Tap chi Bdo tang & Nhdn hoc, so 2-2014 NGHI€N Cl/U TRI THI/C SINH THAI f>\(\G TRONG CAC XA HQI NGHE CA VIET NAM VA UING DUNG VAO THlTC TiIn KENNETH RUDDLE* Tii khoa: Thich ilng v6i bien doi, quan ly cac ngii trifdng, kiem tra gia thiet, cong nghiep niidc mim, cac du an nghien ciiu cong dong-bao tang Gidi thieu Tri thiic sinh thai dia phUdng c6 vai tro tiem nang chinh dong gop vao viec phac thao ra cac tieu chuan nham dieu chinh va thich nghi vdi bien doi khi hau 6 cac ngu trifdng dia phUdng va cac cong dong lien d6i. Dieu nay thUc sU dac biet vi cac dieu kien sinh thai con ngifdi cl cac cong dong ngif dan Viet Nam khong difdc nhUng ngiidi ngo&i cong dong hieu ro. Co iighia la trong phan 16n cac tnJdng hop, ngiidi ta it biet den s\i anh hUCIng c6 the xay ra va each doi pho vdi bien doi khi hau cf cap do cong dong. Ngiidc lai, hang ng^y dUdng dau v6i viec kiem song, nhiing ngUdi danh hit ca va gia dinh ho vdi cac the he khac nhau trcl thanh nhflng kho chiJta dUng thong tin va tri thiic thUc tien ve danh bat ca va cac moi trUdng na6c b dia phUdng. Cac quan sat cua ho bao gom sii bien doi ciia cac loai muc tieu va moi trUdng song cua chung. Cac loai * Fuji Infomatics, Ashiya, Nhdt Ban nay ciing v6i moi triidng song cua loai c6 the la nhving vat chi thi ciia khi hau hien nay, hoac cac dang khac ciia stt thay doi. De lap ke hoach c6 hieu qua cho vi^c CL^ L lay (III nio 0 cip Ji cong dong, trii6c tien can phai tim hieu cac yeu cau ve viec dung nguon tai nguyen hien nay. Tuy nhien, d Viet Nam, viec s\i dung nguon tai nguyen mot each chi tiet 6 cap do dia phiidng vAn chifa dUdc biet den nhieu. Hdn the niJa, so v6i cac cong dong nong nghiep, cac cong dong ngii dan v&n chvta difdc nghien ciiu nhieu (Nguyen Duy Thieu 2002, 2007). Su thieu hut ve kien thvtc do phai diidc lap day ngay vi cac cong dong ngiJ dan c6 the se phai doi mat v6i vS'n dc khi hau hoac cac dang thay doi khac. De lam diioc di6"u do, trong cac each nghien ciiu tiep cSn thUdng diing trong khoa hoc nghe ca, nen bo sung them tri thiic sinh thai ban dia ci cap do cong dong (vi du Tran 2009). Khi dUdc svL dung hdp ly, tri thiic sinh thai dia phUdng c6 the hiiu ich doi v6i cac muc dich thUc tien va dUa ra each tiep can it ton kem. Cach tiep can nay c6 the cung cap thong tin nhanh va tao dieu kien cho cac cong dong lap ke hoach vi ldi ich nen tang cua ho (Davis va Ruddle 19 Kenneth Ruddle 2010). Sinh thai hoc la mot "nganh khoa hoc khong chinh xac", c6 nghia la ca 'khoa hoc sinh thai' va tri thiic sinh thai dia phiidng deu c6 nhiJng nhiidc diem. Tuy nhien, nhiing han che ciia 'khoa hoc sinh thai' lai la cd hoi de tri thiic sinh thai dia phufdng dong gop mot each c6 y nghia, nhanh va it ton kem de hieu cac he sinh thai va sii phiic tap ciia cac he sinh thai nay (Davis va Ruddle 2010; Ruddle va Davis 2010). Tinh hiiu ich ciia tri thiic sinh thai dia phUdng ciing da diidc minh chiing trong hoat dong ngU nghiep va cac san pham iii bien ciia Viet Nam (Nguydn Duy Thieu 2002, 2007; Ruddle 1986, 2005, 2007; Ruddle va Davis 2010). Mat khac, nhiing dong chay van hoc tren khSp the gi6i ve tri thiic sinh thai ban dia trong hoat dong nghe ca da khien ngUcii ta hoai nghi ve gia tri va nang suat ciia hoat dong nay, dac biet la giCta cac nha khoa hoc nghien ciiu ve bien va ngii nghiep dUdc dao tao cl phiidng Tay. 6 mot khu viJc rong 16n thi chu nghia hoai nghi nay diidc minh chiing bdi each tiep can khong CO can cii ciia mot so" ngUdi ling ho tri thiic sinh thai dia phvfdng gia mao la cac hoc gia (Davis va Ruddle 2010; Ruddle va Davis 2013). Viec thu thap dii lieu diidc thiet ke ngheo nan va thUc hien khong tot se khong truyen diidc sii tii tin va hieu biet tien bo cho cong dong ngU dan. Thong tin ngheo nan thUdng do lUa chon sai nguon tai lieu tii nhiing ngiicJi thu thap thong tin ve tri thiic sinh thai dia phUdng (Davis va Wagner 2003). Noi each khac, sU thanh cong ciia viec thu thap dut lieu, thiet ke va thUc hien nghien ciiu phu thuoc nhieu vao viec tim va sii dung dung ngUdi cap tin. Hdn the niia, dii lieu tot va nghien ciiu dUdc thiet ke dUa tren dii lieu do c6 the phai chap nhan bi khao sat