STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR CLAUSES A clause is a group of words that contains at least a subject and a verb . * gold is a metal . * because it was raining heavily 1.1 Independent clauses An independent clause contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. It can stand by itself as a sentence. _ The football match between Liverpool and M.U. couldn’t take place because it was raining heavily . _ When I came , the train had left the station . _ I usually spend my free time listening to music . 1.2 Dependent clauses A dependent clause begins a subordinator such as when , while , if , that , because , who , where , what , … followed by a subject and a verb . It can’t express a complete thought and can’t stand by itself as a sentence . _ Jack can't go to school because he is having flu _ She is the diva who comes from China _If you leave your car unlocked , it can be stolen . _When the semester was over , I will go on holiday . _ Nha Trang is a beautiful city where I used to work . SENTENCES A sentence is a group of words that you use to communicate your ideas in writing or speaking .Every sentence is composed of one or more clauses and expresses a complete thought . There are four kinds of sentences : simple , compound , complex and compound – complex . 1 1 . Simple sentences A simple sentence is a complete unit of meaning which contains a main NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR clause , followed , if necessary , by other words which make up the meaning . S+V : A young man walked into the hotel . S_S +V : A young man and a young woman walked into the hotel . S+V_V : A young man walked into the hotel and left ten minutes later . S_S+ V_V : A young man and a young woman walked into the hotel and left ten minutes later . A simple sentence can be either brief or rather long . _ A rain fell . _ A rain fell heavily . _ A rain fell heavily in London . _ A rain fell heavily in London all night . _ A rain fell heavily in London all night and stopped about twenty minutes ago. BASIC SIMPLE SENTENCE PATTERNS 1a SUBJECT + INTRANSITIVE VERB _ A train arrived . _ We all breathe , drink and eat . _The sun is shining . _ Oil and water don’t mix . _ The moon is rising. 1b SUBJECT + INTRANSITIVE VERB + Adjunct :adverb(phrase) of time/place/manner _ A train arrived in Hue two hours ago . _ The sun sets early in winter . _ Most rivers flow into the sea. _ He jumped into the water. _ A football match is taking at My Dinh stadium . _ We didn’t go anywhere last week . _ Umbrellas sell best in winter. _ She entered the office, happier than ever. _The Huong River flows gently through Hue City. 1c SUBJECT + INTRANSITIVE VERB + Adjunct : prepositional phrase _ Susan is coming to dinner. _Oil doesn’t mix with water . _ People are complaining about the traffic. _ It looks like rain . _ I will go to Dalat by plane. _You can rely on / believe in me . _ The toys were lying all over the floor . _ He is working as a tourist guide. _ Water boils at 100 0 C. _ The badges sell at 50 pounds each . 2 2 _ Thank you ! à He thanked me . _ Happy Christmas ! à He wished me a happy Christmas . _ Good luck ! à He wished me luck . _ Congratulations ! à He congratulated me . _ Liar ! à He called me a liar . _ The notice said “ Welcome to Wales “ à The notice welcomed visitors to Wales. 3_ Yes _No in indirect speech _ He said “ Can you swim ? “ and I said “ No “ à He asked me if I could swim and I said I couldn’t . _ He said “ Will you have time to do it ? and I said “ Yes “ à He asked me if I would have time to do it and I said that I would . 4 _ He said to me “ Hello ! How ‘s work ? “ à He greeted me and asked how work was . _ My toothache is getting worse . à She complained that her toothache was getting worse . 5 _ The little boy cried out “ Help me ! Help me ! “ à The little boy cried out for help . 47 B_ REQUESTS : Can / Could / May / Might I / We 1 _ Could I have a cup of tea ? à He asked for a cup of tea . 2 _ May I see Mr John ? à She asked to see Mr John . 3 _ Would you mind lending me 50 dollars ? à He asked me to lend him 50 dollars. 4_ Would you like to take a seat ? à She asked me to take a seat . C _ INVITATIONS : 1_ Would you like / Will you a cup of coffee ? à She offered me a cup of coffee. NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR 2_ Would you like to have lunch with me ? à He invited me to have lunch with him . D_ ADVICE : 1_ must , ought to , should _ You ought to plant some trees . à He advised me to plant some trees. 2_ You had better _ You had better not wait any longer . à He advised me not to wait any longer . 3_ If I were you , I should / would _ If I were you , I ‘d buy a car . à He advised me to buy a car . 4_ Why don’t you _Why don’t you take a holiday ? à He advised me to take a holiday. 5_ It’s time + past tense _ It is time you bought a new coat . à He said it was time I bought a new coat . 