THERMAL COMFORT AND INDOOR AIR QUALITY EVALUATION OF A CEILING MOUNTED PERSONALIZED VENTILATION SYSTEM INTEGRATED WITH AN AMBIENT MIXING VENTILATION SYSTEM YANG BIN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2009 THERMAL COMFORT AND INDOOR AIR QUALITY EVALUATION OF A CEILING MOUNTED PERSONALIZED VENTILATION SYSTEM INTEGRATED WITH AN AMBIENT MIXING VENTILATION SYSTEM YANG BIN (B. Eng. Tianjin Univ., China; M. Sc. Eng., Tianjin Univ., China) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING, NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING，TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK 2009 Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor A/P Sekhar, Sitaraman Chandra of the National University of Singapore for his enlightening supervision, valuable advices, constructive suggestions and fruitful discussions throughout my Ph.D. journey from year 2004 to 2009. Being his student has been an enjoyable and memorable experience. I am extremely appreciative to him for being always friendly and available whenever he is approached for solving problems. I would like to express my deepest acknowledgement to my supervisor A/P Melikov, Arsen Krikor of the Technical University of Denmark. I am so fortunate working with him, famous expert in personalized ventilation system. I learned his strictness to research, his leniency to other person’s mistakes and his patience to young researchers. I especially appreciate his valuable suggestions on my experimental design, data analysis and thesis writing. I am also grateful to my thesis committee members: A/P Tham Kwok Wai and A/P Cheong Kok Wai, David, whose doors are always open, for freely sharing with me their valuable knowledge, experience and expertise on any issues related to personalized ventilation system. I would like to thank Professor Olesen, Bjarne W. for inviting me to the International i Center for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark to be a joint Ph.D. student under NUS-DTU joint Ph.D. program. I specially thank A/P Fang Lei for his guidance of developing control system of personalized ventilation system. I am also appreciative to Dr. Zhu Shengwei for optimizing my simulation model, A/P Wargocki, Pawl and guest professor Zhang Yinping from Tsinghua University for their instructive suggestion of experimental design, A/P Toftum, Jørn for his suggestion of my subjective response tests. I am appreciated to my thesis examiners, Professor Edward Arens from U. C. Berkeley, A/P Toftum, Jørn from Danish Technical University and A/P Wong Nyuk Hien from National University of Singapore. Warmest thanks to my colleagues with whom I have had the privilege to work: Ms. Li Ruixin for her selfless help in renovating Field Environmental Chamber, Dr. Henry Cahyadi Willem for his suggestion about questionnaire survey. Many people have assisted to my work generously: In National University of Singapore: A/P Lee Siew Eang, A/P Wong Nyuk Hien, Dr. Gong Nan, Dr Yu Weijiang, Sun Weimeng Daniel, Jovan Pantelic, Tan Seng Tee, Tan Cheow Beng and Zuraimi Bin Mohd Sultan. ii In Technical University of Denmark: Professor Sundell Jan, A/P Clausen Geo, A/P Langkilde Gunnar, Bolashikov Zhecho Dimitrov, Strøm-Tejsen Peter, Zukowska Daria, Schiavon Stefano, Haneda Masaoki and Simonsen Peter Slotved. The financial supports from National University of Singapore, ASHRAE graduate Grant-in-aid (2007) and Chinese Government Award for Outstanding Self-financed students Abroad (2008) are gratefully acknowledged. Yang Bin, in Singapore Final submission in Dec. 2009 iii Table of Contents Acknowledgements Table of Contents Summary List of Tables i iv viii x List of Figures xii List of Symbols xxiv List of Appendices xxvi Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background and Motivation 1.2 Research Objectives 1.3 Outline Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Tropical Climate and Conventional ACMV system 2.2 Personalized Ventilation 9 11 2.2.1 Air Terminal Device and Air Flow 11 2.2.2 PV Performance 16 2.3 Human Response to Thermal Environment and Air Movement 19 2.4 PV Related Studies in Hot and Humid Climates 21 2.5 Knowledge Gap 30 Chapter 3: Pilot Study 3.1 Introduction 32 3.2 Research Methodology 32 3.2.1 Physical Measurement 32 3.2.2 CFD Simulation 37 3.2.3 Parametric Variation Studies 39 3.3 Results and Discussion 40 3.3.1 Physical Measurements 41 3.3.2 CFD Simulation 41 iv 3.3.2.1 CFD Simulation for Base Case 41 3.3.2.2 CFD Simulation for Parametric Variation Studies 43 3.3.3 Comparison of the Results Between Physical Measurements and CFD Simulation 47 3.4 Preliminary Conclusions 48 3.5 Recommendations 48 Chapter 4: Performance Characteristics of Ceiling Mounted PV System —Objective Measurements 49 4.1Objectives 49 4.2 Experimental Design 49 4.2.1 Facility 49 4.2.2 Instruments 55 4.2.2.1 Thermal Manikin 55 4.2.2.2 Temperature and Velocity Measurements 56 4.3 Experimental Conditions 59 4.4 Experimental Protocol and Evaluating Index 61 4.4.1 Airflow Profile 62 4.4.2 Cooling Effect 65 4.4.3 Inhaled Air Quality and Temperature 66 4.5 Experimental Results 67 4.5.1 Flow Interaction 