ky liidng va phai dap lai sii phe binh mot each day thuyet phuc. Noi each khac, ket qua ciia cac giai doan thiic dia trong mot nghien ciiu phai du manh de cho'ng lai sii phe phan gay gat tii cong chung noi chung, ciing nhii tii nhiing bo phan dac biet nhii nhiing ngiidi iing ho tai chinh, cac quyen ldi dUdc dam bao bat di bat dich, hoac nhiing ngiidi vi chiia dat diidc ket qua nghien ciiu ma bo qua mot nghien ciiu tiem nang. Trong bai viet nay, triidc tien toi khao sat each ma toi gin ket vcli tri thiic sinh thai dia phiidng trong nghien ciiu ciia minh ve nghe ca va cac xa hoi nghi ca d Viet Nam tii nhiing nam 80 va 90 ciia the ky XX. Sau do, toi sii dung mot so'y kien chung CO dUdc tii nhiing kinh nghiem thUc ti§n do de thao luan bo'n each tiep can dii an nghien ciiu tiem nang ci cac xa hoi nghe ca Viet Nam. Do la viec sii dung tri thiic sinh thai dia phiidng trong quan ly nghe ca thong qua van chai; phac hoa sU thich ling ciia dia phUdng v6i bien doi khi hau; hieu dUdc nhiing thay doi c6 the xay ra trong nganh cong nghiep nifclc mim; va cuo'i ciing la cac nghien ciiu ve thong tin ket hdp cung cac bao tang, diia 20 Tap chi Bdo tdng & Nhdn hoc, so 2-2014 vao nhiing ngiidi danh bat ca va tri thiic sinh thai dia phiidng ciia cac xa hoi nghe ca. Nghien ciiu trvCdc day ve tri thijfc sinh thai dia phiiofng cua nhufng ngifcri danh bat ca of Viet Nam: Khai niem va phiidng phap Trong cac nghien ciiu thUc dia cua Ruddle ci Viet Nam trong nhiing nam 80 va 90 ctia the ky XX, tri thiic sinh thai dia phiidng ciia nhiing ngiidi danh hit ca CO vai tro quan trong de xac nhan nhving khia canh chinh trong gia thuyet ciia ong ve thdi gian gio mCia va sii sin c6 ciia cac loai ca dung de len men (dac biet de san xuat nxidc mam). Vai tro cua tri thiic sinh thai dia phiidng trong viec lam noi bat "nhiing viec khong binh thiidng" hoac nhiJng phan can xem xet lai hay can nhac l^i cua gia thuyet ciing ciln dii(?c chii y. (Ruddle 1986; Ruddle va Lshige 2005; Ruddle wh Duvis 2010) Chiing h^n, tri thiic sinh tliai dja phUdng ciiu nhiing ngU6i danh hit ri bi^n khing dinh nhijtng vftn do CO ban ciia gin thuyet ve thcii vy ciia cac hoat dfing danh but tai cdc khu vite gnn brJ trong chu k^ gi6 mCia. Doi \6i ca com, nhom quan trong nhSit ciia cac loai ca len men, ho ciing da xac nhan ket qua ve pham vi va nghien ciiu ban dau giong nhii cong trinh da diidc Tham cong bo (1974). Mot so dac tinh khong the giai thich dddc thong qua cac binh mau ve thdi diem c6 gio miia. Cac dac tinh nay ciing diidc bao cao thong qua tri thiic sinh thai dia phUdng, chiing to ring cac dieu kien ciia dia phildng c6 the dong vai tro quan trong. Thong tin nay nhan manh vai tro quan trong ciia tri thiic sinh thai ban dia de xac dinh gia thiet chung ve cac bo'i canh dia phiidng va chi ra nhiing ndi ma nghien ciiu khoa hoc diia tren sii lay mau ciia tiing khu viic rieng biet can phai lam nhii vay. Trong mot nghien ciiu ve ntfcic mdm len men va cac san pham ca len men khac ci Uong A (lshige va Ruddle iy»/, i&90). Ruddle (1986) da khao sat cac nguyen nhan tii nhien va sinh vat hoc ve tinh san CO cua cac loai sinh vat bien va ciia cac dia diem danh bat. Co the ket luan r&ng sii san CO cua ca phu thuoc vao chu ky gio mua va cac loai gio lien tuc tu! ben ngoai thdi den se quyet dinh viQC san xuat ca Ix'ii vi chiing tao ra viing niidc troi (hoac nitdc chuyen dong thAng diing). Cac viing n\Xdc nay khOi phuc khj\g sinli Kan da bj Huy you r) cac loM thu9C cac \dp phin tren ciia bien. (3 Dong Nam A, quii trinh nfty (liidc gay ru chii yeu bcii giA mila thO'i iii dA't lien ra bien. Do do, vi tri cua viing nu6c troi ven bien ciing nhu cac hoat dong danh bat ca da thay doi theo mCia va hudng gio thiidng thdi trong khu vUc. Tuy nhien, ci Viet Nam, cac miu binh chung cua vung niidc troi ven bien do gio gay ra da bi bop m6o bcii cac dong chay, chat dinh diidng va nU6c ngot tCi song chay ra, tii miia, do sii diit quang ciia cac loai gio va dong chay gan cac bd bien c6 dao nam rai rac. 6 nhieu ndi, 21 Kenneth Ruddle vung nUdc troi do gio miia gay ra c6 the dUdc tang cUdng, che giau hoac hoan toan bi phii nhan