6_ may / might as well _ You may as well ask him . à She said I might as well ask him. E_ SUGGESTIONS : 1_ Let’s ……… . = Shall we …………? _ Shall we invite Bill ? à He suggested inviting Bill . 2_ Why don’t we = What about = How about _ Why don’t we meet and discuss it ? à He suggested meeting and discussing it . 3_ Suppose I / we / you _ Suppose you offer to pay him . à he suggested offering to pay him. F_ EXCLAMATIONS : 1_ What / How à exclaim / say _ What a dreadful idea ! à He exclaimed that it was a dreadful idea . _ What a lovely house ! à She exclaimed that the house was lovely . 46 _ It will depend on the weather . _ He succeeded in solving the problem. _ Do you believe in getting up early ? _ We must send for a doctor. _ What happened to her ? _ We are waiting for her to come. _ I rely on you to be discreet. _ She always wishes for everyone to be happy. _ I ‘ll arrange for a taxi to meet you at the airport . _ Everyone was longing for the holidays to begin . _ They advised for a young girl to look after the children . 1d SUBJECT + INTRANSITIVE VERB + Adjunct : adverb particle _ My hat blew off. _ A visitor came in . _ We must turn back . _ They went away. _ We eat up. _ He got up . 1e SUBJECT + INTRANSITIVE VERB + Adjunct 1 : adverb particle +Adjunct 2 : prepositional phrase _ Lucy fell down on the ice . _ The room looked out over farmland. _ The car has run out of petrol . _ I’m trying to cut down on sugar. _ The astronomer gazed up at the stars . _ It’s windy. Hold on to your hat . 1f SUBJECT + INTRANSITIVE VERB + Adjunct : noun phrase _ This box weighs five kilos . _ My watch loses two minutes a day . _He jumped two meters . _ The book costs ten dollars. _ This room measures five metres across. _ We waited ten minutes. 1g SUBJECT + INTRANSITIVE VERB + Adjunct : non-finite clause ( to inf ) _ Jane hesitated to phone the office . _ I couldn’t care to go for a walk . _ We stopped to have a rest. _ He got up to answer the phone. _ He will live to be ninety . _ He turned to see the sun setting . _ We went to hear the concert . _ They agreed not to oppose my plan . _ He glanced up to see the door slowly opening . _ We all longed to get away for a family holiday . 2 a SUBJECT + LINKING VERB + COMPLEMENT : adjective _The leaves are turning brown . _ He’s growing old. _ Her dreams have come true. _ She gets angry. _ The milk went sour. _ The well has run dry. 3 _ She fell ill. _ Many plants lie dormant through the winter. _ The fact became more serious . _ She married young. _ I ‘m feeling fine . _ These roses smell sweet . _ The soup tastes delicious. _ He remained silent. _ The beach looks desert . _ This cassette player sounds good . _ Her eyes are brownish. _ Everything is ready . _ His happiness seems complete . _ The material is wearing thin . Note : A complement is also a structure or words needed after a noun , adjective , verb or preposition . NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR ( the invention to invest , full of water , try phoning , down the street ) A linking verb is an intransitive verb . 2 b SUBJECT + LINKING VERB + COMPLEMENT : adjective + ADJUNCT: preposition phrase _She is keen on playing the guitar . _ I’m afraid of staying alone here . _They are successful in learning Chinese . _ She looked surprised at meeting here. 2 c SUBJECT + ACTION VERB + COMPLEMENT _ We arrived exhausted ( We are exhausted when we arrived ) _ He walked away a free man . _ I came home really tired one evening . 2 d SUBJECT + LINKING VERB + COMPLEMENT : noun ( phrase ) _ Linda is a clever architect . _ Frank became a teacher . _ That appears the best answer. _The boys remained the best of friends. _ The girls are the same age . _ She is 37 years old . _ Seeing is believing . _ He lived and died a bachelor. _ He fell victim to her charms . _ She will make a good wife . _ She doesn’t look her age . _ This book is two pounds . _ This seems a serious matter. _ To say out of sight seems the wisest thing to do . Note : A complement can be put in front position . e.g.: An advantage is the low cost . A great attraction are the antique shops in the old part of the town . 2 e SUBJECT + LINKING VERB + COMPLEMENT : present participle _ She sometimes goes dancing . _ He lay smiling at me . _ They came running to meet us . 4 SAY, TELL and alternative introductory verbs A _ SAY and TELL with direct speech : 1_ SAY can introduce a statement . _ Tom said , “ I ‘ve just heard the news “ _ “ I ‘ve just heard the news “ Tom said . _ “ I ‘ve just heard the news “ said Tom . SAY + to + person addressed _ “ I ‘m leaving at once .” Tom said to me . B _ SAY and TELL with indirect speech : _ He said he ‘d just heard the news . _ He told me he ‘d just heard the news. _ He told us how he had crossed the mountains . _ He told us about crossing the mountains . IN INDIRECT SPEECH COMMANDS REQUESTS INVITATIONS ADVICE EXCLAMATIONS  The following verbs can be used : tell , ask , invite , request , command , urge , warn , encourage , order , recommend , complain , advise . A_ COMMANDS : 1_ He said , “ Lie down , Tom “ à He told Tom to lie down . 