67 4.5.2 Cooling Effect 74 4.5.3 Inhaled Air Quality 91 4.5.4 Inhaled Air Temperature 93 4.6 Discussion 96 4.7 Conclusions of Objective Measurements 99 Chapter 5: Human Response Studies of Ceiling Mounted PV System —Subjective Assessments 5.1 Objectives 102 102 v 5.2 Experimental Design 102 5.2.1 Experimental Facilities 103 5.2.2 Experimental Conditions 103 5.2.3 Subject Selection 103 5.2.4 Questionnaire Design 104 5.2.5 Experimental Procedure 107 5.3 Human Perception Analysis 111 5.3.1 Thermal Sensation 111 5.3.2 Air Movement Perception, Acceptability, Preference 119 5.3.3 Thermal Comfort Acceptability 125 5.3.4 Indoor Air Quality 126 5.3.5 Evaluation of Noise Level 129 5.3.6 Discussion 130 5.4 Human Perception Relation 132 5.4.1 Correlation Analysis within Human Perceptions 132 5.4.2 Correlation Analysis between Human Perceptions 141 5.4.3 Concluding Remarks 151 5.5 Dissatisfaction due to Air Movement 151 5.5.1 Percentage Dissatisfied 152 5.5.2 Final Choice of PV Airflow Rates under Individually Controlled System 158 5.5.3 Individual Analysis under Different Exposed Conditions 167 5.5.4 Optimum Velocity and Acceptable Velocity Range 167 Chapter 6: Energy Saving Potential and Effect of Control Strategy of Ceiling Mounted PV System 170 vi 6.1 Definition of Control Strategies 170 6.2 Energy Saving Potential 172 6.2.1 Description of Cooling Load in the Field Environmental Chamber 173 6.2.2 Design Parameters 173 6.2.3 Energy Consumption 174 6.2.3.1 Cooling Energy Consumption for Air Conditioning 174 6.2.3.2 Transport Energy Consumption 177 6.2.3.3 Total Energy Consumption 177 6.2.4 Energy Saving Potential Analysis 178 Chapter 7: Conclusion and Recommendation 181 7.1 Review and Achievement of Research Objectives 181 7.2 Recommendations 186 Bibliography 188 Appendix 1: Manikin Calibration Data 194 Appendix 2: Theory Analysis of Circular Free Jet (Isothermal Case) 198 Appendix 3: Detailed Description of Measuring Instruments 200 Appendix 4: Questionnaires 205 Appendix 5: Results of Objective Measurements 218 Appendix 6: Thermal comfort acceptability 224 Appendix 7: Perceived air quality acceptability 234 Appendix 8: Air movement preference 244 Appendix 9: List of Publications 254 vii Summary As the contribution towards the goal of excellent and sustainable indoor environment, Ceiling mounted Personalized Ventilation (PV) has been developed based on conventional PV system. Personalized air, which is fresh, dry and cool, is supplied into breathing zone by ceiling mounted PV air terminal devices (ATD) without extending ducts into breathing zone. As a result, indoor aesthetics and flexibility of distributing indoor furniture are improved. However, the airflow characteristics and subjective assessments to this system have not been explored. The first objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of prototype of ceiling mounted PV ATDs, with emphasis being placed on air movements characteristics around human body，cooling effect, draft rating, inhaled air temperature and inhaled air quality. This study is conducted at the Technical University of Denmark. The second objective of this study is to investigate the responses from tropically-acclimatized subjects to the local environment created with ceiling mounted PV system, with emphasis being placed on thermal sensation, air movement perception, acceptability and preference, perceived air temperature and perceived air quality. This study is conducted in Singapore, a place with hot and humid climate. For the first purpose, thermal breathing manikin is utilized as main experimental facility, which can simulate breathing and heat generation of real person, give quantitatively evaluation of cooling effect for different body segments under this ceiling mounted PV system. The characteristics of flow field are measured by thermal anemometer. viii The interaction of the personalized airflow supplied from ceiling mounted nozzle (diameter of 0.095 m) with the thermal plume generated by a seated thermal manikin with the body size of an average Scandinavian woman and its impact on the body cooling was studied. Experiments were performed in a test room with mixing ventilation at numerous conditions comprising four combinations of room air temperature and personalized air temperature (23.5°C/21°C, 23.5°C/23.5°C, 26°C/23.5°C, 26°C/26°C), four airflow rates of the personalized air (4, 8, 12, 16 L/s) and positioning of the manikin directly below the nozzle (1.3 m distance between the top of manikin’s head and the nozzle). The asymmetric exposure of the body to the personalized flow was studied by moving the manikin 0.2 m forward, backward and sideward. The blockage effect of the unheated manikin on the personalized airflow distribution, studied at the case 23.5°C/23.5°C, was clearly observed 0.2 m above the top of manikin’s head where the centerline velocity was reduced to about 85% under all personalized airflow rates. The neutral level, Xnl, defined as the distance from the nozzle where the impact of the thermal plume on the velocity distribution in the personalized airflow was observed, increased from 0.8 m to 1.1 m with the increase of the airflow rate. Above 16 L/s the personalized airflow was able to completely destroy the thermal plume. In comparison with the reference case without personalized airflow, the manikin based equivalent temperature for the head decreased with the increase of the airflow rate from -1°C to -6°C under 23.5°C/21°C case and from -0.5°C to -4°C under 26°C/26°C case, which are the two extreme cases among the four cases studied. The personalized airflow was least efficient to cool the body when the manikin was moved forward. KEYWORDS: Ceiling mounted nozzle, Personalized ventilation, Blockage effect, Neutral level, Occupant movement analysis 257 5. Bin Yang, Chandra Sekhar, Arsen Melikov. 