bdi cac nhan to' dia phiidng nhii vay. Khi hau va thdi tiet ciing la nhan to chinh bop meo nhiing dii doan cua gia thuyet. Dieu dac biet quan trong ci mien Nam Viet Nam la mot liidng nifdc ngot Idn cua he thong song Me Cong do ra bien trong suot mua mUa. Do c6 the la yeu to' tac dong chinh den cac hoat dong ciia ca nham giam bdt do man va tang do due cua nu6c ven bd. Sii chuyen dich ciia nhiing cdn bao 16n ciing c6 anh hiidng den do man, do due theo miia va theo khu viic. Nhiing hien tiidng tii nhien nay diidc chi ra qua each ling xii cua nhiing ngiidi danh bit ca. Ruddle (1986) diia ra gia thuyet rang qua trinh sinh vat hoc cd ban diidc nghe ca khai thac de cung cap cho cong nghiep len men chinh la sU nuoi 16n va di cii c6 chon loc ciia ca cdm chiia triiong thanh. Trong chien liidc sinh s6i nay ncl cua chiing, nhiing loai ca nay di cU tu: cac vung ven bd v6i ty le an thit v6 cung cao den cac vung bien xa bd dc de triing. Day \k nhiing ndi ma siic ep it khac nghiet hdn, ci do triing va au triing se dUdc day ve phia bd. Gio, dong chay va sii hoi chuyen dam bao cho triing, au triing va cac dang sau au triing troi dUdc ve phia bd. Do do, pham vi boat dong s6m cua au triing dien ra ci cac khu viic day bien gan bd - nhiing ndi c6 nhieu thiic an la cac sinh vat phii du. Vi vay, thdi gian de triing CO the vao thdi diem sau khi gio mua thdi tii bien ve dat lien. Vi vay, dac trUng boat dong theo miia va moi trUdng cung cap cho nganh cong nghiep len men la sii tap hdp thiic an cua au triing con d khu viic bien nong gan bd va nvidc Id c^a song. Chang ban, ngiidi ta cho rSng thdi gian de triing d cac bd bien phia dong se dien ra vao thdi gian cudi ciia gio mua dong hkc; do do au triing con c6 the an thiic an ci vung nUdc troi ven bd do gio miia tay nam gay ra. Phvto'ng phap luan trong nghien cijfu nhufng nam 80 va 90 cua the ky XX De hieu dUdc sii san c6 ciia loai theo mua, cac dii lieu da thu thap diidc giai thich trong thdi gian 1985-1986 v6i nhiing ghi chep khi tiidng hoc, cac so lieu hai dvidng hoc sd cS'p cGng nhu; cac thong tin thii cap ve boat dong ciia ca. Viec nay l^m sang to cac nhan to tii nhien gay ra viing nUcic troi cue bo dan t6i gia thuyet ve nhiing qua trinh sinh vat hoc lap lai ciia cac loai lien quan. (Ruddle 1986) Mot nghien ciiu kinh te-xa hoi ciia cac tinh Ba Rja - Vung Tau, Binh Thuan, Khanh Hoa, Quang Nam Da Nang va Quang Binh da dUdc thiic hien trong vong 6 thang cua 2 nam 1995, 1996. Ho sii dung cac bang hoi c6 bd sung nhiing ban liet ke cac muc can kiem tra cho cac cuoc phong van ban cau triic v6i cac ben lien quan. Vdi 403 cuoc phong van thUc hien theo each nay (Ruddle 1996), nhiing ngiidi sii dung lvi6i nang va lii6i keo diidc 22 Tap chi Bdo tdng & Nhdn hoc, so 2-2014 xem nhil nhiJng ngiidi am tiidng chu yeu ve hoat dong cua cac loai. Day la cac cong cu chinh ciia 28% tong so' tau thuyen cung cap nguyen lieu cho nganh cong nghiep len men. Ben canh nhiing cau hoi cho thuyen tracing va thuyen vien ve tinh miia vu, khi hau, thdi ky gio miia, vi tri danh hit va cac thong sd tii nhien ve khu viic danh bat, cac thanh vien ciia tieu nhom dac biet nay dUdc hoi nhiing cau hoi dac biet lien quan den kich c9 ca, miia danh bat, cac vat chi thi (nhii hoat dong cua chim bien) ve sii c6 mat cua ca trich nho va cac loai diing de len men. Dii lieu ve thdi vu thu diidc tii nhiing cuoc phong van nay difdc lap thanh bang theo thang va xep loai theo mCia "to't" va "thuan ldi" xet ve dung cu danh hit, loai, dia diem danh bat va toe do danh bat cac loai diing cho viec len men, Sii dung tri thiic siiili thiii diu phU<jrng de thich vfng vert bien doii khi hau Hau het nghien cijtu vii xuat ban pham mang tinh khoa hoc wi bien ddi khi htiu deu tap trung vao cac h% sinh thai v^ vi tri tren c^n ci "ban cau Bac", trong khi cac he sinh thai va qua trinh song d nUdc ciia "ban cau Nam" lai khong dUdc chii y nhieu. Do do, hieu biet khoa hoc ve tac dong ciia khi hau va sii bien ddi khac ciia ngU trUdng nhiet ddi va cac xa hoi nghe ca con kha ngheo nan. Hdn the niia, sii am hieu ve cac tac dong dac biet ma bien ddi khi hau ket hdp vdi sii thay ddi cua