MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI UNIVERSITY OF MINING AND GEOLOGY DANG THI HAI YEN “RESEARCH ON OVERALL MANAGEMENT AND TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS FOR SURFACE COAL MINE RECLAMATION IN HON GAI - CAM PHA REGION” SUMMARY OF DOCTORATE THESIS HA NOI – 2014 The research was completed at Department of Surface Mining, Faculty of Mining, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology Doctoral supervisors: 1. A/Prof. Dr. Bui Xuan Nam, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology 2. A/Prof. Dr. Ho Si Giao, Vietnam Mining Science and Technology Association Reviewers 1: Prof. Dr. Nhu Van Bach Vietnam Association of Mining Science and Technology Reviewers 2: Prof. Dr. Nguyen Cao Huan College of Natural Science, Hanoi National University Reviewers 3: Dr. Lai Hong Thanh Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment The thesis will be defended at the council of doctorate thesis examiners held at: Hanoi University of Mining and Geology, Duc Thang, Bac Tu Liem, Ha Noi Time:………date……….month………year 2014 More detail about thesis can be found at Ha Noi National Library, or Library of Hanoi University of Mining and Geology 1 INTRODUCTION 1. The necessity of the thesis: Open-pit coal mining’s activities in Hon Gai - Cam Pha region (HG-CP) have been distributed in low hilly terrain (100 ÷ 300 m) areas, within the scope of critical water catchments; in the vicinity of urban and populated areas, estuarine and coastal ecosystems of Ha Long and Cam Pha city, Quang Ninh province, which have been developing dynamically with GDP growth is greater than 10%. Currently, the whole Hon Gai region has basically finished open- pit coal mining (OPCM), dramatically transferring to underground mining. The long history of OPCM has been remaining the long-term and comprehensive environment consequences, even if they end-up the exploitation, the mining and landfill sites continue to be the potential sources of environmental pollution and environmental hazards, such as: the risk of soil erosion, landslides, rock-mud flood and sedimentation, ambient air pollution; soil and water environment continue to be polluted. While surface coal mine reclamation (SCMR) activities have not been being effectively, efficiently and sustainably maintained, will create significant impact to the people’s living, water quality, ecosystem of Ha Long bay – heritage, the new seven wonders of the world… and the development of other economic sectors from generation to generation. Otherwise, the management and implementation of SCMR have only been established 5 years ago. Thus, people were lack of experience and especially inadequate with the mines which finished exploitation before 2008. Therefore, the thesis "Research on the overall management and technical solutions for reclamation of open-pit coal mines in Hon Gai - Cam Pha region" is a practical and urgent scientific problem. 2. Objectives: 2 - Bonding harmonically the reclamation management of OPCM between each mine in the overall mines to gradually resolve the environmental pollution and create the obvious conversion towards multi- purposes to protect the environment and to facilitate the usage of land resource, serving for socio-economic development in each development period. - Implementing the technical management for SCMR of the areas which have contiguous mines and are adjacent to economic development areas, to converge environmental protection fund (EPF) resources, to invest for reclamation and transparency in evaluating the result of SCMR. 3. Subject and scope of the thesis: - Subject and the scope of the study: open-pit coal mines (OPCM) and reclamation activities in those mines in HG-CP region, in Quang Ninh Province. 4. Scientific and practical significances: contributing to the construction of the scientific basis for the formulation of management tools of the OPCM and orientating sub-area for land use resources after exploitation efficiently; contributing to improve the quality of SCMR and the efficiency of land use at OPCM after exploitation. 5. Methodology: analyzing and synthesizing, collecting materials, field surveys, mathematics, statistic and expert valuations. 6. Defended points of the thesis: 1) Reclamation for the OPCM in the HG-CP region plays an important role in protecting and promoting the World Natural Heritage site - Ha Long Bay and Bai Tu Long Bay, simultaneously being the motivation for developing socio-economic of the region. 2) The criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of SCMR will ensure the objectivity and transparency for each OPCM in the region. 3) The technical SCMR activities integrated in the mining process are the main factor to reduce environmental pollution and environmental 3 hazards and reclamation cost after the exploitation in OPCM in HG-CP region. 7. Innovations of the thesis: - Proposing the necessity to supplement the “Integrated environmental Impact Assessment” (IEIA) in the legal framework of environmental protection tools for the first time; and simultaneously building orientation, content, tasks and implementation methods of IEIA report aim to ensure sustainable development of key industrial areas. - Proposing the specific quantitative criteria in the evaluation the operation consequences of the reclamation for OPCM in HG-CP region for the first time . - Proposing reclamation management solution based on orientation of functional sub-area of land use after OPCM to use land resources in the study areas efficiently - Proposing reasonable reclamation alternatives for each type of OPCM - Proposing technical solutions which integrate SCMR activities into the mining process in OPCM in HG-CP region to ensure the SCMR technical criteria , saving time and reducing operation costs. 