2_ “ Do be quiet , Peter “ he said . à He told Peter to be quiet . 3 a_ “ Let’s leave the case at the station “ à He suggested leaving the case at the station. à He suggested that they should leave the case at the station . 3 b_ Let’s not say anything about it . à He suggested not saying anything about it . à He suggested saying nothing about it . 4a_ Let the government do something about it . à He said that the government ought to / should do something about it . 4b_ Let them go to the consul . à She suggested them /their going to the consul. à She suggested that they should go to the consul . à She said that they should go to the consul . 4c_ Let = allow / permit _ Let him come with us , mother ; I will take care of him . à I asked my mother to let him come with us and promised to take care of him . 45 E MIGHT , OUGHT TO , SHOULD , WOULD , USED TO 1 _ might _ Ann might ring today . à He said Ann might ring that day . but : _ You might post these for me . à He asked me to post them for him . 2_ ought to / should / must _ You ought to / should / must read the instructions . ( advice ) à Ann advised / urged / warned me to read the instructions . 3_ IF I WERE YOU , I SHOULD / WOULD ( advice ) _If I were you I ‘d wait . à I advised him to wait . 4_ I SHOULD / WOULD BE GRATEFUL IF YOU WOULD ( request ) NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL Let him / her / them / it STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR _ I ‘d be very grateful if you ‘d keep me informed . à He asked me to keep him informed . 5_ WOULD in statements . but : _ I wish you ‘d give me a hand .à He asked me to give him a hand . 6_ USED TO _I know the place well because I used to live here . à He explained that he knew the place because he used to live there . F _ COULD F1 _ for present ability : _ I can’t / couldn’t stand on my head . à He said he couldn’t stand on his head . F2 _for future ability : _ I could do it tomorrow . à He said he could /would be able to do it the next day . F3 _ in Type 2 : _ If I had the tools I could mend it . à He said that if he had the tools he could / would be able to mend it . F4 _ in Type 3 : à unchanged F5 _ for past ability : _ I could read when I was three . à She boasted that she could / had been able to read when she was three. F6_ for permission : _ If I paid my fine , I could walk out of prison today . à He said that if he paid his fine he could / would be allowed to walk out of prison that day . F7 _ COULD in the past can remain unchanged or reported by WAS / WERE / HAD BEEN ALLOWED TO _ When I was a boy I could stay up as long as I liked . à He said that when he was a boy , he could / was allowed to stay up as long as he liked . à He said that as a boy he was / had been allowed to stay up as long as he liked. 44 2 f SUBJECT + LINKING VERB + COMPLEMENT : adverbial _ Your friend is here . _ The meeting is at 2:30 _ Alice is like her father . _ The conference is every year. _ John lives in style. _ The parcel went by air . _ I ‘ m on a diet . _ The church is 25 th century . _ She is in good health . _ Your memory is at fault . _ We are all out of breath . _ This poem is beyond me . _ We are not out of danger . _ Everything is in good order . _ The letter is for you . _ At last he was at liberty . _ The question is of no importance . 2g SUBJECT + LINKING VERB + COMPLEMENT : other words _ It’s me . _ This book is mine . _ The concert was over . 3 a SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : noun ( phrase) / pronoun _ Jack is watching T.V now . _ A small boy opened the door . _ I love you . _ Nobody answered the phone . _ You’ve boiled the rice too long . _ She saw the film last month. 3 b SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : to inf _ Jane wants to finish her work by tomorrow . _ I prefer to start early . _ It started to rain . _ I have never thought to see you there. _ Do you remember to post my letters ? _ I forgot to lock the door . _ He promised never to get drunk again. _ She likes to come with us . 3 c SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : non-finite clause (question word + to inf ) _ Jack doesn’t know where to go . _ We couldn’t decide what to do next. _ Can you tell when to come ? _ Do you know how to make a cake ? _ I want to know who to see for advice . _ We must know how to live . _ She can’t decide whether to go or stay at home . 3 d SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : non-finite clause ( noun phrase / pronoun + to inf ) _ The teacher wants us to finish the report by Wednesday . _ She prefers her children to learn French . _ I ‘ve never known her to tell lies. _ They helped me to find my son . _ He likes his wife to dress colourfully. 