EARLY STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT OF CEMENT MIXED SINGAPORE MARINE CLAY LU YITAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2014 EARLY STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT OF CEMENT MIXED SINGAPORE MARINE CLAY LU YITAN (B.Eng. (Hons), NTU ) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2014 Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis is my original work and it has been written by me in its entirety. I have duly acknowledged all the sources of information which have been used in the thesis. This thesis has also not been submitted for any degree in any university previously. /lF April It,20L4 Abstract In land scarce Singapore, the use of cement mixed clay as reclamation fill resolves not only the shortage of dumping ground for unwanted soil disposal, but also the shortage of fill for land reclamation. This innovative scheme of using cement mixed clay always involves massive volume of construction at high rate of production. Thus, effective early quality control (QC) measures play an pivotal role in the successful implementation of this scheme. In a recent project in Singapore, cement mixed Singapore marine clay has been used as fill to build a containment bund. This research was set out to devise an effective early QC technique for the cement mixed clay fill in the containment bund construction. The early strength behavior of cement mixed Singapore marine clay was first investigated in an experimental study. The transition behavior in the early strength development and the corresponding reaction heat evolution suggest that cement mixed Singapore marine clay exhibits setting behavior in the initial stage of curing like any other cementitious material. In this investigation, the effect of curing temperature on the early strength behavior was also studied. It was found that the setting time reduces at a higher curing temperature. The relation between setting time and curing temperature was found to be governed by the Arrhenius law, and this relation was validated by literature data of concrete/mortar. The effect of curing temperature on the long-term strength development was also investigated. It was found that cement mixed Singapore marine clay develops higher ultimate strengths under higher curing temperatures. This behavior is different from the commonly observed “crossover” behavior for concrete/mortar or cement mixed granular soils, in which the ultimate strengths developed under different curing temperatures are about the same. Due to this difference, the model developed by Chitambira (2004) was modified by introducing a proposed strength enhancing factor ηT and adopting a modified shift factor aT . By making these modifications, the effect of curing temperature on both the ultimate strength and rate of strength gain can be accounted for. Moreover, both ln ηT and i aT show Arrhenius-type relation with the curing temperature T . The proposed model in this study was validated by independent tests and literature data. Thus, the strengths developed under different curing temperatures can be fundamentally related. An accelerated strength test based on elevated temperature curing was proposed in this study as an early QC technique. The rationale behind this proposal is that the setting process can be shortened by the elevated temperature, and that the strengths developed under different temperatures are fundamentally related. Accelerated tests were conducted independently in this study. The test results suggest that the strength obtained in the accelerated test [qu (acc)] is governed by the similar fundamental strength mechanisms of 7-day or 28-day strength [qu (7day) or qu (28day)] obtained in the standard room temperature curing condition. The strong correlation of qu (7day) – qu (acc) or qu (28day) – qu (acc) can be used for the early QC of cement mixed Singapore marine clay. Therefore, the applicability of the proposed accelerated test is validated. KEYWORDS: quality control, cement mixed clay, land reclamation, setting, curing temperature, Arrhenius law. ii Acknowledgment First and foremost, I would like to express my most sincere and heartfelt gratitude to Professor Tan Thiam Soon for his invaluable guidance, and utmost patience throughout the entire course of my PhD study. I would not have completed this thesis without Prof Tan’s contribution. I wish to thank Professor Phoon Kok Kwang for his suggestions and continuous support in various stages of this research. It has always been pleasant and great learning experience for me to discuss with him various issues in technical and non-technical fields. I would like to thank Dr Zhang Rongjun for his help in my laboratory tests, for the many long and stimulating discussions and for good friendship. I would also like to thank Dr Surendra Tamrakar for his help in setting up various laboratory instruments in the initial stage of this research and for his friendship. My sincere thanks must go to Dr Darren Chian Siau Chen and Professor Leung Chun Fai, both of whom are members of my thesis examination committee, for providing me with in-depth and professional review comments to improve my thesis. I thank Professor Lee Fook Hou, Dr Goh Siang Huat and Associate Professor Harry Tan Siew Ann for sharing with me their expert advices and opinions on my research. I am grateful to my former mentor, Associate Professor Leong Eng Choon of Nanyang Technological University, for his concern and encouragement over these years. Special thanks are due to Dr Muthusamy Karthikeyan, Mr Wong Tsz Ming and many