8. Structure and contents of the thesis: The thesis is organized into 4 chapters, excluding the introduction, conclusion, references and appendices. 9. Literature review: Documents in SCMR work of mineral exploitation of several open-pit mines in the world and in Vietnam; Coal mining industry development plan of Vietnam; Environmental Protection of Quang Ninh province and environment engineering document; mining industry. 10. Host university: Department of Surface Mining, Faculty of Mining, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology. 11. Acknowledgements: 4 During studying, researching and conducting the thesis, Instruction board, all the lecturers, scientists and colleagues in Department of Surface Mining, Faculty of Mining, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology always give the responsible and wholehearted supports to the fellow. The fellow also is highly supported by Local Authorities, especially Managers of Department Natural Resources and Environment to complete this thesis. The fellow also obtained valuable comments from many scientists of Mining Technology and Science Associates of Vietnam; Mine explosion associate of Vietnam, Natural Science University – Hanoi National University, and many other opinions of scientists, professors in environment area in Quang Ninh. On this occasion, the fellow would like to show full and deep appreciation to organizations, scientists, colleagues, friends and family help me during the time of studying and researching the thesis. 5 CHAPTER I OVERVIEW OF SURFACE COAL MINING RECLAMATION (SCMR) IN THE WORLD AND IN VIETNAM 1.1. SCMR activities in the world Basically, analyzing and evaluating the results of SCMR activities in developed countries (the Republic of France, Germany, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia) have achieved great results when reclamation and the rehabilitation of the mining areas into the tourism, entertaining, sports centers, on the basis of the following solutions: - Having the right policies and goals for the reclamation: reclamation is an essential part of the mining process; defining criteria to evaluate the success of the SCMR; ensure adequate financial accounts and use them in a reasonable manner; especially focus on researching the conditions and preparing for rehabilitation right before the start of exploitation and being continued after the end of the exploitation. - Well-handling the relationship of interest related to land and environment, between enterprises and communities, encourage and attract the community to implementing SCMR jointly from the different perspective of favorable characteristics; the community has the right to supervise and complaint about the shortcomings in the reclamation process . 1.2. SCMR in Vietnam From the above researches and analyzing current status of the reclamation in OPCM in Vietnam, the SCMR now include several significant inadequacies as follows: - Reclamation in mining in Vietnam is lack of technical standards, professional regulations, to perform; financial resources for the SCMR 6 is not enough and not reasonable; SCMR was only implemented passively in the final stages of mining without recognition and orientation from the investment project. - Reclamation is not oriented the land-use functions. Consequently, when the region's socio-economic develops, to change the topography, landscape and the purpose of using reclamation in a more positive way than the current state of its reclamation , it takes a large financial resource which was not adequate and continues taking a large financial resource demolish and rehabilitate the areas which were implemented reclamation already, causing waste of land and financial resources of the society [45]. - The SCMR operation following the exploitation is only cared by the large companies and implemented in certain extent. Many areas after mining are not restored and remain in barren state. In some place they only implemented perfunctorily, low quality, without usage value, therefore, the areas also become barren. The supervision, monitoring, editing, and maintaining the SCMR data’s quality is not implemented. - In general the awareness and responsibility in SCMR not high enough. The consciousness and the role of the communities in demanding, supervising and participating in SCMR are very limited. 7 CHAPTER II CURRENT SITUATION OF SCMR IN HON GAI - CAM PHA REGION 2.1. Coal mining activities overview: Based on data of land inventory in 2010 of the administrative territorial units belonging to the study area, the total area of coal mining accounted for almost 20% areas of land use. According to statistical data, the product of OPCM in HG-CP region in recent years accounted for about 55 ÷ 65% of the total output product of the whole coal factor. In coal mining areas, the environment in general, and land environment in particular have been degraded seriously. Land exploitation destroyed terrain and landscape, simultaneously causing erosion and landslide with very high risk [26]. Therefore, the amount of eroded soil in the area is quite big, up to 300 ÷ 500 tons / ha / year in average [37]. Recently, HG-CP region has happened many dangerous landslides and mudflows. During the rainy season of 2005, in Cao Son Coal Mine, nearly half a million cubic meter of waste rock from the dumping site landslide, caused serious loss. In rainy season in 2006, the water flow filled with mud and rock from dumping site of Khe Re coal mine generated large mud and rock flow which destroyed houses of the residential area living below. After the finish of exploitation, the environmental impact continues causing environmental pollution and degradation in different places; altering the topography and landscape, causing erosion, washout and soil erosion; affect to the economic development of tourism and urban development, consequently seriously affect people’s living. 