2008. Ceiling mounted personalized ventilation system integrated with a secondary air distribution system – A human response study in hot and humid climate, Indoor Air, (Approved). ABSTRACT The benefits of thermal comfort and Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) with personalized ventilation (PV) systems have been demonstrated in recent studies. One of the barriers for wide spread acceptance by architects and HVAC designers has been attributed to challenges and constraints faced in the integration of PV systems with the work-station. A newly developed ceiling mounted PV system addresses these challenges and provides a practical solution while retaining much of the apparent benefits of PV systems. Assessments of thermal environment, air movement and air quality for ceiling mounted PV system were performed with tropically acclimatized subjects in a Field Environmental Chamber. 32 subjects performed normal office work and could choose to be exposed to four different PV airflow rates (4, 8, 12 and 16 L /s), thus offering themselves a reasonable degree of individual control. Ambient temperatures of 26°C and 23.5°C and PV air temperatures of 26°C, 23.5°C and 21°C were employed. The local and whole body thermal sensations were reduced when PV airflow rates were increased. Inhaled air temperature was perceived cooler and perceived air quality and air freshness improved when PV airflow rate was increased or temperature was reduced. KEYWORDS: Personalised Ventilation, Ceiling mounted air terminal devices, Tropically acclimatized, Thermal comfort, Indoor air quality 258 International conference papers 1. S. C Sekhar, Bin Yang. 2005. CFD modeling of a compartmented coil for demand ventilation to achieve enhanced indoor air quality, Proceedings of the 10th international conference on indoor air quality and climate, September 4-9, Beijing, China. ABSTRACT Compartmented cooling coil is a key component of a newly developed air-conditioning and air distribution system at the National University of Singapore called the Single-coil Twin Fan (SCTF) system. In prototype experiments, the SCTF system has clearly demonstrated its ability to provide enhanced indoor air quality (IAQ) and achieve significant energy savings. It has been observed that the unique features of the compartmented cooling coil are fundamental to improving the heat and mass transfer performance of the coil. Whilst empirical measurements have been undertaken to evaluate the performance of such a coil, flow visualization employing CFD modeling techniques are also envisaged to provide a better insight into the fundamental characteristics of a compartmented coil which addresses both indoor air quality and energy issues according to zone-specific demand of ventilation and cooling loads. A highly refined cooling coil model is developed with distinct compartments which has finer meshing at the key surfaces. Boundary conditions obtained from experiments will include bulk air stream conditions upstream of both the compartments of the coil. Three different models (k-ε model, RNG model, Reynolds stress model) are used to compare the simulation results. This paper presents the development of the CFD model of the compartmented coil and an evaluation of the heat transfer characteristics. 259 KEYWORDS: Demand ventilation, Compartmented coil, IAQ, Energy efficiency, CFD simulation 2. Bin Yang, S. C. Sekhar. 2006. An innovative fresh air supply method for decoupled ventilation strategy, Proceedings of the 8th international conference on healthy buildings, June 4-8, Lisbon, Portugal. ABSTRACT An innovative approach by utilizing high velocity circular air jet which is located at the center of a normal air diffuser is introduced. Less fresh air is polluted by re-circulated air when compared with mixing ventilation strategy. Room layouts and visual effects will not be affected deeply when compared with personalized ventilation strategy. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tool is used to simulate corresponding indoor parameters to verify that it can both supply fresh air into occupied zone effectively and avoid draught rating. Some experiments are conducted in a small chamber to validate the effectiveness of the simulation model. KEYWORDS: Air jet, CFD, Draught rating, Air change rate Bin Yang, S. C. Sekhar. 