other engineers from Surbana Consultants Pte Ltd, Singapore, TOA – JDN (PUT) Joint Venture, Singapore, for their support during my site visits, and for supplying materials for the laboratory testing. I appreciate the research scholarship and facilities provided by the National University of Singapore. The opportunity to work under “Ministry of National Development (MND) Research Fund for Built Environment” is acknowledged. The help rendered by laboratory officers in the Geotechnical laboratory of NUS is gratefully appreciated. I would also like to thank fellow research iii scholars Zhang Yi, Wu Jun, Sanjay, Tran, Faizul, Yannick, Eng and many others for the discussions, gossiping sessions, and warm friendship that has made my stay in NUS enjoyable. I thank Miss Chen Li for her company, care and encouragement. Last but not least, I would like to thank my parents for their love and support. April 11, 2014 iv Contents Introduction 1.1 Backgrounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Cement mixed clay as reclamation fill . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Quality control of cement mixed dredged clay as reclamation fill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 Research objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 Organization of thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . 13 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Early strength (t < 48 hours) development of cement mixed soils with time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Early strength development of concrete materials with time . 2.4 Influence of curing temperature on the strength development of cement mixed soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.1 Chitambira’s approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.2 Long-term effect of curing temperature on the strength development of concrete/mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.3 Effect of curing temperature on the setting behavior of concrete/mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 Early quality control of cement mixed soils . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.1 Flow value test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.2 Accelerated test of cement mixed soils . . . . . . . . 2.5.3 Slump test of concrete/mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.4 Accelerated test of concrete/mortar . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v 1 14 14 16 26 31 32 44 45 51 55 56 59 60 64 Methodology 67 3.1 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.1.1 Singapore Upper Marine Clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.1.2 Portland Blast Furnace Cement . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3.1.3 Seawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 3.2 Experimental methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 3.2.1 Preparation of cement mixed clay mixture . . . . . . 72 3.2.2 Preparation of test specimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 3.2.3 Curing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 3.2.4 Unconfined compression test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.2.5 Laboratory vane shear test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.2.6 Miniature T-bar penetrometer test . . . . . . . . . . 77 3.2.7 Isothermal calorimetry test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 3.2.8 Proposed accelerated test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 3.3 Experimental programme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 3.3.1 Experimental investigation on early strength behavior of cement mixed Singapore Marine Clay . . . . . 82 3.3.2 Experimental investigation on effect of temperature on strength behavior of cement mixed Singapore Marine Clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 3.3.3 Experimental validation of the proposed early quality control technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 3.4 Experimental Assessment of Flow Value Test . . . . . . . . . 85 3.4.1 Flow value test procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 3.4.2 Assessment programme of flow value test . . . . . . . 87 3.4.3 Relation between yield stress and flow value . . . . . 89 3.4.4 Correlation between flow value and later-age strengths 90 3.4.5 Strength behavior at t = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 3.4.6 Delayed Flow Value Test – An extended assessment of FVT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 3.4.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Early Strength Behavior of Cement Mixed Singapore Upper Marine Clay 101 4.1 Transition behavior in early strength development . . . . . . 102 vi 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Early strength development measured by T-bar . . . . . . Early strength development at different temperatures . . . 4.3.1 Repeatability of VST under elevated temperatures . Setting under different temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimating setting time under different temperatures . . . Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 113 118 119 128 131 Effect of Temperature on Strength Behavior of Cement Mixed Singapore Marine Clay 134 5.1 Long-term strength development under different temperatures135 5.2 Modelling strength developments under different temperatures140 5.2.1 Strength development with time . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 5.2.2 Modification to Chitambira’s model (2004) . . . . . . 143 5.2.3 Validation of the proposed model . . . . . . . . . . . 