cac mo hinh til nhien khac gay ra trong khu vUc nghe ca bi han che va kho dii doan (Maina va cac tac gia 2013). Dieu nay do cac mo hinh hdp nhat ket ndi cac qua trinh tii nhien va sinh thai v6i cac dac diem kinh te cua cac xa hoi nghe ca can diidc cai thien, dac biet d cac cap do dia phUdng ndi nhiing ngiidi danh bat ca phai chiu diing sii anh hudng ciia bien ddi khi hau va cac tac dong kem theo. Hdn the niia, phan 16n tac dong ciia sii bien ddi den nhiing ngiidi lien quan triic tiep nhii nhiing ngiidi danh bat ca va d nhiing ngiidi lam cac cong viec lien quan cl ca cac ngii triidng nho va cac ngxX triidng nhiet ddi ven bd van can phai diidc khao sat (xem Ruddle 2013 va cac tai lieu tham khao trong do). Vi vay, van de cap bach la can sii dung tri thiic sinh thai dia phiidng lap day nhiing khoang trong vc thong tin do nham tao ra cac nen tang chinh xac de di4u chinh cAc quyet dinh chinh ydch cOip qudc giu cho phu hpp v6i ho^n canh dia phiicmg. Cyac chfnh sach qudc gia nay ncu khong diia v^o cac trudng hdp dia phiidng se kh6 c6 dUdc sii chinh xac. Bien ddi khi hku c6 the c6 tac dong khac den cac loai ca, dan den nhiing thay ddi ve vi tri dia ly va sii phong phii ve loai. Dieu nay doi hoi sii thay ddi ve cd ca'u loai, cac chien lUdc thu hoach, ky thuat che bien, sU phan pho'i va tiep thi, dan den thay ddi ket ca'u chi phi do thay ddi ve thdi gian di chuyen den vi tri danh bat va nhu cau ve nhien lieu. Hdn niia, c6 nhiing thay ddi d cac hoat dong ngiidc 23 Kenneth Ruddle dong va xuoi dong cua he thong nghe ca, cung nhu trong cac hoat dong xa hoi Hen quan. Chang han, nhiing yeu cau ve tai chinh doi hoi sU thay ddi ve nguon cung cap chinh thiic va khong chinh thtfc (Ruddle 2011). Ngii dan can nguon tai chinh de c6 cong cu mdi va cac trang thiet bi khac nhSm ddi pho v6i nhiing thay ddi ve ket cau loai va boat dong ciia cac loai ca. Cac dieu kien tiep thi va sii che bien ca ciing se thay doi. Nhu cau lao dong va dieu kien viec lam ciing khac triidc, mot so' cong viec bi mat di va mot so' cong viec mdi xuat hien. Chinh sach can phai diidc dinh hinh lai do he qua cua nhiing thay ddi, ma nhiing thay ddi nay ch^c chin se xay ra lien tuc trong cac he tho'ng nghe ca va ci cac nhan to'lien quan. Phan Idn cac tac dong cua bien ddi khi hau se viia cu the, vvfa thay ddi cue bo do sU ket hdp lai ciia cac ngii triidng trong dieu kien khi hau Viet Nam va cac dang thay doi khac c6 tac dong tieu ciic len cac nga triicing da bi khai thac qua miic va bi 6 nhifim. Dieu n^y se c6 tac dong triic tiep va gian tiep ve mat kinh te len an ninh lUdng thUc thong qua cac he sinh thai c6 mat xich v6i nhau. Tuy nhien, diia vao tinh de bi tdn thUdng cao v6i bien ddi khi hau, chic ban chi c6 nhiing van de dot xuat hoac lien quan den tham hoa bien ddi khi hau mdi dUdc chii y. Cac qua trinh bi tac dong cham hdn nhU niidc bien dang va sii bien ddi dan ve san xuat nong nghiep va ngii nghiep c6 the se bi Id di. (FAO 2010) Tinh hinh dang phiic tap hdn vi ci Viet Nam ngUdi ta it chii y den bien doi khi hau va sii thich iing vdi bien ddi khi hau ci cap do dia phUdng. (Nguyen Van PhUdng va Vii Thu Hanh, khong ro ngay thang) Ngiidi ta de xuat ring can phai nang cao hdn niia nhan thiic thong qua viec tap trung vao cong dong de thiic hien cac nghien ciiu trUdng hdp nham xem xet lai hien trang va dUa ra nhiing giai phap dia phUdng, ciing nhU tang cUdng vai tro cua xa hoi dan sii trong cac boat dong thich ling v6i bien ddi khi hau. (VNWP 2010) Hdn niia la ci Viet Nam hieu qua ciia bat ky sU doi pho nao v6i bien ddi khi hau ciing deu hi gi6i han bcii nhieu nhan to' bao gom thieu nhan vien, thie'u cac nguon lUc tai chinh, vat cha't va viec thi hanh khong nhat quan. Them vao do, can phai cai thien cha't ludng va so lUdng ciia cac can bo, nhan vien chiu trach nhifim bao ve moi trUdng t\i cap trung Udng t6i dia phUdng v^ 6 moi viing mien. (Nguygn Van PhUdng vk Vu Thu Hanh, khong ro ngay thang) Sd^ lUdng va nang lUc cua cac can bo, nhan vien ciia cac cd quan nha nUdc lien quan den viec bao ve moi trUdng con kem; them vao do, sU tinh thong va nhan thiic ve bien ddi khi hau giiia cac bo, cac