2006. CFD modeling and experimental validation of a compartmented cooling coil under dehumidifying conditions, Proceedings of the 8th international conference on healthy buildings, June 4-8, Lisbon, Portugal. ABSTRACT Compartmented cooling coil is a key component of a newly developed air-conditioning and air distribution system at the National University of Singapore called the Single-coil Twin Fan (SCTF) system. In prototype experiments, the SCTF system has clearly demonstrated its ability to provide enhanced indoor air quality 260 (IAQ) and achieve significant energy savings (12%). In order to evaluate the unique features of the compartmented cooling coil, one CFD model is created based on a one-row plate-fin compartmented coil which is utilized in a prototype experiment. A newly developed numerical algorithm for simulating latent heat transfer is coupled into the coil model which is created on the platform of commercial software FLUENT. The accuracy of the simulation is validated by experimental data and can be used for further parametric variation studies. This algorithm can also be generalized and open the door to new design procedures for compact heat exchangers operating under dehumidifying conditions. KEYWORDS: Compartmented coil, CFD simulation, Dehumidifying conditions Bin Yang, S. C. Sekhar. 2007. Numerical study of circular jet diffuser for task ventilation of displacement ventilation system in tropics. Proceedings of the 10th international conference on air distribution in rooms, June 13-15, Helsinki, Finland. ABSTRACT Bases on the concept of task/ambient ventilation, fresh air can be decoupled from re-circulated air so as to improving ventilation effectiveness in breathing zone. Ceiling mounted high velocity circular jet diffusers, which are regarded as remote personalized ventilation air terminal devices (PV ATDs) without affecting room aesthetic effects, can be utilized to supply fresh air without causing draft rating because tropically acclimatized occupants prefer slightly higher air movement. Displacement ventilation (DV) cylinders are used to supply re-circulated air. Corresponding mixing ventilation system by only utilizing DV cylinders are compared with this task/ambient ventilation system. Numerical simulation using a validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for circular jet diffusers is 261 conducted to investigate the difference between task/ambient ventilation systems and mixing ventilation systems. Fresh air with high momentum can penetrate the air plume around human bodies easily. Corresponding areas with negative static pressure appear, which can induce more recirculated air for floor levels, because of the high kinetic pressure. Location weighted personal exposure effectiveness is utilized as an evaluation index for evaluating indoor air quality (IAQ). Air velocity and temperature are utilized as evaluation indices for evaluating thermal comfort level. KEYWORDS: Task/ambient ventilation, Mixing ventilation, Displacement ventilation, Circular jet diffuser S. C. Sekhar, Bin Yang, K. W. Tham and David Cheong. 2007. IAQ and energy performance of the newly developed single coil twin fan air-conditioning and air distribution system – results of a field trial. Proceedings of the 9th REHVA world congress Clima, June 10-14, Helsinki, Finland. ABSTRACT The Single Coil Twin Fan (SCTF) system is a newly developed air-conditioning and air distribution system that aims to deliver enhanced IAQ as well as save energy. The fundamental principle of this system is based on “demand ventilation” and “demand cooling”, which is achieved in the individual occupied zones through localized temperature and carbon dioxide sensors positioned in the respective return grilles. The conditioning of the two air streams is achieved by a single compartmented cooling coil, which provides ease of control of the chilled water flow through the coil. Following a successful pilot study on a small-scale laboratory project in 2003 with an estimated energy saving potential of around 12%, a field trial of the SCTF system was embarked upon that involved an office floor area of about 2500 m2 in a newly 262 constructed office building within the campus of National University of Singapore. This paper presents the IAQ and energy data in this office area served by the SCTF system. Bin Yang, S. C. Sekhar. 2007. Numerical study of circular jet diffuser for task ventilation of under-floor air supply system in tropics. Proceedings of the 10th international building performance simulation association conference and exhibition, September 7-8, Beijing, China. ABSTRACT Bases on the concept of task/ambient ventilation, fresh air can be decoupled from re-circulated air so as to improving ventilation effectiveness in breathing zone. Ceiling mounted high velocity circular jet diffusers, which are regarded as remote personalized ventilation air terminal devices (PV ATDs) without affecting room aesthetic effects, can be utilized to supply fresh air without causing draft rating because tropically acclimatized occupants prefer slightly higher air movement. Under-floor air diffusers are used to supply re-circulated air. Corresponding mixing ventilation system by only utilizing