5 3 e SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : non-finite clause ( ing-form ) _ The children will still need looking after . _Mr Pike hates working in the garden . _ She likes playing the guitar. _ It stopped raining fifteen minutes ago . _ They finished painting my car last week . 3 f SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : non-finite clause (noun phrase/pronoun + ing-form ) _ I don’t like my husband coming home late . _ She is watching the stars sparkling in the sky . _ I felt someone touching my shoulder. _ I saw the cat stealing the meat . _ She smells something burning . _ He noticed a boy entering my room . NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR 3 g SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : non-finite clause (noun phrase/pronoun +bare inf _ I heard someone knock the door . _ They had us cut down the trees on both sides . 4 a SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + I . O + D.O : noun ( phrase) / pronoun _ Peter gave Daisy beautiful flowers . _ Mr Pike teaches us French . _ She promised me her help. _ I will read you this letter . _ Can you find me a copy of that book ? _ He allows himself no rest . _ She cooked her husband a delicious meal . _ He showed me his photo . _ She made herself a new dress . _ She usually lends me some money . _ Would you please call me a taxi ? But : Jack explained the situation to me . We can’t say : Jack explained me the situation .( say , describe , introduce , declare ) 4 b SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + I . O + D.O : non-finite clause ( question word + to inf ) _ The teacher showed us how to solve the problem . _ They told their children what to learn . _ She advised me who to marry . _ Jim told us where to find it . 4 b’ SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + I .O : to + noun /pronoun + D.O : non-finite clause(question word + to inf ) _ I explained to my daughter how to solve the problem . _ He described to us how to kill this man . 6 NO TENSE CHANGES 1_ Past tenses sometimes remain unchanged : A 1_ I loved her . à He said he had loved her . _ Ann arrived on Monday . à He said Ann arrived / had arrived on Monday. B 2_ We were thinking of selling the house but we have decided not to . àShe said they had been thinking the house but they had decided not to . _ When I saw them they were playing tennis. à He said that when he saw them they were playing tennis . C 1_ Past / Past continuous in time clauses : _ When we were living / lived in Paris ………… à He said that when they were living in Paris ……………… The main verb of such sentences can either remain unchanged or become past perfect . _ When we were living / lived in Paris we often saw Paul . à He said when they were living / lived in Paris , they often saw/ had seen Paul. 2_ A past tense used to describe a state of affair which still exists when the speech is reported remains unchanged. _ I decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road . à She said that she had decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road . D 1_ Unreal past tenses after WISH , WOULD , WOULD RATHER / SOONER and IT IS TIME _ I wish I didn’t have to take exams. à Tom said he wished he didn’t have to take exams. _ “ Bill wants to go home alone” , said Ann , “ but I ‘d rather he went with a group “ à Ann said Bill wanted to go alone but that she ‘d rather he went with a group . _ It is time we began planning our holidays . à He said that it was time they began planning their holidays. 2 _ HAD BETTER _ The children had better go to bed early . à He said that the children had better go to bed early . 3 _ TYPE 2 and 3 _ If my children were older I would emigrate . à He said that if his children were older he would emigrate. 43 _ Whose novel will win the prize ? à He asked me whose novel would win the prize . _ Which piece fits in this puzzle ? à I want to know which piece fits in that puzzle . TO-INFINITIVE in INDIRECT SPEECH 1) Imperative: _ Keep a record of your expenses. à I told him to keep a record of his expenses . _ Remember to switch off all the lights . à She reminded me to switch off the lights . _ Wait for me . à He says I am to wait for him . NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR à I have been told /was told to wait for him.(passive) _ Don’t make a mess . à She told / asked / warned him not to make a mess. _ Keep me informed about development . à He asked to be kept informed about development . _ May / Can I speak to the manager ? à I asked to speak to the manager . 