THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF PASSIVE AND INTEGRATED ANTENNAS TAO YUAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2007 THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF PASSIVE AND INTEGRATED ANTENNAS TAO YUAN M. ENG, B. ENG. XIDIAN UNIVERSITY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2007 Acknowledgements Foremost, I would like to express my utmost gratitude to my supervisors, Prof. Le-Wei Li and Prof. Mook-Seng Leong who not only taught me much theoretical knowledge about the electromagnetics, but also gave me a lot of opportunities to accumulate my practical experiences. Also I would like to express my sincere thanks to my co-supervisor Dr. Yuan-Jin Zheng in Institute of Microelectronics (IME). During the period when I was attaching to IME, He gave me tremendous suggestions and insights to make the completion of my thesis. Without their guidance and supports, the success of the thesis would not have been possible. My appreciation also goes to Dr. Jian-Ying Li, Dr. Ning Yuan, Dr. Xiao-Chun Nie, Dr. Min Zhang, Dr. Hai-Ying Yao, Dr. Ming Zhang and Dr. Hong Xin for their valuable suggestions and efficient technical supports. I would also be grateful for all my fellow graduates in microwave group: Mr. Cheng-Wei Qiu, Mr. Wei Xu, Mr. Lei Zhang, Mr. Zhuo Feng, Mr. Kai Kang, Miss Ting Fei, Mr. Lu Lu, Mr. Dao-Xian Xu, Mr. Ji-Jun Yao, Mr. Hao-Yuan She, Miss Ya-Nan Li and the lab officer, Mr. Jack Ng. Thanks to all of them for their friendship. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii Importantly, special thanks to my dear father, mother and brother for their continuous understanding and love. Without their love and encouragement, I would not finish this tough job so successfully. I dedicate this thesis to them. Thanks so much! Abstract Full-wave methods developed for modeling and simulating the electrical characteristics of antennas and integrated circuits have been investigated and demonstrated to produce excellent performances. In this thesis, the electric field integral equation (EFIE) and the mixed-potential integral equation (MPIE) formulations together with the method of moments (MoM) are both employed to solve the electromagnetic problems in multilayered medium and the results show their high efficiency, good accuracy and wide applicability. The closed-form dyadic Green’s functions in spatial domain for all electric and magnetic mixed potentials in a 3-D planar multilayered medium are evaluated by the discrete complex image method (DCIM). The formulae of Green’s functions in spectral domain are expressed fairly accurately in terms of four basis functions, so that the time consumed and the memory stored for computing the Green’s functions are considerably reduced. In addition, a new scheme of surface wave pole (SWPs) extraction is proposed, which guarantees that the surface wave contribution is removed. In order to solve the electrically large-scale EM problems, we present an accurate and efficient method combined the precorrected-FFT (P-FFT) algorithm to analyze large-scale structures (a large-scaled dipole array, a high performance phased antenna array with low sidelobe and a novel series-fed taiii ABSTRACT iv per antenna array) in the multilayered medium. By applying this fast and efficient algorithm, the memory requirement and an operation count for the matrix-vector multiplication are proportional to O(N ) and O(N log N ), respectively. Numerical results are demonstrated in the thesis to validate the accuracy and efficiency of the various advanced numerical techniques investigated. Moreover, in order to analyze the patch antenna characteristics with finite grounded substrates, EFIE-PMCHW together with method of moments (MoM) is developed, which takes into account the effect of the finite size of the substrate and the ground plane. Finally, as a demonstration of the capability of accurate and efficient electromagnetic (EM) modeling methods developed, a number of designs of integrated ultra-wideband antennas and fully integrated CMOS UWB transmitter modules were studied and results (simulation and measurement) are presented. The transmitter modules integrated with antennas are very compact and have a good performance with low power consumption which are suitable for UWB applications with high efficiency to fit the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) spectral mask. Contents Acknowledgements i Abstract iii Contents v List of Figures xi List of Tables xix List of Symbols xx Introduction 1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Full-wave Methods for Multilayered Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v CONTENTS 1.3 vi Method of Moments (MoM) in Spatial Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.1 EFIE-PMCHW for Analysis of Multilayered Structures . . . . 1.3.2 MPIE-MoM for Analysis of Multilayered Structures . . . . . . 1.3.3 Fast Solution Methods Based on MoM . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.4 Antennas Integrated with Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.5 Overview of the Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.6 Original Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.7 Publications Arising from Research Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Dyadic Green’s Functions for Multilayered Media 23 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.2 Spectral-Domain Green’s Functions for Electric and Magnetic Fields in Multilayered Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.3 Spatial-Domain Green’s Functions for Electric and Magnetic Fields in Multilayered Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.3.1 Two-level Approach for Approximation the Spectral-Domain Green’s Functions 2.