under-floor air diffusers are compared with this task/ambient ventilation system. Numerical simulation using a validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for circular jet diffusers is conducted to investigate the difference between task/ambient ventilation systems and mixing ventilation systems. Location weighted personal exposure effectiveness is utilized as an evaluation index for evaluating indoor air quality (IAQ). Air velocity and temperature are utilized as evaluation indices for evaluating thermal comfort level. KEYWORDS: Task/ambient ventilation, Circular jet diffuser, Mixing ventilation, Under-floor air supply 263 Qi Chengying, Bin Yang, Yang Hua, Jin Fengyun, Tham Kwok Wai. 2007. Numerical study of personalized ventilation application in tollway charging station. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning, September 3-6, Beijing, China. ABSTRACT Split air conditioning system is commonly utilized in tollway charging station for dealing with thermal load. Outdoor air, without conditioning, is introduced passively through small opening window, which is utilized for charging tools. Because of its highly polluted ambient environment, many kinds of contaminants are introduced simultaneously. In order to improve air quality in breathing zone for the staff in an energy efficient way, personalized air is conditioned and distributed separately. Air conditioning and filtration equipments are installed above the roof of the station. Extended air duct is utilized to distribte personalized air. AIRPAK, commerical software of Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is utilized to simulate flow fluid, age of air and predicted mean vote (PMV). Corresponding boundary conditions are measured in one tollway charging station of Hebei Province. Location of personalized ventilation air terminal devices (PV ATDs) and personalized air flow rate are utilized as variable parameters. According to the simulation results, personalized air flow rate above 54 m3/h can restrain outdoor air invasion effectively so as to diluting indoor contaminants. KEYWORDS: Numerical study, Personalized ventilation (PV), Tollway charging station, Air age, Predicted mean vote (PMV) Bin Yang, S. C. Sekhar. 2007. Numerical study of effects of moving person on 264 personalized ventilation. Proceedings of ASHRAE IAQ 2007: Healthy and Sustainable Buildings, October 15-17, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. ABSTRACT Outdoor air, with high temperature and humidity in tropics, is conditioned and distributed into indoors as fresh air to improve indoor air quality (IAQ). In order to save energy, optimizing strategy for supplying fresh air, reasonable locating inlets and exhausts are important. Re-circulated ventilation, which mix fresh air and re-circulated air before supplying, is commonly utilized and simulated as base case in this study. Fresh air, without mixing with re-circulated air, can be distributed into breathing zone directly by extended air duct and corresponding personalized ventilation (PV) air terminal device (ATD) for improving personal exposure effectiveness (PEE). For indoor esthetics, ceiling mounted air jet can be utilized as an alternative device to supply fresh air in a high velocity because of slightly higher air movement preference of tropically acclimatized occupants. Displacement ventilation (DV) cylinder can be utilized to supple fresh air in a relatively low outlet momentum. All of above-mentioned strategies for supplying fresh air are studied numerically based on a private office. Commercial software for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation, FLUENT 6.2, is utilized. Different exhaust locations for different strategies are also taken into consideration for good air organization. Computational based PEE is utilized as IAQ evaluating index. Air velocity and temperature are utilized as thermal comfort evaluating index. KEYWORDS: Private office, Indoor air quality, Thermal comfort, Fresh air Bin Yang. 2007. Numerical study of the influence of moving person on ceiling mounted personalized ventilation performance in tropics. Proceedings of Indoor 265 Climate of Buildings, November 27-30, Slovakia. ABSTRACT The purpose of ceiling mounted personalized ventilation (PV) is to provide clean air into breathing zone of occupants directly without affecting indoor aesthetics. High momentum, at outlet of PV air terminal device (ATD), is utilized in order to avoid inducing more ambient air and let more personalized air come into breathing zone. The feasibility of such a high outlet momentum, which will cause the air velocity above 0.25 m/s (threshold value of thermal comfort), is based on the fact that tropically acclimatized occupants prefer slightly higher air movement. In steady state, its performance depends much on the ceiling mounted ATD because supply air momentum, other than buoyant effects and ambient air flow, is the major driving force in the micro-environment of occupied zone. In dynamic state, person movement near PV ATD causes entrainment or detrainment effect, which can be regarded as another