150 5.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Proposal for a Novel Quality Control Technique 6.1 Proposed accelerated test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 Experimental validation of the proposed accelerated test 6.2.1 Key variables on the accelerated strength qu (acc) 6.2.2 Correlations of qu (28day) – qu (acc) and qu (7day) qu (acc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 . . 164 . . 169 . . 171 – . . 172 . . 176 Conclusions and Recommendations 177 7.1 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 7.2 Recommendations for future study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 vii purpose to the author’s knowledge. 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Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering in press. 197 [...]... strength behaviors of cement mixed soils are reviewed in Section 2.2 Due to the fact that there have been only limited studies on the early strength of cement mixed soils, the early strength behavior of concrete/mortar is reviewed in Section 2.3 as well and comparisons are drawn with cement mixed soils Second, the effect of curing temperature on the strength development of cement mixed soils is reviewed... reactions in the cement treated clay There is a lack of understanding of how the strength development is influenced by the curing temperature The research objectives of this study are therefore as follows: 11 i To acquire an in-depth understanding on the early strength behavior of cement mixed Singapore marine clay at high water content ii To study the effect of curing temperature on the strength development. .. assessment of Flow Value Test (FVT), from which the irrelevance of FVT in this research is concluded In Chapter 4, the early strength behavior of cement mixed clay is discussed based on the experimental results from the investigation of the early strength development In the same chapter, the effect of temperature on the early strength behavior is also discussed The influence of temperature on long-term strength. .. between the QC sample and the actual quality of the cement mixed clay fill is dependent on the curing temperature in the field Unfortunately, there has not been any in-depth understanding of the curing temperature effect on the strength development of cement mixed clays A detailed review of the curing temperature effect on the strength development of cement mixed soils is presented in Chapter 2 9 (a) Temperature...List of Figures 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4 Extent of reclaimed land in Singapore (based on Ministry of National Development, 2013 and Schwartz, 2005) Land area of Singapore from 1960s to 2010s Operation process of using cement mixed dredged clay as fill in the reclamation project in Singapore Operations involved in the use of cement mixed dredged clay. .. research on the strength development at very early curing ages (within 2 days upon the completion of mixing) for cement mixed clays, especially for slurry dredged clay mixed with high water content and low cement dosage ii As has been discussed, the effectiveness of the current early QC measure is questionable and provides limited understandings on the mixture’s early strength behavior iii As Singapore is... various aspects of the strength development of the cement mixed soil are fundamentally similar to that of concrete/mortar as both the materials are cement based and their strength developments depend on the cement hydration Therefore, the limited studies on the cement mixed soils may be complemented by the established understandings of concrete/mortar on relevant topics Besides, the effect of the mix proportions... effect of curing temperature on the strength development of concrete/mortar is discussed and compared with that of cement mixed soils as understandings on this topic are better established for concrete/mortar than for cement mixed soils Last, a detailed review on the early QC of cement mixed soils and concrete/mortar is presented in Section 2.5 One shall note that in this chapter, the relevant topics of. .. cement dosage is excessive Removal of the defective material is technically impractical and economically unsound as it may involve huge area of treated land, which contains defective yet hardened materials Another important aspect of QC of the cement mixed dredged clay fill in Singapore is the effect of curing temperature on the strength development As a tropical country, the ambient temperature of Singapore. .. 10 1.4 Research objectives Cement mixed clays have been widely used for soil improvement in various kinds of geotechnical applications Using cement mixed dredged clay as fill, in particular as material for the containment bund, is a relatively new variation from conventional clay cement mixtures, as the base clay is usually high in initial water content (often ≥ 1.5 times of its liquid limit) and the . EARLY STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT OF CEMENT MIXED SINGAPORE MARINE CLAY LU YITAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2014 EARLY STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT OF CEMENT MIXED SINGAPORE MARINE CLAY LU YITAN (B.Eng early strength behav- ior of cement mixed Singapore Marine Clay . . . . . 82 3.3.2 Experimental investigation on effect of temperature on strength behavior of cement mixed Singapore Ma- rine Clay. 131 5 Effect of Temperature on Strength Behavior of Cement Mixed Singapore Marine Clay 134 5.1 Long-term strength development under different temperatures135 5.2 Modelling strength developments