NGỮ PHÁP CƠ BẢN TIẾNG ANH LỚP 12 CÓ VÍ DU THÌ TƯƠNG LAI ĐƠN (SIMPLE FUTURE) Cách sd - Diễn đạt định đưa thời điểm nói việc làm tương lai - Diễn đạt dự đốn khơng có Nhận biết - I promise, I think, I don’t think, I guess, I’m afraid, I’m sure that, Perhaps, Maybe… Cấu trúc BE: (+) S + will/shall + be + adj/n (-) S + will/shall + not + be + adj/n (?) Will/Shall + S + be + adj/n (Wh) Từ hỏi + (?) Eg: Your E will be better after this course V: (+) S + will/shall + Vinf + O (-) S + will/shall + not + Vinf + O (?) Will/Shall + S + Vinf + O (Wh) Từ hỏi + (?) Eg: I will rain tomorrow * will not = won’t, shall not = shan’t * Shall dùng cho I/we, thường dùng văn trang trọng lời đề nghị: “Shall I help you?” * Nếu mệnh đề thời gian mệnh đề chia HTD: “When you grow up you will know.” THÌ TƯƠNG LAI GẦN (NEAR FUTURE) Cách sd - Diễn đạt dự định, kế hoạch tương lai - Diễn đạt dự đốn có cứ, chứng Nhận biết Nghĩa câu, chứng đưa Cấu trúc (+) S + is/are/am + going to + Vinf (-) S + is/are/am + not + going to + Vinf (?) Is/are/am + S + going to + Vinf? (Wh) Từ hỏi + (?) SỞ HỮU CÁCH N1’s n2 = n2 n1 (N1 người, vật, quốc gia, thời gian) Eg: the boy’s hat, the cat’s legs, Vietnam’s rice, today’s newspaper THÌ HIỆN TẠI HỒN THÀNH (PRESENT PERFECT) “I am a student in grade 12 I have been a student for 12 years I had studied at a secondary school before I came to high school.” Cách sd - Diễn tả hành động bắt đầu khứ tiếp tục đến - Diễn tả trải nghiệm, trải qua hay chưab - Diễn tả hành động xảy ra, để lại kết Nhận biết - since (+ thời điểm), for (+ khoảng thời gian), until now, up to now (cuối/ đầu câu), yet (cuối câu) - never (trong câu khẳng định, trước V), ever (trong câu khẳng định câu hỏi, trước V), already (trước V), it’s the first/second/third time - just (trước V), recently (cuối câu/ trước V) Cấu trúc (+) S + have/has + V(PII) + O (-) S + have/has + not + V(PII) +O (haven’t, hasn’t) (?) Have/has + S + V(PII) +O? (wh) Wh + (?) ? THÌ Q KHỨ HỒN THÀNH (PAST PERFECT) Cách sd - Diễn tả hành động xảy trước hành động khác khứ trước thời điểm khứ - Dùng câu gián tiếp, câu điều kiện loại (học sau) Nhận biết before, after, when, no sooner…than… (vừa mới… thì…) Cấu trúc (+) S + had + V(PII) + O (-) S + had + not + V(PII) +O (hadn’t) (?) Had + S + V(PII) +O? (wh) Wh + (?) ? MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ (RELATIVE CLAUSE) USAGE - đóng vai trị adj để cung cấp thêm thơng tin cho n (mệnh đề tính ngữ) - kết hợp câu thành 1, tránh sử dụng trùng lặp số từ STRUCTURE ĐTQH/TTQH + V + O ĐTQH ln đứng sau danh từ mà bổ nghĩa Chủ thể subject object possessive Person who whom whose Thing which which whose / of which Person/ thing that that Others when (time), where (place), why (reason) * who: thay cho chủ ngữ người E.g The guy is my boyfriend He is wearing flowery shorts The guy who is wearing flowery shorts is my boyfriend * whom: thay cho tân ngữ người E.g The man got married yesterday I love him very much The man whom I love very much got married yesterday * which: - Thay cho chủ ngữ tân ngữ vật (đồ vật, vật, vật) E.g I am keeping a cat It is very fat I am keeping a cat, which is very fat E.g I like the song They are playing that song I like the song which they are playing - Thay cho mệnh đề E.g My daughter isn’t home yet That worries me My daughter isn’t home yet, which worries me * whose: thay cho tính từ sở hữu người vật E.g This is Mary Her mother is our teacher This is Mary, whose mother is our teacher E.g The iphone has been repaired Its screen was broken The iphone whose