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Surface Wave Poles (SWPs) Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 CONTENTS vii 2.4 Numerical Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Mixed-Potential Integral Equation for Multilayered Microstrip Antennas and Circuits 49 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.2 The Mixed-Potential Integral Equation (MPIE) for 3-D Structures . . 51 3.3 Method of Moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.4 Parameters Extraction and Excitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.5 3.4.1 Excitation Port Model for Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.4.2 S-parameters Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3.4.3 Radiation Pattern Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Numerical Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 3.5.1 Numerical Simulations for Microstrip Circuit Examples . . . . 61 3.5.2 S-parameters and Radiation Pattern Fields Due to Antenna with Vertical Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.5.3 3.6 Sensitivity Analysis for Microstrip Circuits Optimization . . . 71 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 CONTENTS viii Multilayered Antenna Arrays Design and Analysis using Fast Algorithm 80 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 4.2 The Precorrected-FFT Accelerated MoM-Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 82 4.3 4.4 4.2.1 The Precorrected-FFT Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 4.2.2 Computational Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Multilayered Antenna Arrays Design and Simulation . . . . . . . . . 92 4.3.1 Scan Blindness of the Phased Arrays Analysis . . . . . . . . . 92 4.3.2 Phased Antenna Array with Low Sidelobe Design and Analysis 101 4.3.3 Bandwidth Improvement of Antenna Array Design and Analysis113 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 EFIE-PMCHW (MoM) for Analysis of Microstrip Antennas on Finite Grounded Substrates 124 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 5.2 EFIE-PMCHW and Method of Moments Equations . . . . . . . . . . 125 5.2.1 EFIE-PMCHW Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 BIBLIOGRAPHY 198 [105] J. 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Li, “A low-power CMOS transmitter for ultra-wideband applications,” Symposium on Microelectronics, Sept. 2006. [163] A. Bevilacqua and A. M. Niknejad, “An ultra-wideband CMOS low-noise amplifier for 3.1-10.6 GHz wireless receivers,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 39, no. 8, pp. 2259–2268, Dec. 2004. Appendix A Tunable CMOS UWB Transmitter IC Design In this section, according to the prototype of the driver amplifier which is demonstrated in Section 6.4.2, another improved type of the transmitter IC is designed for the future UWB transmitter module integration. The proposed transmitter IC employs the tunable pulse generators capable of varying the pulse duration by the bias voltages to generate the gating signal and narrow pulse so that different bandwidths can be attained for the UWB signal. The proposed tunable pulse generator and gating signal generator circuits are shown in Fig. A.1. The pulse width of the narrow pulse can be adjusted by the delay control cells which make the UWB pulse programmable. As shown in Fig. A.1, the Delay-control function is accomplished by the current 207 APPENDIX 208 Figure A.1: Schematic of the proposed tunable UWB transmitter IC. starved inverter which is used to flip the clock and generate tunable delay. Elaborated in Fig. A2 (a), the delay of an inverter is determined by the time used by the current to charge and discharge the load capacitance. As a result, varying the inverter charging/discharging current through biasing can charge the inverter delay, hence, producing tunable pulse, which consequently produces variable UWB signal bandwidths. Fig. A2 (b) displays different simulated durations of the pulse at different biasing voltages. However, due to the fact that the amplitude of the output signal does not have a linear relationship with the control voltage, the durations are not the same in practical circuits. The tunable UWB transmitter IC is implemented in a Chartered’s 0.18 − µm CMOS technology. The chip microphotograph and the photography of the device under test (DUT) board are both shown in Fig. A.3. The chips are mounted on a Rogers PCB by QFN16 package and also tested. The die size is 1.32mm by 1.24mm. APPENDIX 209 (a) Current starved inverter structure. (b) Different simulated pulsewidths controlled by the bias. Figure A.2: Delay-control by current starving inverter. APPENDIX 210 (a) Microphotograph of the proposed tunable UWB transmitter IC. (b) Prototype of the DUT board. Figure A.3: The chip microphotograph and the photograph of the device under test (DUT) board. APPENDIX 211 (a) Input signal and DA output waveforms. (b) Highlight waveform of the DA generated signal. Figure A.4: Measured waveforms of data patterns (15 Mbps): (a) Input data. (b) Pulse sequence at the output of the DA. APPENDIX 212 (a) Input signal and DA output waveforms. (b) Highlight waveform of the DA generated signal. Figure A.5: Measured waveforms of data patterns (30 Mbps): (a) Input data. (b) Pulse sequence at the output of the DA. APPENDIX 213 Fig. A.4 shows the measured UWB transmitter pulse at the TX output. The data transmission rate is 15Mbps and the biasing voltage is set to 0.9V. The voltage swing of the pulse is around 600mVp-p, and the pulse width is around 1.3ns. The pulse repetition rate and width can be changed by varying the input clock rate and the biasing voltage, respectively. High bit rate (30Mbps) performance is also measured, as shown in Fig. A.5. [...]