comparable factor influencing ceiling mounted PV performance. A typical office workplace consisting of a ceiling mounted PV ATD and ambient air supply diffuser is simulated based on the chamber. One person is assumed to be seated under the PV ATD and another moving person near the PV ATD is simulated by dynamic meshes in computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Simulations at moving person velocities of 0.5, and 1,5 m/s and distance between seated person and moving person of 0, 0.2, 0.4m are performed. Personalized air flow rate is 13 l/s corresponding to 10% of total air flow rate. A new index, computational personal exposure effectiveness, is utilized to assess the performance of the PV ATD in regard to inhaled air quality under the influence of moving person. According to numerical results, the impact of moving person on ceiling mounted PV performance is addressed in this study. 266 10 Bin Yang, Arsen Melikov, Chandra Sekhar. 2008. Cooling effect of ceiling mounted personalized ventilation system, Proceedings of the 11th international conference on indoor air quality and climate, August 17-22, Copenhagen, Denmark, Paper ID: 852. ABSTRACT Ceiling mounted individually controlled personalized ventilation (PV) aims for providing each occupant with thermal comfort and clean air without affecting the indoor aesthetics. The interaction of the personalised flow supplied from ceiling mounted nozzle (diameter of 0.095 m) with the thermal plume generated by a seated thermal manikin and its impact on the body cooling was studied. Experiments were performed at room air temperature equal to the temperature of the personalised air (23.5°C), different flow rate of the personalised air (4, 8, 12, 16 L/s) and positioning of the manikin directly bellow the nozzle. The neutral level increased from 0.8 m to 1.1 m with the increase of the flow rate. Above 16 L/s the personalised flow was able to destroy completely the thermal plume. In comparison with the reference case without personalised flow the manikin based equivalent temperature for the head and the chest decreased from -1°C to -5°C when the flow rate increased. KEYWORDS: Ceiling mounted nozzle, Personalized ventilation, Neutral level, Cooling effect, Equivalent temperature 11 Bin Yang, Arsen Melikov, Chandra Sekhar, Occupant movement analysis of ceiling mounted personalized ventilation system, Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Energy and Environment of Residential Buildings and the 3rd International Conference on Built Environment and Public Health. ABSTRACT 267 As one kind of newly developed personalized ventilation (PV) system, the performance of ceiling mounted PV system was tested in PV laboratory of Technical University of Denmark. Since the control area of this PV system was just comparable to the size of human body, the asymmetric exposure of the body to the personalized flow was necessary to be studied by moving thermal manikin 0.2 m forward, backward and sideward to simulate occupant movement which happens quite often in the real case. Different PV temperature (26°C, 23.5°C, 21°C), ambient temperature (26°C, 23.5°C) and personalized airflow rates (4, 8, 12, 16 L/s) were utilized to conduct parametric variation studies. The cases with lowest ambient/PV temperature combination (23.5°C /21°C) and highest personalized airflow rates (16 L/s) were utilized to analyze the influence of occupant movement on the cooling effect of ceiling mounted PV system. Asymmetric exposure was explored and personalized airflow was least efficient to cool the body when the manikin was moved forward. KEYWORDS: Personalized ventilation, Occupant movement, Cooling effect, Asymmetric exposure 12 Bin Yang, Chandra Sekhar, Arsen Melikov, Subjective assessments of thermal sensation for ceiling mounted personalized ventilation system, Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Energy and Environment of Residential Buildings and the 3rd International Conference on Built Environment and Public Health. ABSTRACT As one kind of newly developed personalized ventilation (PV) system, human assessments of thermal sensation for ceiling mounted PV system was tested with tropical subjects, who had become passively acclimatized to hot conditions in the course of their day-to-day life. The tests were conducted in field environmental 268 chamber (FEC) of National University of Singapore. 