D23Rik AV240479 EST AK011587 2610028F08Rik AK032438 6430546I09 XM_484214 2900024P20Rik AI451419 EST AK020539 9530003O04Rik AK016643 4933403O03Rik BG063476 EST AU067727 D5Buc30e AK010727 2410077I05Rik BB087975 EST AK029473 E230016M11Rik -3.0 1:1 3.0 248 Appendix 7: Tree cluster on unknown genes upregulated in D10 group (37) LOG (D50/D10) LOG (D50/PBS) LOG (D10/PBS) XM_483888 LOC432450 BG079266 EST BG070345 EST AK003475 1110005L13Rik AK015639 4930487N04Rik AK016653 4933404K13Rik AK021311 D530037P16Rik XM_125968 1700034F02Rik BG074689 EST AW552105 EST AK015891 4930524O08Rik AF463524 2610510D13Rik AK012462 C330014O21Rik BB525091 D430002O22Rik AK014727 4833419G08Rik AK018926 1700094C09Rik AK037152 A030001H23Rik AK007164 1700110M21Rik BE957357 EST AK016521 4932412D23Rik AK004797 1200015N20Rik NM_029640 1810044A24Rik AK018558 9030618K22Rik BB150699 EST XM_354606 Gene model 877, (NCBI) BE957323 EST AK012462 C330014O21Rik AK079326 9630025B04Rik AK002675 0610025O11Rik C79309 EST BG071600 EST BB210907 EST AK006027 4930509O20Rik XM_112125 Gene model 47, (NCBI) AK011897 2610206C17Rik BQ175572 EST BB041915 EST -3.0 1:1 3.0 249 Appendix 8: Tree cluster on unknown genes downregulated in D50 group (62) LOG (D50/D10) LOG (D50/PBS) LOG (D10/PBS) XM_355193 LOC381251 NM_028330 2810051F02Rik NM_172767 Loh11cr2a AK017960 5830431M20Rik XM_143339 EST AA589418 EST BG063769 EST AK077016 4932411A10 XM_484154 4930512B01Rik AK039627 BC023106 BG075036 EST AK006848 4933416O17Rik BE197105 A430093A21Rik BG069580 EST AK021247 C430039J16Rik AI428512 G630054C21Rik AK003346 1110003E08Rik BB525754 EST NM_177368 8430438D04Rik AK018072 6130400H19Rik BC026389 EST BB085975 A830082N09Rik AK076770 4930443F05Rik AK018247 6330571C24Rik BM239546 EST AI504701 9130020L07Rik AK004797 1200015N20Rik AU045440 EST AC079938 9030607J07Rik AK034150 B230343J05Rik AK015886 4930524J08Rik AK083486 D2Ertd173e AK002265 0610030G03Rik C80900 EST AK011513 2610022C02Rik XM_358416 Gm1567 BB114080 EST BM240141 EST AK007269 1700124K17Rik XM_483987 LOC432536 AV277898 EST AK020543 9530004M16Rik AK019903 5330422M15Rik AK020466 9430052A13Rik XM_484154 4930512B01Rik BB091346 EST BB473987 EST XM_354606 Gm877 AK016186 4930560O18Rik BC060982 U46068 NM_175205 4632419I22Rik BC010246 2810431N21Rik AK021083 C030015A19Rik AK018999 1700129O19Rik AV092359 EST AI429145 1700009N14Rik XM_145503 LOC243905 AB016273 1700026P10Rik AK014995 4933437F24Rik AU022054 EST NM_001009980 2410193C02Rik XM_484525 BC031575 -3.0 1:1 3.0 250 Appendix 9: Tree cluster on unknown genes upregulated in D50 group (23) LOG (D50/D10) LOG LOG (D50/PBS) (D10/PBS) NM_026407 2610033C09Rik NM_172540 4732479N06Rik BG073657 EST BB797794 EST BB267006 EST AK043509 B230216G23Rik R74675 D7Bwg0826e AK032648 9630011N22Rik AK009298 2310011G06Rik AK014037 3110009O07Rik AK007203 1700113P08Rik AK038386 A230001M10Rik AK006804 1700055O19Rik AK029949 4933409K07Rik AV382158 EST AK017939 5830418G11Rik BB271008 A830052D11Rik XM_126551 9930033H14Rik AK045684 B230303O12Rik AK084765 D330040H18Rik AV269323 EST AK045392 BC019943 AK033975 9330161F08Rik -3.0 1:1 3.0 251 Appendix 10: Restriction map and multiple cloning site of pCI vector. 252 [...]... 1992) Der p 2 protein is encoded by two exons The first exon encodes for a signal peptide and part of the mature 9 protein The second exon codes for the remainder mature protein There is a small intron of range 80 to 83bp interrupted the coding region of between codons 8 and 9 Gene and protein analysis has demonstrated that there are about 10 isoforms or variants of Der p 2 with pI values ranging from greater... the type of adjuvant, and the dose of antigen have been suggested The genetic mechanisms that concur in controlling the type of T helper cell differentiation still remain elusive The environmental and genetic factors mixed together can influence the Th1/Th2 differentiation mainly by modulating a group of contact dependent factors and the predominance of