tinh va cac cap chinh quyen lai khong gio'ng nhau. Sii dung tri thiJfc sinh thai dia phtfofng ' trong viec quan ly Nhu mot he qua cua bien ddi khi hau va cac thay ddi khac, vi tri, thdi gian va 24 Tap chi Bdo tdng & Nhdn hoc, so 2-2014 ky thuat cua hoat dong danh bat hang ngay va danh bat lau dai ciing se thay ddi. Dieu nay phan anh nhiing bien ddi trong cau true va boat dong ciia cac loai ca. Ket qua la, cac the che quan ly dia phUdng va cac quyen ve nguon tai nguyen lien ddi ciing se hoac thay ddi hoac hi de doa do sil thay ddi each cii xii mang tinh xa hoi. Cach iing cd hoi chu nghia cua ca nhiing ngii dan dia phiidng va ngii dan ben ngoai dan den xung dot do nguon tiem nang viidt qua cd hoi sii dung. Uieu nay doi hoi phai cd nhiing thay doi trong viec quan ly chinh thiic nghe ca. Tom lai, cac chinh sach va quy dinh ciia ca chinh quyen trung lidng va dia phiidng se trd nen lac hau va khong phii hdp vdi cac thong so' da thay ddi ve sinh vat hoc va sinh thai hoc ciia nghe ca. Tiidng tii, quan ly dia phiidng va hoat dong danh hit giiia cac ca nhan cun^ se tha^ ddi de phii hdp v(ii nhrim (ti(^u kiOn mdi ciia dia phuong. Qua nhiing dieu kien nay c6 the thAy tinh linh boat ve the che vii quan ly la nhQng hdp phan cd ban ciia viec quan ly tot de phu h<?p vdi sii bien dong ciia bien ddi khi hau. NhCing ngiidi ra quyet dinh can CO sii quan ly linh boat va phan iing nhanh vi khong phai liic nao ho cung cd the diia tren kinh nghiem ve phong tuc tap quan de lam viec. Dac biet, can can cii vao vai trd ngay cang quan trong ciia nhiing tri thiic sinh thai dia phiidng cd gia tri de tang kha nang thich iing cua xa hoi nong thdn va cac khu viic kinh te trddc nhiing bien ddi khong the dii bao trUdc va sii c6' riii ro ngay cang gia tang. Nd ciing bao gom ca cac dac diem cd ban va quan trong khac ve quan ly, dac biet de dam bao khong cd nhdm nao hi tach ra khdi nhip dieu phat trien cua xa hoi, dam bao quyen ldi bat di bat dich ciing nhii tinh minh bach ve sii dung tai nguyen trong mot dia phiidng. Hdn the niia, ciing cin cd sii quan ly cheo cac khu viic vi bien ddi khi hau se che ngii va ket ndi viec sii dung tai nguyen thong qua cac he sinh thai ed mlt xich voi nhau. Dac biet, nhiing xung dot vdi cac khu viic khac vi cac chien lutdc bao ve bd bien, cac he thd'ng kiem soat nxidc, dap ngan niidc va hd chiia niidc de thich iing vdi bien ddi khi hau d cac khu viic khac nhau ciia nen kinh te cd the cd tac dong cd hai len nghe ca ciing can diidc phan tich ro. NhCdig dieu nay tdn tai d nhieu quoc gia da cd cac he thong quan ly cac nguon tai n^yen bidn ven bo eta (,tU(?c ki^m nghiem theo thdi giun. Cue he thong ndy diia ra nhiing each tiep cSn khac da dii(^c thii thach va cac kc hoach chi tiet du thiet ke cue h9 thd'ng mdi phuc vu cho viec quan ly vi cac he thong dd da thich itng vdi nhiing dac diem ciia cac ngU trUdng nhiet ddi gan bd va cac moi trUdng van hoa. (Ruddle va Hickey 2008; Ruddle va Satria 2010) Van chai cua Viet Nam la mot vi du tuyet vdi cho dieu nay; dd \k mot he thd'ng da tdn tai hdn 300 nam ciia quan ly nghe ca cong dong. (Nguydn Duy Thieu va Ruddle 2010; Ruddle 1998; Ruddle 2009; Ruddle va Tudng Phi Lai 2009) 25 Kenneth Ruddle Su" dung tri thiic sinh thai dia phiidng de danh gia nhiing tac dong tiem an cua bien doi khi hau doi vdi cong nghiep niidc mam va van hoa an uong cua ngiidi Viet Nam Nude mam la loai gia vi quan trong nbat trong van hda an udng ciia ngUdi Viet Nam. (Isbige va Ruddle 1987, 1990; Ruddle 2007; Ruddle va lshige 2005) Mac dCi rat nhieu loai d bien va nUdc ngot cd the sii dung de lam nUdc mSm, nhUng loai nUdc cham ngon nhat dUdc lam tii cac loai ca cdm. (Ruddle 2007; Ruddle va lshige 2005) Ca cdm trong vdng ddi cua minh chii yeu song d vung nUdc gan bd, (Ruddle 1986; Tham 1974) la nhUng ndi de bi tac dong bdi bien ddi khi hau va mdi trUdng. Do dd, bien ddi khi hau tac dong den Viet Nam cd the tac dong Idn den cong nghiep nUdc mam, nhat la anh hudng chinh den van hda an udng ciia ngudi Viet Nam. Muc tieu quan trong hdn cua dii an nghien ciiu so la lam sang to cac va'n de cd the xay ra lien quan den sU Ua thich va chap