... [93] 1.4 Antennas Integrated with Circuits In recently years, due to the development of the accurate and efficient electromagnetic (EM) modeling methods and mature technology of radio frequency integrated circuits (RFIC) and monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC), active integrated antennas (AIAs) has become an interesting topic receiving intensive attention [11] The terminology of “active integrated. .. effects of dielectric loss, conductor loss, space wave radiation, surface waves, and external coupling [20–23] which in general guarantees the accuracy and versatility of the modeling 1.2 Full-wave Methods for Multilayered Media There are several full-wave methods developed for modeling and simulating the electrical characteristics of circuits and antennas In general, there are three basic types of methods... may require a considerable amount of computational memory and time Therefore, the FDTD scheme has been widely applied in the analysis and design of microwave components, monolithic millimeter-wave integrated circuit (MMIC) packages, antennas and radio frequency integrated circuits (RFIC) [32–34] However, the FDTD scheme is restricted by numerical dispersion condition and the Courant-Friedrich-Levy stability... algorithm accuracy and computational efficiency, respectively The FEM was proven to be one of the most versatile and powerful methods to INTRODUCTION 4 solve problems involving complex shaped and composited materials [35–37] However, unlike the FDTD, the execution of the FEM requires the solution of a matrix equation which, in turn, limits the number of unknowns because of the physical memory size of the computers... derived and applied an MPIE which employed 3-D multilayered Green’s functions to analysis of multilayer microstrip antennas and circuits Michalski and Zheng [28] proposed and presented three formulations of the MPIE where the vector-potential dyadic kernel was modified so that only one scalar-potential kernel was required Numerical results were INTRODUCTION 9 presented to show the efficiency and accuracy of. .. 148 LIST OF FIGURES xvi 6.8 Proposed band-notched UWB patch antenna 150 6.9 Measured and simulated S-parameter of the band-notched antenna 152 6.10 Measured antenna gain in boresight vs frequency 152 6.11 Measured radiation pattern of the band-notched UWB antenna (Eplane) 153 6.12 Measured radiation pattern of the band-notched UWB antenna... magnitudes of magnetic vector potential Green’s function components and electric scalar potential Green’s function 45 2.7 The magnitudes of electric vector potential Green’s function components and magnetic scalar potential Green’s function 46 2.8 The magnitudes of GEM and GHJ relating to the coupled fields 47 xy yx 3.1 Geometrical parameters of RWG element 54 xi LIST OF. .. 154 6.13 Measured signal of impulse response of the band-notched antenna 155 6.14 Measured spectrum of the received signal 156 6.15 Architecture of the UWB transmitter system 158 6.16 Signal-flow in the UWB transmitter 159 6.17 Schematic of pulse generation and modulation circuits 160 6.18 Schematic of the driver amplifier ... versatile designs [12–14] In order to develop computationally efficient and accurate numerical techniques for modeling such circuits and antennas, rigorous and efficient electromagnetic (EM) modeling techniques become more essential and imperative There are many methods which have been implemented and investigated for microstrip circuits and antennas in multilayered media [15, 16] The most popular 1 INTRODUCTION... based on the pencil of functions [73] Compared to the Prony method, the generalized pencil -of- functions method (GPOF) is less noise sensitive and more robust However, the algorithm for the exponential approximation was still computationally expensive, because the Prony’s method and the GPOF method require INTRODUCTION 10 uniform sampling of the function to be approximated along the range of approximation . THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF PASSIVE AND INTEGRATED ANTENNAS TAO YUAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2007 THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF PASSIVE AND INTEGRATED. deling methods developed, a number of designs of integrated ultra-wideband antennas and fully integrated CMOS UWB transmitter modules were studied and results (simu- lation and measurement) are presented method of moments (MoM) is developed, which takes into account the effect of the finite size of the substrate and the ground plane. Finally, as a demon- stration of the capability of accurate and