32 subjects (16 males and 16 females), performed normal office work, can choose to expose to four different PV airflow rates (4, 8, 12, 16 L/s) so as to simulating individual control. Ambient temperatures of 26°C and 23.5 °C and PV air temperatures of 26 °C, 23.5 °C and 21 °C were utilized to conduct parametric variation studies. Each combination was maintained for 15 minutes during which the subjects responded to computer-administered questionnaires. The influence of PV airflow rates and ambient/PV temperature combinations on subjective thermal sensation was analyzed. KEYWORDS: Subjective assessment, Thermal sensation, Personalized ventilation 13 Bin Yang, Arsen Melikov, Chandra Sekhar, Cooling effect of ceiling mounted personalized ventilation system, Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Air Distribution in Rooms. ABSTRACT As one kind of newly developed personalized ventilation (PV) system, the impact of ceiling mounted PV system on body cooling, especially for upper body segments was tested in PV laboratory. Experiments were performed with mixing ventilation at numerous conditions comprising four combinations of room temperature and personalized air temperature (23.5°C/21°C, 23.5°C/23.5°C, 26°C/23.5°C, 26°C/26°C), four airflow rates of the personalized air (4, 8, 12 and16L/s) and positioning of the manikin directly below the nozzle (1.3 m distance between the top of manikin’s head and the nozzle). Upper body segments were further analyzed because of obvious cooling effects. The results revealed that the influence of the PV airflow rate was not striking when it was lower than L/s and became obvious when PV airflow rate was greater than 12 L/s especially at personalized air temperature of 21 °C. The left face 269 and the right face were the two body segments cooled mostly among upper body segments when the airflow increased from L/s to 16 L/s. The decrease in the equivalent temperature (ET) was largest when the PV airflow rate changed from 12 L/s to 16 L/s, i.e. the penetration effect of the personalized air over thermal plume felt at L/s increased with the increase of the airflow rate and caused more cooling of the upper body. 14 Bin Yang, Chandra Sekhar, Arsen Melikov, Subjective assessments of Air movement for ceiling mounted personalized ventilation system, Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Air Distribution in Rooms. ABSTRACT As one kind of newly developed personalized ventilation (PV) system, human assessments of air movement perception and acceptability for ceiling mounted PV system was tested with tropical subjects, who had become passively acclimatized to hot conditions in the course of their day-to-day life. The tests were conducted in field environmental chamber (FEC). Thirty two subjects (16 males and 16 females), performed normal office work, can choose to expose to four different PV airflow rates (4, 8, 12, 16 L/s) so as to simulating individual control. Ambient temperatures of 26°C and 23.5 °C and PV air temperatures of 26 °C, 23.5 °C and 21 °C were utilized to conduct parametric variation studies. Each combination was maintained for 15 minutes during which the subjects responded to computer-administered questionnaires. The influence of PV airflow rates and ambient/PV temperature combinations on subjective air movement perception and acceptability was analyzed. Values of whole body air movement perception are lower than that of facial air movement perception. 270 15 Bin Yang, Chandra Sekhar, Arsen Melikov, Subjective assessments of indoor environmental quality for ceiling mounted personalized ventilation system, Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 2009 Conference and Exhibition. ABSTRACT Indoor environmental quality, comprising perceived air quality, inhaled air temperature and freshness perception and noise level, for ceiling mounted PV system was studied in human subject experiments. Thirty-two subjects, acclimatized to hot tropical conditions in the course of their day-to-day life, participated in the experiments conducted in field environmental chamber (FEC). The subjects (16 males and 16 females), performed normal office work and could choose to be exposed to one of four PV airflow rates (4, 8, 12, 16 L/s). Ambient temperatures of 26°C and 23.5 °C and PV air temperatures of 26 °C, 23.5 °C and 21 °C were utilized to conduct parametric variation studies. Each combination was maintained for 15 minutes during which the subjects responded to computer-administered questionnaires. The influence of PV airflow rates and ambient/PV temperature combinations on indoor environmental quality was analyzed. Inhaled air temperature was perceived cooler and the inhaled air quality and air freshness improved when PV airflow rate increased or the room and the personalized air temperature decreased. Subjects’ satisfaction with the noise level decreased when PV airflow rate increased. KEYWORDS: Indoor environmental quality, Subjective assessment, Personalised ventilation 16 Bin Yang, Chandra Sekhar, Arsen Melikov, Human perception relation between thermal sensation and air movement for ceiling mounted personalized ventilation 271 system, Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 2009 Conference and Exhibition. ABSTRACT Response of 32 subjects on their local and whole body thermal sensation and air movement perception and preference to ceiling mounted personalized ventilation (PV) system was studied. The experiments were performed in a field environmental chamber with controlled environment. The subjects (16 males and 16 females) were acclimatized to hot tropical conditions in the course of their day-to-day life. During the experiments they performed normal office work and could choose to be exposed to one of four different PV airflow rates (4, 8, 12, 16 L/s). Ambient temperatures of 26°C and 23.5 °C and PV air temperatures of 26 °C, 23.5 °C and 21 °C were utilized to conduct parametric variation studies. The subjects were exposed to each combination for 15 minutes during which time period they responded to computer-administered questionnaires. Relationships between facial/whole body thermal sensation, air movement perception/acceptability/preference were established. KEYWORDS: Thermal sensation, Air movement perception, Personalised ventilation, subjective assessment. 