nhan loai nude chain nao ciia ngUdi tieu dung. Vi bien ddi khi hau, cd the phai diing nhieu loai ca hdn de lam nUdc cham ciing nhu sii dung thay the cac loai gia vi khac nhau trong van hda am thiic Viet Nam. Chiing ta can thiic hien dieu nay hkng each khao sat nhiing ngUdi danh ca, nhiing ngUdi lam nUdc mlm, cac chuyen gia nau an, nhiing ngUdi tieu diing d thanh thi va nong thdn ve sU tac dong ciia nhiing thay ddi va thai dd cua ho dd'i vdi viec thay the cac loai ca lam nUdc mam, ve sU thay the loai va san pham. Cd hai nhdm chinh trong cac muc tieu cua mot du an nghien ciiu nhU vay. TrUdc tien la tac dong xa hoi len nhUng ngU dan do ho cd nhu cau chuyen ddi cac khu viic danh bat; nhiing anh hudng ve kinh te va xa bdi dd'i vdi ngU dan, gia dinh ho va nganh cong nghiep danh ca. Thii hai la sU thay ddi quan ly phu hdp vdi nhiing ngUdi danh bat ca, ngUdi san xuat va tieu thu nUdc mam. Can cd cac nghien ciiu ve viec tieu thu nhlm danh gia phan iing ciia ho dd'i vdi nhu cau thay ddi cac loai gia vi (nhU chuyen sang diing xi dau) hoac sii dung nUdc mam nhan tao gio'ng nhU d Thai Lan. (Ruddle va lshige 2005) Mac du bat cii loai ca nao ciing cd the dUdc len men de lam nUdc mam va pate theo sd thich do cac dac diem hda hoc vdh cd ciia tiing loai ciing nhU cac qua trinh sinh vat hoc ciia nhiing loai cd thd khai thac khong thay ddi ve hinh thiic vdi sd lUdng Idn, nhUng d Viet Nam chi cd mot sd loai d bien dU(?c sii dung. (Ruddle 1986; Ruddle va lshige 2005) Ngoai trii ca trich Idn (thuoc chi ca bac ma), ca trich md (ca mdi khong rang va ca mdi diu) va ca song Idn (thuoc chi ca nuc), cac loai ca dUdc diing la ca trich cdm (ca mdi va ca trich). Nhiing loai ca nay thUdng bdi d gan cac vung mat nUdc ven bd va di vao cac viing ciia song nUdc Id, va ddi khi la vao viing nUdc ngot. Chlng han, ca trong con va trUdng thanh (ho ca cdm) la nhiing loai ca nhd sd'ng d bien dUdc tim thay d cac viing 26 Tap chi Bdo tdng & Nhdn hoc, so 2-2014 niidc nong rong 16n gan bd va cvLa song. (Ruddle 1986) Phan 16n ca cdm hi danh bat trong vong vai km tinh tii bd bien vi chiing thiidng tap trung ci nhiing khu viic niidc nong. Vi the, cac loai ca nay rat de bi ton thiidng do ap liic ve nhiet gay ra bcii sii am len toan cau. De tien hanh mot nghien ciiu nhU vay, can phai dieu tra thiic dia ci cac cang ca chinh, do la nhiing trung tam san xuat nU6c mam quan trong nhU Phan Thiet, Nha Trang va Phii Quoc. Nhiing ngUdi danh ca la nhiing vi du tieu hieu. Ho chuyen ve danh hit cac loai thiidng diidc diing de len men hien nay nhU ca trich (ca moi), ca cdm, ca trich me va ca song Idn. Ho c6 the se hoi ve cac loai muc tieu, cong cu chinh dUdc sii dung; dia diem, miia va do sau ciia nxidc ndi danh bat, bat cii thay doi nao ma ho quan sat dUdc trong vai thftp ky qua. Cac diJ ligu dja ly bAt nguon tvi nhiing thong tin thu dii0c tii nga dan se dudc lap ban do; cac thong so' vkt ly nhii diidng danf,' ,san va nhiet dO niidc ciing diroc them vao nhiing ban dd n^y. Ngiidi ta cd the tiep cftn cac dii lieu khoa hoc ve nghe ca de cd diidc thong tin khoa hoc ve cac loai muc tieu, dac biet ve hoat dong ciia chiing nhii vi tri, moi trUdng song, miia vu, kha nang chiu dUng/Uu tien tU nhien, dac biet lien quan den cac bien so' khi hau, nhiet do nUdc bien, do man va do due cua nUdc. Cac thong tin khoa hoc sau do se dUdc xem xet trong mdi tUdng quan vdi thong tin thu dUdc tii each tiep can tri thifc ciia nhiing ngUdi danh bit ca. DUa tren nhiing dieu viia phan tich, ngUdi ta se xac dinh va md ta nhiing thay ddi gia thuyet ve boat dong cua ca. Sau dd, ho tien hanh phan tich nhiing each ngU dan iing phd vdi bien ddi, dac biet la ve vi tri danh bat, nhiing thay ddi ve cong cu va ky thuat, kha nang tai chinh cua nhiing ngUdi danh bit ca va sU hd trd de thiic hien nhiing viec nay. Nhiing each iing x^ ciia cac ngU dan dd'i vdi viec quan ly nghe ca se dUdc phan tich, dac biet nhan manh vao vai trd quan ly tiem nang cua van chai. He qua cd the cd ve mat kinh te, xa hoi va van hda an uong can phai dUdc khao sat. Ve van de nay, can tap trung dac biet vao nhiing ngUdi lam nUdc mim. Chiing ta cd the hoi ho ve