a given cytokine in the microenvironment of the. .. following ingestion of strawberries, and of shock after eating fish Furthermore, German authors wrote of weakness, fainting and asthma observed in certain subjects after exposing to cats, mice, dogs and horses In the middle of the 17th century, William Cullen witnessed an asthma attack of a pharmacist’s wife while her husband was preparing ipecacuanha This may be the first reported incidence of drug... allergen enters the body and binds to allergen-specific IgE, which in turn binds to the high-affinity receptor Fc receptor, FcεRI, expressed on mast cells and basophils (Turner H and Kinet JP, 1999) 4 Cross-linking of receptors by allergen-bound IgE on mast cells and basophils induces the release of inflammatory mediators (for example histamine, leukotriences, and prostagladins) and within minutes causes... safe and efficacious DNA vaccines for allergy in general Taken together, the new findings from this thesis will make valuable contributions in the development of safe and more efficacious therapeutic and prophylactic vaccines for allergy ix List of Tables Table 1.1 Overview of plasmid immunization studies against type I 53 allergies Table 2.1 Primer sequences for cytokine genes 73 Table 3.1 Fluidics... mortality in populations recognized as often receiving poor health care (socioeconomically deprived people in Britain; black people in the United States) In England and Wales asthma mortality rose between the mid-1970s and the mid-1980s but declined steadily during the early 1990s (Burney P and Jarvis D, 1997) There is an estimated that as many as 10% of the general population and 90% of the individual... withdrawn from the market More recent increases in asthma mortality reported from Britain, France, and the United States may be related to increased prevalence or severity of asthma or inadequate health care Evidence for the latter comes from audits and confidential inquiries that show inadequate treatment of asthma in the months leading up to death and during the fatal attack and the observation of higher... known as cytokines which plays an important role in activating B cell, Tc cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and other cells that participate in immune response Th cells can be divided into two distinct subsets of effector cells based on their functional capabilities and lymphokine profiles Since the original findings of Th1/Th2 CD4+ T 11 cells subsets by Mosmann TR et al (1986), the study of the Th1/Th2... accumulates at the level of the T helper cell response increasing lymphocyte activation 13 The inducing effect of IL-4 dominates over other cytokines, so that if IL-4 levels reach a necessary threshold, differentiation of the T helper into Th2 phenotype occurs (Romagnani S, 2001) The factors responsible for the polarization of the specific immune response into a predominant Th1 or Th2 profile have been... produce thousands of different proteins and other macromolecules These products as well as the extracts of mites are capable of inducing allergy symptoms of the respiratory tract Inhalation of dust mite allergens by sensitive individuals can cause allergy diseases such as bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic eczema, and are occasionally fatal (Platts-Mills TAE and Chapman MD, 1987; Arlian LG and Platts-Mills . THE STUDY OF GENE AND PROTEIN VACCINES FOR ALLERGIC DISEASES IN MICE TAN LI KIANG NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2007 THE STUDY OF GENE AND PROTEIN. appreciate him for being so understanding. Also to my dearest baby, Ryan, for adding bundles of joys during the period of my thesis write up. To my parents, thank you for being so understanding and supportive the design of safe and efficacious DNA vaccines for allergy in general Taken together, the new findings from this thesis will make valuable contributions in the development of safe and more