272 [...]... acclimatized occupants with good local thermal environment and good inhaled air quality but also not to affect room layout and visual effects in an energy efficient way The objectives of this thesis are as follows: 1 Evaluate the performance of ceiling mounted personalized ventilation system with regard to airflow interaction at the vicinity of human body, thermal comfort and inhaled air quality and. .. tropically-acclimatized subjects Inhaled air quality, inhaled air temperature, whole-body thermal sensation, facial thermal sensation, facial air movement perception and acceptability are used as indices to compare these two ATD prototypes (Gong et al., 2006) The results reveal significant improvement of inhaled air quality, i.e cleaner and cooler inhaled air, and increased satisfaction with the thermal. .. quality The disadvantage is that fan energy for air transportation increases because of several extended PV air ducts A number of studies have been performed under laboratory conditions, with either a thermal manikin or human subjects, to evaluate the ability of a PV system to enhance inhaled air quality and/ or thermal comfort Most of them are conducted in temperate climatic zones (Bauman et al, 1993; Tsuzuki... supply air at a low contaminant concentration is mixed with the contaminated room air by the time it reaches the inhalation zone of the occupants As a result, contaminant concentration is usually the same in the whole space and occupants breathe mediocre quality polluted instead of high quality outdoor air 1 Another disadvantage of mixing air distribution is that overcooled conditions are usually created... those sidewall -mounted, are also far away from the occupants and thus the supplied clean air is contaminated by materials and other emissions that are in contact with it A field study in rooms with displacement ventilation has shown that almost 50% of occupants were dissatisfied with the air quality (Melikov et al 2005) Furthermore, the draft at feet caused by the cool supply air and thermal asymmetry... outdoor air by supplying it into the breathing zone directly without mixing with indoor contaminated air so as to reduce the absolute quantity of outdoor air Meanwhile, indoor ambient temperature can be maintained higher with thermal comfort requirements achieved through local cooling of occupants’ body As a result, energy conservation can be achieved without affecting thermal comfort and inhaled air quality. .. distribution without, with unheated and with heated manikin at 4 L/s and 23.5°C/23.5°C isothermal case 71 Figure 4.12b Comparison of centreline velocity distribution without, with unheated and with heated manikin at 8 L/s and 23.5°C/23.5°C isothermal case 71 Figure 4.12c Comparison of centreline velocity distribution without, with unheated and with heated manikin at 12 L/s and 23.5°C/23.5°C isothermal case... complete mixing of supply air with room air through supply air jet momentum and buoyancy The entire volume of air supplied to the space can be maintained at the desired room set point temperature and adequate quantity of conditioned outdoor air is delivered to the occupants as part of this total volume of supply air The supply diffusers, usually mounted on the ceiling, are far away from the occupants and. .. percentage of subjects dissatisfied and preferring more air movement Figure 5.55 Percentage of subjects with their final choice of PV airflow 160 rates Figure 5.56 Maximum, minimum and mean values of thermal comfort 160 acceptability based on subjects’ final choice Y-axis: -1=very unacceptable; 0=just unacceptable/acceptable; +1=very acceptable Figure 5.57 Maximum, minimum and mean values of inhaled air quality. .. 5.44 Linear regression of thermal comfort acceptability and 150 whole body air movement acceptability Y-axis and X-axis: -1=very unacceptable; 0=just unacceptable/acceptable; +1=very acceptable Figure 5.45 Quadratic regression of thermal comfort acceptability and 150 whole body air movement preference Y-axis: -1=very unacceptable; 0=just unacceptable/acceptable; +1=very acceptable X-axis: -1=less air movement; . NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2009 THERMAL COMFORT AND INDOOR AIR QUALITY EVALUATION OF A CEILING MOUNTED PERSONALIZED VENTILATION SYSTEM INTEGRATED WITH AN AMBIENT MIXING VENTILATION. THERMAL COMFORT AND INDOOR AIR QUALITY EVALUATION OF A CEILING MOUNTED PERSONALIZED VENTILATION SYSTEM INTEGRATED WITH AN AMBIENT MIXING VENTILATION SYSTEM YANG BIN. percentage (base case, plane B) Air velocity (base case, plane B) Local outdoor air percentage (case1, plane B) Air velocity (case1, plane B) Local outdoor air percentage (case2, plane