2 ) Infinitive after question words : ¤ Direct suggestions /requests for advice and information . (Shall I ?, Should I ? ,Do you want me to … ? _ Shall I phone her ? à He wanted to know if / whether he should phone her. à He wanted to know whether to phone her . _ You ‘d better not drink the water . à She advised / warned us not to drink the water. ¤ Requests , … with question words can also be reported in 2 ways . _ How shall I prepare the sauce ? à He wanted to know how he should prepare it . à He wanted to know how to prepare it . INDIRECT SPEECH with INSIST _ SUGGEST _ You really must let me pay the bill à Andrew insisted on paying the bill . _ Why don’t we go sailing ? à Diana suggested they should go sailing . à Diana suggested going sailing. _ Really ? Daisy exclaimed . à Daisy was amazed when Tom told her that she had won a lottery. 42 4 c SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + I . O + D.O : to inf _ We told Peter to see a doctor . _ My parents advised us to work hard _ She asked me to tell the truth _ She taught me to play the guitar . _ We can’t allow him to do that . _ They persuaded me to marry him . 5 a SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : noun ( phrase) / pronoun + COMPLEMENT : adjective _ I find this song interesting . _ Susan prefers her coffee black . _ Peter has a tooth loose . _ She made me angry . _ I want to see you happy . _ He painted the wall white . _ We like the soup hot . _ He considers this important . _ The rain gets my books wet . _ I thought him rather unlucky . _ He left the door open . _ Open the door wide . _ I want the soup thick . _ Push the window open . _ I can’t eat fish raw. _ Keep vegetables fresh . 5 b SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : noun ( phrase) / pronoun + COMPLEMENT : past participle _ I must have my hair cut . _ She will get her photo taken . _ They had the program changed . 5 c SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : noun ( phrase) / pronoun + COMPLEMENT : noun _ We made him chairman . _ They declared Thuy Hien the winner . _ I call him my love . _ She named me John . 5 d SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : noun ( phrase) / pronoun + COMPLEMENT : as + noun / adj _ The police didn’t accept the story as genuine. _ They regard David Beckham as a world - class player. _ I described him as really clever . _ I consider this book as my soul . 5 e SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : noun ( phrase) / pronoun + COMPLEMENT : to + inf _ The extra- money helped him to be independent . _ The reporter pressed her to answer his questions. 7 5f SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : noun ( phrase) / pronoun + COMPLEMENT : ing-form _ We left the children playing in the garden . _ The driver kept his engine running . _ The smoke started her coughing . _ I found my son walking on the grass. 5g SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : noun ( phrase) / pronoun + COMPLEMENT : bare inf _ She helped us organize the party . _ Music makes me love the life . _ Don’t let the children play in the street. 6 a SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : noun ( phrase) / pronoun + ADJUCNT : prepositional phrase _ The lecturer confused your name with mine . _ I prefer tea to coffee. NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR _ We congratulated him on his success. _ They accused him of stealing the jewels. _ He spends a lot of money on books . _ Don’t waste your time on that nonsense. _ What prevented you from coming earlier ? _ Compare the copy with the original . _ She asked too much of you . _ They use this knife for cutting meat . _ They make tea with boiling water. 6 b SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : noun ( phrase) / pronoun + ADJUNCT : adverb particle _ Put your shoes on . _ Take your coat off . _ Please bring them in . _ Please turn the television on . _ Don’t throw my hat away . _ We wake the neighbor up . 6 b’ SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O + ADJUCNT 1 : adv. Particle +ADJUNCT 2 : prepositional phrase _ We won’t let anyone else in on the secret . _ Diana has taken us on our invitation . 6 c SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + D.O : noun ( phrase) / pronoun + ADJUNCT : time, place , manner _ Please put the milk in the fridge . _ Don’t get that girl into trouble . _ I followed her all night . _ We met her by chance . _ We kept the car in the garage . _ The man put the coat over his arm. _ He got the screw into the hole . _ I wrapped the parcel carefully . _ We’ll finish the job next week . _ They charge 200 pounds for a room . _ The school provided the visitors with tea = The school provided tea for the visitors. 8 INDIRECT YES_NO QUESTIONS 1_ Are you ready ? à He asked ( me ) if / whether I am / was ready . _ Have you finished ? à He asked ( me ) if/ whether I have / had finished. _ Do you play chess ? à He asked ( me ) if / whether I play / played chess. _ Can I have it ? à He asked ( me ) if / whether he can / could have it . _ Did he go home ? à He asked (me) if / whether he went / had gone home. 2_ Reporting Yes_ No questions : _Do you play chess ? _Don’t you play chess ? He asked ( me ) if / whether I play / played chess. _You don’t play chess , don’t you ? _You play chess , don’t you ? 