screen was broken has been repaired * of which: thay cho cụm sở hữu vật E.g The iphone has been repaired Its screen was broken The iphone, the screen of which was broken, has been repaired * when: thay cho trạng ngữ thời gian, = at which, in which, on which, then E.g August 7th was the day I was born on that day August th was the day when I was born * where: thay cho trạng ngữ địa điểm, = at which, in which, to which, there E.g Hanoi is the place I was born there Hanoi is the place where I was born * why: trạng từ quan hệ lý do, đứng sau the reason E.g Tell me the reason You are angry for that reason Tell me the reason why you are angry * that: - thay cho chủ ngữ hỗn hợp (cả người vật) E.g I saw the girls and the ducks They were going to the market I saw the girls and the ducks that were going to the market - Thay cho who, whom, which, where, when, why MDQH xác định - Dùng sau số từ every, each, any, all, the only, little, few, many, much, no, so sánh E.g You’re everything that I’ve ever dreamt of Here is all money that I have He is the nicest person that I’ve ever met CLASSIFICATION Definite relative clause Indefinite relative clause (MDQH xác định) (MDQH không xác định) E.g The guy is my boyfriend He is wearing flowery shorts The guy who is wearing flowery shorts is my boyfriend E.g Hanoi, which is the capital of VN, is very big Dùng để xác định cho danh từ Dùng để bổ sung thêm ý nghĩa cho danh từ Bắt buộc phải có câu, thiếu câu khơng rõ nghĩa Khơng bắt buộc phải có câu, thiếu câu đủ nghĩa Khơng có dấu phẩy Có dấu phẩy ngăn cách MDQH với phần khác câu This is Mr James, who is my teacher Thường đứng sau a/an/the + dt Thường đứng sau tên riêng, tính từ sở hữu (my, your) + dt, đại từ định (this, that) + dt SOME NOTICES * Trong trường hợp động từ MDQH có giới từ (khơng phải phrasal verb), đặt giới từ trước MDQH (trước whom, which) E.g The picture is beautiful She’s looking at it The picture at which she’s looking is beautiful The picture is in my room She’s looking for it The picture which she’s looking for is in my room * both/all/neither/none/one/each/most/many/few/little… + of + whom/which: thay danh từ chung whom/which, đặt cụm sau danh từ mà bổ nghĩa cho E.g At my school there are many beautiful girls Most of them have had boyfriends At my school there are many beautiful girls, most of whom have had boyfriends I received $2000 last month I spent half of it on gambling I received $2000 last month, half of which I spent on gambling BT: 56,57,58,60,62 p.43 MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ RÚT GỌN (REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSE) MDQH xác định, S mệnh đề # S MDQH bỏ đại từ QH E.g The book that I bought last week was interesting The book I bought last week was interesting MDQH dạng chủ động: - bỏ ĐTQH - thì: V Ving / MDQH lùi so với MD chính: V having PII E.g The guy who is wearing flowery shorts is my boyfriend The guy wearing flowery shorts is my boy friend MDQH dạng bị động - bỏ ĐTQH - thì: bỏ to be / MDQH lùi so với MD chính: thay to be having been E.g The students who are taught by me are very clever The students taught by me are very clever MDQH có dạng first/second/last/only + n + MDQH: bỏ ĐTQH, V to V nguyên thể E.g He was the first man who stepped on the moon He was the first man to step on the moon 4 ĐTQH + to be + giới từ bỏ ĐTQH, bỏ to be E.g The book which is on the table is mine The book on the table is mine ĐTQH + to be + adj bỏ ĐTQH, bỏ to be, đảo adj lên trước n E.g I have a cat, which is very