nhiing thay doi nguon cung cap, khd khan ve nguon cung va sU chuyg'n doi dia diem danh bit c6 the xay ra. ('nng nhii vipc ho cd afin sang sii dung thay thd cac loai khac hay khong. Cac ky sU cong nghe thuc phslm va cac chuyen gin vc ngliQ thuflt nA'u ftn dUOC dat uhijing cau hdi sau ve tac dong tiem ^n ciia nhiifng thay ddi da md ta d tren den khau vi, mau sac va cac dac tinh khac ciia nUdc mIm do sii thay the cac loai ca lam nitdc mam. NgUdi ta se tien hanh khao sat cac nhdm ngUdi tieu dUng d thanh thi va nong thdn de tim hieu chinh xac xem ho thich loai nUdc mam nao va ho cd sin sang chap nhan thay ddi ve san pham ciing nhU thay the cac gia vi khac hay khong. Ket qua cua mot nghien ciiu nhU vay se (1) tang cUdng tri thiic diia tren bien 27 Kenneth Ruddle doi khi hau ci nghe ca ven bd; (2) nang cao tri thiic ve sU thay the loai trong cong nghe thUc pham de san xuat nutdc cham; va (3) cai thien tri thiic ve nhiing gia vi diidc ngiidi tieu diing lia thich va van boa an uong. Tri thiJfc sinh thai dia phifcfng d cac nghien ciJfu thong tin cong dong diia vao bao tang Neu cac dii an ve bien doi khi hau trong cac xa hoi nghe ca dUdc quan ly va thiic hien bcii cac ben khong thuoc cong dong ngU dan thi se khong dem lai ket qua thiet thiic. Cac dii an nghien ciiu can phai dUdc thiic hien bdi cac thanh vien thanh thao cua cac xa hoi nghe ca, ciing vdi cac chuyen gia bao tang boat dong vdi tu each la tU van va cd'van cho ngUdi dan. (Ruddle 2013) Ndi mot each ngln gon thi trUdc tien nhiing thanh vien dUdc liia chon ciia mot hoi nghe ca se tap hdp cac dii lieu can thiet cho dii an nghien ciiu ciia ho, sau dd thiic hien va giam sat sU thich nghi ciia cong dong ddi vdi nhiing tac dong cua bien doi khi hau anh hUdng den cac boat dong nghe ca va danh ca. Diia tren nhiing dii lieu dd, ngUdi ta se khao sat sU thich iing cua cac boat dong trong xa hdi nghe ca. Sau dd, cac thanh vien cong dong se tiep tuc phac thao each thich Ung cua ho trong cac hoat dong danh bit va lap ke hoach thiic hien mot dil an. Vi cd the phan Idn ngU dan cdn chUa quen vdi cac dii lieu dUdc thu thap diia tren tri thUc sinh thai dia phUdng cua chinh ho nen can phai dinh hUdng va to chiic mot khda dao tao ngin de giiip moi thanh vien hieu biet day du ve cac muc tieu va phUdng phap sil dung tri thiic sinh thai dia phUdng. Viec nay can dUdc thiic hien trong vai ngay dau tien khi bit tay vao du an. Can bd thiic hien viec dao tao ciing nen tiep tuc ciing dii an de tra ldi cau hdi va tu van cho cac thanh vien cua hoi nham giiip ho thu thap va sii dung dii lieu. Tuy nhien, ngUdi nay khong bao gid dUdc nam vai trd lanh dao trong dii an. Sau khi thu thap dii lieu, cac thanh vien du an se td chUc lai va nghien cUu cac dii lieu dd. Vdi nhiing dii lieu cd dUdc cua toan the hoi, ngUdi ta thao luan y nghia va ham y cua cac thong tin thu dUdc. Cac thanh vien nhdm khao sat cac bien phap thiic te (trong kha nang hien cd ciia hdi) cd the dUdc thiic hien de nganh cong nghiep ca va sU quan ly nghe ca thich nghi vdi bien ddi khi hau. ViSc nay dUdc bao cao va thao luan trong toan the hiep hdi, do dd moi y kien deu dUdc khao sat va tap hdp lai trong bao cao chon loc ciia nhdm. Nhdm du an sau dd se cd mot ke hoach hanh dong cu the de dUa y tudng vao hien thiic va bao cao ddn vi quan ly dia phUdng phii hdp de xin y kien, phe chuan va ho trd. Ciing vdi cac nhan vien, can bd ciia bao tang, nhdm dU an trd thanh nhiing ngUdi dong phac thao va td chiic cac trUng bay CO dinh va lUu dong, cac tai lieu giao due va truyen thong khac ve cac van de 28 [...]