8 2.2. Reclamation for OPCM in Hon Gai - Cam Pha region: In recent years, QNPPC and Vietnam National Coal - Mineral Industries Holding Corporation Limited (Vinacomin) have made great efforts in the state management function of the environment (including SCMR activities), solving urgent problems of the environment caused by mining waste dump site of OPCM. However, the management, sanctions and SCMR implementation still contain inadequacies, have not directed toward multi-purposes (environmental protection and use land for economy development) in the key zones. [...]... RESEARCH ON THE OVERALL MANAGEMENT AND TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS FOR RECLAMATION OF OPEN-PIT COAL MINES IN HON GAI - CAM PHA REGION 3.1 Administrative management solutions Organization mechanisms and policies solutions, science and technology solution, solutions for propagation and education, raising awareness of the community 3.2 Technical management solutions Currently, most of OPCMs come into operation... Reclamation plan for mining site; Reclamation plan for waste rock dump; flora recultivation plan; technical solution for individual surface coal mine: dumping on some typical landforms; technical solutions implemented in the finished stage of mining operation to minimize the risk of landslide and mudflow in open pit coal mining area; technical solutions for mining landform design in closure stage of. .. Cong Coal Factory and Cao Thang Coal Factory(stopped mining); opencast mining 917 – 917 Coal Factory; seam mining of Ha Lam Coal Mine 17 Figure 3.1: Map of functional sub-area of land use after reclamation for some opencast coal mines in Hon Gai Figure 3.2: Perspective map of reclamation results for some opencast coal mines in Hon Gai 18 CHAPTER IV RESEARCH ON RECLAMATION TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS FOR OPEN... reclamation area for reclamation management in some opencast coal mines in Hon Gai Based on analysis and selection of oriented forecast of Reclamation area for opencast coal mines in Hon Gai as below: a) Reclamation land for the area of developing forestry landscape in order to protect Cua Luc Bay environment; protect farmlands of downstream area of Nam Lo Phong rock dump and Khe Ca lake; protect environment... specific technical reclamation solutions on individual surface coal mine integrated in mining process Doctoral researcher has proposed dumping measures on some typical landforms (enclosed converged cavity shape dumping; opened converged cavity shape dumping; plain surface dumping or hillside dumping); technical solutions for reclamation of mining landform (design solutions for adjacent and nearby mining... studies a overall management - technician solution for rehabilitation task of open pit coal mines in Hon Gai - Cam Pha region, with the following contents: a The management solutions: - Proposed administrative management solutions; technical management solutions; solutions for enhancing efficiency of landuses after reclamation: built adjusted coefficient for reclamation deposit fund according to mining operation... retain moisture for plant growth) 4.3 Solutions for minimizing the risk of landslide disaster and risk of mudslides at open pit coal mines in Hon Gai - Cam Pha region 4.3.1 Technical solutions for pit slope stabilization during ending phase of exploitation in areas with high potential of landslides and high waste rock dump When mining operation finished, to maintain the pit slope stability and ensuring... sites in a overall linkage; solution for adjusting design and implementing at the mine site designed with inappropriate shape in the overall linkage of adjacent and adjacent quarries; exploiting solutions for nearby connecting quarries, design the overall landform in a whole region) ; technical solutions for bench surface reclamation (implementing during extraction process, and after mining operation finished);... environmental quality:assess integrated environment that can support socio-economic development; organize management and monitoring of regional environment Coal mining in Hon Gai - Cam Pha region has occurred for ages in the past, at present and maybe in the future Therefore, it is urgent to consider cumulative impacts of single, repeated and linked impacts in a long period of activities (coal mining, coal. .. assessment and integrated technical solutions in mining process, is expectedly an effective tool supporting reclamation activities for surface coal mines at the Hon Gai - Cam Pha region to achieve the same objective like advanced countries in the region – which is the vicinity, buffer zone, mining quarantined zone for protecting and promoting the value of the natural landscape of the country and the world