fat I have a very fat cat ĐTQH + to be + n bỏ ĐTQH, bỏ to be, thêm dấu phẩy ngăn cách trước sau n E.g A boy, who is a student, is coming A boy, a student, is coming CÂU CHỦ ĐỘNG, BỊ ĐỘNG (ACTIVE & PASSIVE) DEFINITION - chủ ngữ không thực hành động, mà đối tượng hành động - dùng để nhấn mạnh vào đối tượng hành động, không nhấn mạnh vào chủ thể hđ STRUCTURE S V(chia) O O + be(chia) + V(PII) by S By S bỏ S đại từ (me, you, him, her, them, us), people Thì Chủ động Bị động (+) (-) (?) (wh) HTD S + V(s,es) + O O + is/are/am + PII (+ by S) not sau be is/are/am + O + PII? wh + ? HTTD S + is/are/am Ving O is/are/am being PII +O by S not sau be is/are/am + O + … wh + ? TLD S will V O S will be PII by O not sau will will S be PII by O? wh + ? TLG S + is/are/am + going to V O S is/are/am going to be PII by O not sau be is/are/am S going to be PII by O? wh ? QKD S Ved O S was/were PII by O not sau be was/were S PII by O? wh ? QKTD S was/were Ving O S was/were being PII by O not sau be was/were S being PII by O? wh ? HTHT S have/has PII O S have/has been PII by O not sau have/has have/has S been PII by O? wh ? QKHT S had been PII by O not sau had had S been PII by O? wh ? S had PII O MỘT SỐ DẠNG ĐẶC BIỆT a) Câu có tân ngữ S V O(người) O(vật) = S V O(vật) to O(người) S(người) + be + PII + O(vật) = S(vật) + be + PII + to O(người) b) Câu có động từ tường thuật: say, declare, believe, know, think, expect, report, rumor Stt + Vtt (+that) + S1 V1 = It is Vtt(PII) that S1 V1 TH1: Vtt V1 (HTD-HTD, HTD-HTTD, QKD-QKD, QKD-QKTD) Vtt lùi so với V1 S1 + be(chia theo Vtt) + Vtt(PII) + to V1(nguyên thể) E.g They think/thought that he is/was the thief He is/was thought to be the thief E.g They say/said he is/was living abroad He is/was said to be living abroad E.g They expect that he will win the game He is expect to win the game TH2: V1 lùi so với Vtt S1 + be(chia theo Vtt) + Vtt(PII) + to have V1(PII) E.g They think that he stole the money He is thought to have stolen the money E.g They rumor that he was living abroad He is rumored to have been living abroad CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN (CONDITIONAL SENTENCES) CÁCH SỬ DỤNG Dùng để nói việc xảy có điều kiện xảy CẤU TRÚC CHUNG If + Clause 1, Clause = Clause if clause PHÂN LOẠI a) Type 1: Nói việc xảy tương lai If + clause 1(HTĐ), clause 2(TLĐ) If + S1 + V1(s,es), S2 + will/can/may + V2 * Thường dùng will E.g If you marry me, I will give you everything b) Type 2: Nói việc khơng thể khó xảy If + clause 1(QKĐ), clause 2(would V) If + S1 + V1(ed), S2 + would/could/might + V2(inf) * Nếu V1 be dùng were * Thường dùng would E.g If I were you, I wouldn’t that E.g If it didn’t rain today, we would go on a picnic c) Type 3: Nói việc khơng xảy khứ If + clause 1(QKHT), clause 2(would + HTHT) If + S1 + had + V1(P2), S2 + would/could/might + have + V2(P2) E.g If you had listened to my advice, you would have been rich d) Type Chỉ thật hiển nhiên thói quen If + clause 1(HTĐ), clause 2(HTĐ) If + S1 + V1(s,es), S2 + V2(s,es) E.g If you heat ice, it becomes water E.g If it is snowy, we don’t go to school e) Mixed: Nói giả thiết khứ kết If clause (QKHT), clause (would V) E.g If yesterday she hadn’t shouted at me, today I would take her to a movie E.g If he hadn’t cheated on me, I would not be crying now * Khi phủ định lưu ý số từ: very - too, some - any, someone – anyone MỘT SỐ CẤU TRÚC TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG • • • • Unless C1, C2 (trừ khi… khơng thì…) If not C1, C2 Providing that/ Provided that + C1, C2 If C1, C2 As long as + C1, C2 (Miễn là…) If C1, C2 If S1 were to V1, C2 (nói giả thiết khó có hội xảy ra) If S1 + V1(ed), C2 • C1 If so (nếu thế), C2 If C1 , C2 • Without + n, C2 (Nếu khơng nhờ… thì…) If + it + were not/ had not been + for + n, C2 • Thanks to + n, C2 (Nhờ có… nên…) If + it + were not/ had not been + for + n, not C2 ĐẢO NGỮ Sử dụng đảo ngữ với mệnh đề if để nhấn mạnh Trong câu đảo ngữ, vế giữ nguyên - Type 1: thay if should E.g If you agree, we’ll get married tomorrow Should… - Type có were: bỏ if, đảo were lên đầu E.g If I were a bird, I would be a pigeon Were I a bird, … - Type 3: bỏ if, đảo had lên đầu E.g If it hadn’t been for your help, I couldn’t have done that Had it not been for … *Nếu câu gốc có not not giữ ngun, khơng đưa lên đầu CÂU GIÁN TIẾP/CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT (INDIRECT SPEECH / REPORTED SPEECH) USAGE - Dùng kể lại lời nói người khác QUY TẮC CHUNG Lùi động từ HTD QKD, HTTD QKTD, HTHT QKHT QKD QKHT, QKTD QKHTTD, QKHT giữ nguyên Is/are/am going to V was/were going to V had been going to V Will would, may might, can could, must had to, should should Thay đổi đại từ E.g My boyfriend told me: “I love you.” My boyfriend told me that he loved me S: I he/she, we they, you tùy câu O: me him/her, us them, you tùy câu Tính từ sở hữu: my his/her, our their, your tùy câu Đại từ sở hữu: mine his/hers, ours theirs, yours tùy câu E.g “You have to tidy your room.” My mother told me that I had to tidy my room./ His/her mother told him/her that he/she had to tidy his/her room./ Their mother told them that they had to tidy their room./ Our mother told us that we had to tidy our room Thay đổi trạng từ thời gian, địa điểm a) Địa điểm here there, there there, this that, that that, these those, those those b) Thời gian now then, today that day, tonight that night tomorrow the following day/ the day after, next week the following week/ the week after yesterday the previous day/ the day before, last week the previous week/ the week before the day after tomorrow in two day’s time, two days after the day before yesterday two days before years ago years before II CÁC LOẠI CÂU Câu trần thuật: S + said/ said to sb/ told sb (+ that) + clause Y/N question: S + asked + if/whether + clause (+ or not) E.g My friend asked me: “Do you want some money?” My friend asked me if/whether I wanted some money wh question: S + asked + wh + clause (dạng khẳng định) E.g He asked her: “What’s your name?” He asked her what her name was Câu mệnh lệnh “V!”/ “Don’t V!”/ “Would you mind doing st?”/ “Can/could you st?” told/ asked/ requested/ ordered/ commanded sb (not) to st E.g “Close the door!”/ “Would you mind closing the door?”/ “Could you close the door?” She told/asked/requested/ordered me to close the door Một số dạng khác - Câu đề nghị: “Shall I + st?” offered (not) to st - Lời mời: “Would you like…?” invited st/ invited sb to st - Lời khuyên: “If I were you, I would (not) st.” / “You had better (not) st” advised sb (not) to st - Gợi ý: “What about doing st? / How about doing st? / Why don’t you/we st?” suggest doing st / suggest (that) sb (should) st - Nhắc nhở: “remember to st” reminded sb (not) to st - Cảnh báo: warned sb (not) to st - Đe dọa: threatened sb (not) to st - Dạng hỗn hợp: dùng and để nối vế SO SÁNH (COMPARISON) SO SÁNH TÍNH TỪ Cấu trúc Ví dụ Ngang (+) S1 + be + as + adj + as + S2 (O/ S + be) (-) S1 + be not + as/so + adj + as + S2 He is as big as an elephant You are not as pretty as me/I Hơn S1 + be + adjSS + than + S2 adjSS: - tt ngắn adj + er - tt dài more + adj - tt kết thúc nguyên âm phụ âm adj nhân đôi phụ âm cuối + er - tt âm tiết kết thúc y đổi y thành i + er - tt âm tiết kết thúc le, et, ow, er tt ngắn (simple, quiet, narrow, clever) - A horse is stronger than a person Hơn S1 + be + the + adjSS (+n) + … adjSS: - tt ngắn adj + est - tt dài most + adj - tt kết thúc nguyên âm phụ âm adj nhân đôi phụ âm cuối + est - tt âm tiết kết thúc y đổi y thành I + est - tt âm tiết kết thúc le, et, ow, er tt ngắn (simple, quiet, narrow, clever) - The Nile is the longest river in the world - I am the most beautiful (person) in this class - Summer is the hottest season of the year - Today is the happiest day in my life TT đặc biệt good – better – best bad – worse – worst far – farther/further – farthest/furthest Chuyển đổi câu - Chuyển S1 – S2 S1 + be + adj-er/more adj + than + S2 < > S2 + be not + as + adj + as + S1 < > S2 + be + adj ngược-er/more adj ngược + than + S1 - My house is bigger than your house Your house is not as big as my house Your house is smaller than my house - Chuyển – - This is the most delicious cake I’ve ever tasted I’ve never tasted any - Mr Bean is more stupid than Obama - My brother is bigger than me - Ba is friendlier than Nam nhất < > khơng gì/ khơng Chú ý S2 more delicious cake - I’ve never met any more dependable person than George George is the most dependable person I’ve ever met - Có thể bỏ than + S2 rõ ý - Có thể clause (cụm chủ vị) - This board is too small I need a bigger one - You are more intelligent than I think - Nếu có sở hữu: tt sở hữu + dt thay đại từ sở hữu dt1 + of + dt2 thay that/those of dt2 My pencil case is lovelier than yours The legs of the table are longer than those of the chair SO SÁNH PHĨ TỪ Cấu trúc Ví dụ Ngang S1 + V + as + adv + as + S2 (O/ S + ax) S2 = O S + trợ động từ I cook as well as my mother/my mother does Hơn S1 + V + advSS + than + S2 - pt ngắn adv +er - pt dài more + adv - I come earlier than her - You speak a lot more fluently than you did when we last met (5/ex2/p83) Hơn S1 + V + the + advSS + … - pt ngắn adv + est - pt dài most + adv - He runs the fastest - She drives the most carefully PT đặc biệt well – better – best badly – worse – worst - I play tennis better than Nadal - Nadal plays tennis the worst SO SÁNH DANH TỪ Cấu trúc Ví dụ Ngang S1 + V + as + many/much n + as + S2 S2 = O S + trợ động từ - She has as many brothers as me/I - I don’t have as much money as him/he does Hơn S1 + V + more + n + than + S2 - I have more money than her/she does Hơn S1 + V + the most (+n) + … - I have the most boyfriends Chuyển đổi câu - Chuyển S1 – S2 S1 + V + more + n + than + S2 < > S2 + trợ đt not + V+ as + much/many + n + as + S1 - She draws more pictures than him He doesn’t draw as many pictures as her - Chuyển – nhất < > khơng gì/ khơng - She draws the most pictures in the team No one in the team draws more pictures than her  ... today’s newspaper THÌ HIỆN TẠI HỒN THÀNH (PRESENT PERFECT) “I am a student in grade 12 I have been a student for 12 years I had studied at a secondary school before I came to high school.” Cách... boyfriend E.g Hanoi, which is the capital of VN, is very big Dùng để xác định cho danh từ Dùng để bổ sung thêm ý nghĩa cho danh từ Bắt buộc phải có câu, thiếu câu khơng rõ nghĩa Khơng bắt buộc phải có... both/all/neither/none/one/each/most/many/few/little… + of + whom/which: thay danh từ chung whom/which, đặt cụm sau danh từ mà bổ nghĩa cho E.g At my school there are many beautiful girls Most of