... cifu Ket l u a n [ t r i thUc sinh t h a i dia phUdng] Dieu Nghien ciiu dUdc t h i e t ke td't v a t i e n quan t r o n g la h a m y [bai viet] hoan toan hanh than trong trong cac x a hdi danh k h d n g t u a n theo cac dac t i n h chi phd'i hk ca CO the mang l a i n h i i n g thong t i n cd ciia sU d i i n g d i n ve c h i n h t r i , t h u y e t ban hinh thiic t r i thdc sinh t h a i dia tUdng ddi... Nam" , Marine Tap chi Ddn tgc hoc, so 2, 45-57 Ecological Basis and Production", Food and 9 Nguyin Duy Thieu and Ruddle (2010), Kenneth "Vietnam: The van chai System of Social Organization and Fisheries 30 Foodways Food Products in Vietnam: in Asia, Cheung S C.H., Tan, C B and Tam S (edited), Routledge Press, London, 13-22 T a p c h i Bdo tdng & Nhdn hoc, so 2-2014 16 Ruddle, Kenneth (2009), "Vietnam... International Resources Management Institute, Hongkong, 77-85 27 (VNWP) Vietnam Water Partnership Fisheries Science, 26, 79-100 Hickey (edited), for the Nearshore Development and (2010) , Report on chmate change activities i n Viet Nam, Vietnam Water Partnership, Hanoi (Le PhUdng Thdo dich) Tap D!A CHI TOA SOAN c h i Bao tang Dan toe hoc Viet Nam dirdng Nguy§n Van Huyen, quan Cau Gia'y, Ha Noi Dien thoai: 084.43756... Waters: Pre-existing Aquatic and Examples from Vietnam", Systems 70 (3), 224-32 Human Organization 18 Ruddle, Kenneth (2013), "Chmate change and intangible cultural heritage: A community-museum research and in Southeast Communities, Heritage: Facing Climate Change, Vo Quang Trong, Nguyen Duy Thieu, Kenneth Springer Asia, (2009) , The Van chai of Vietnam: knowledge" Cultural Management 24 Kuddle, Kenneth... Narezushi), Iwanamishoten (in Japanese), Tokyo marine fish for fermentation in Museum of Ethnology 11(4), 997 1036 12 Ruddle, Kenneth (1996), "A socio- economic survey of fisheries i n Viet Nam" , Report to JICA Saitama City, Japan: ICNET 13 Ruddle K (1998), "Traditional 6 Maina, Joseph, Hans de Moel, Jens Community-Based Coastal Marine Fisheries Zinke, Joshua Madin, T i m McClanahan Management i n Viet Nam" ... thifc sinh t h a i dia phUdng diidc ve *quy t i e ' • thUdng Id d i ( E m a i l ciia thiet kd ngheo n a n vii thiic hi^n khdng T e r r y N Tobia.s giii A n t h o n y Davis ngSy tot thi se ngay cang cd h a i hdn vigc chiing 12/12/2013) ta khdng thiic h i ^ n bA't cii dut a n niio COng viec vk kien thiic diit^c xay dUng TAI L I E U THAM KHAO khong lot khig'n cho ngiidi ta nghi ngd t r i thi(c sinh thai... t h u d n g t u y e n bd', cd nhan khac nhau, n h i i n g t r i thiic nay cd nghia la k h d n g cd bS't cii tac dong t r u n g the la v d gia T r i thiic sinh t h a i t i n h nao den cac nghien cifu lien quan difdi nhieu dia phiidng dac biet quan trong d Viet N a m , den v a n hda i f n g dung Tac gia da tao nen nhiing bien ddi ve chat cho cac dut c h i n h xac k h i n h a n m a n h vao khoa hoc ieu... 191 from 26 TrAn V i a Vinh (2009), "Whales m the Natural fipiritual hfe of coastal lifihmg villugea in Binh Lefisons Cnnnda and Vietnam", Society and Dinh Pi-ovince", The Van chai of Resources 24(9), 1-15 20 Ruddle, Kenneth and Anthony Davis Managing Near-shore Vietnam: Fisfieries and Fishing (2013), "Local ecological knowledge (LEK) Communities, Kenneth Ruddle and Tuong Phi in Lai interdisciplinary... change impacts of sedimentation on coral Management of Small Clupeoids i n Viet Nam" reefs", Indigenous Use and Management Resources, Senri Ethnological Studies 67, Nature outweighs (2013), Communications DOI 10:1938/ncomms 2986 7 Nguyen Duy Thieu (2002), Cong dong of Marine Nobuhiro Kishigami va James M SaveUe ngU ddn a Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hoi, (edited), Ha Noi Ethnology, 215-236 8 N g u y i n... tapchibaotang.nhanhoc.vme@gmail.com BAO TANG & NHAN HOC SO 2(6)-2014 SO CHUYEN DE VE VAN HOA BIEN TONG BIEN TAP MUC LUC PGS.TS V6 Quang Trong PHO TONG BIEN TAP PGS TS Nguyen Duy Thieu NGHIEN CQU TRAO DOI Nguyen Duy Thieu Tivi oong ngvi d&i\-ig hiia HOI DONG BIEN TAP PGS TS V6 Quang Trong (Chu tich) TS Lltu Hiing PGS TS Nguy§n Van Huy TS Le Thi Minh Ly PGS TS Nguyen Duy Thieu OS TS Ng6 Oirc Thinh PGS, TS Vi/ong . phap Trong cac nghien ciiu thUc dia cua Ruddle ci Viet Nam trong nhiing nam 80 va 90 ctia the ky XX, tri thiic sinh thai dia phiidng ciia nhiing ngiidi danh hit ca CO vai tro quan trong. nang. Trong bai viet nay, triidc tien toi khao sat each ma toi gin ket vcli tri thiic sinh thai dia phiidng trong nghien ciiu ciia minh ve nghe ca va cac xa hoi nghi ca d Viet Nam. hoc sinh thai' lai la cd hoi de tri thiic sinh thai dia phufdng dong gop mot each c6 y nghia, nhanh va it ton kem de hieu cac he sinh thai va sii phiic tap ciia cac he sinh