3_ if and whether _ ask , want to know , wonder if / whether _ discuss whether ( conveys slightly greater doubt ) _ whether is usually preferred where there are alternatives e.g. : He asked me whether I wanted tea or coffee. 4_ Reporting Yes_ No questions with or not : _ Do you want any dinner or not ? à He wants to know if / whether we want dinner or not . He wants to know whether or not we want dinner . ( not if or not ) 5_ Indirect Yes_ no questions with reporting verbs other than ask . Many reporting verbs can be used other than ask , want to know ,… _ He didn’t tell me if / whether he would be arriving early or late . _ He didn’t say if / whether she was coming to lunch . _ I don’t know if / whether I have passed my exam yet . _ I wonder if / whether they ‘ ve heard the news yet . INDIRECT question-word QUESTIONS _ Where are you going ? à He asked me where we were going . _ When did you give it to John ? à He asked me when I gave it to John. _ When must I be there ? à He asked me when he must be / had to be there . INDIRECT SUBJECT QUESTIONS _ Who is in charge ? à He asked me who was in charge . _ Which film makes these parts ? à He asked me which film makes / made those parts . _ What caused the accident ? à He asked me what caused / had caused the accident . 41 ¤ We use the term DIRECT SPEECH to describe the way we represent the spoken word in writing . C actual spoken statement : I’m waiting . C direct statement in writing : “ I’m waiting “ John said . C actual spoken statement : When did you arrive , John ? C direct statement in writing : “ When did you arrive , John ? “ Mary asked . . NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL Form with reporting verb in the past Direct speech Reported speech 1_ present 2_ present perfect 3_ past 4_ modal present past past perfect past perfect conditional / past &The past / conditional modal doesn’t change in indirect speech . D: I would complain if I were you. I : She said she would complain if she were me. STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR 40 2. Compound sentence The compound sentence is the one which contains two or more main clauses . The main clauses are always joined in one of three ways . 1_ Two main clauses may be joined by a commas and one of the conjunctions . We use conjunctions to show : + addition ( and ) : The taxi stopped at the bank , and two men got out of it . + contrast (but, yet ) : I want to live in the city , but my parents prefer to live in the country + choice ( or ) : The letter has been lost , or the postman has delivered it to the wrong address . + result ( so ) : Linda went away , so I left a massage . + reason ( for ) : We seldom stay in hotels , for we can’t afford it . + continuation ( and then ) : Jack washed the car and then he polished it . 2_ Two main clauses may be joined by a semi-colon . _ The taxi stopped at the bank ; two men got out of it . _ I want to live in the city ; my parents prefer to live in the country . 3_ Two main clauses may be joined by a semi-colon and a transition . The transitions are followed by a commas . _ I want to live in the city ; however , my parents prefer to live in the country . # Common transitions : _ besides , furthermore , further , moreover , also _ consequently , as a result , therefore _ however , nevertheless , on the other hand , _ finally , next , then _ instead , meanwhile , accordingly , still _ otherwise _ for example , for instance e.g. : We have no coffee . Would you like tea instead ? e.g. : Mary may stay at home or she may come late . 3 . Complex sentence The complex sentence is the one which contains one main / independent clause and one or more subordinate clause . The main clause can be taken out of the sentence so that it can stand on its own, but the subordinate clause can’t . e.g. : The pianist sat down at the piano . He played a melody which he had written recently . è When the pianist sat down at the piano , he played a melody which he had written recently . Subordinate clauses can be classified under three headings : noun clauses , relative clauses and adverbial clauses . 9 3.1 _ Noun clauses e.g. : He told me about his success . ( noun phrase ) He told me that he had succeeded . ( noun clause ) # A clause which does the same work as the noun is called a noun clause . 3.1.1 _ Noun clauses derived from statements • subject : 1_ That money doesn’t grow on trees should be obvious. ( Money doesn’t grow on trees . This is obvious) 2_ That everyone got back safely was a great relief . * empty subject : 1_ It is obvious that money doesn’t grow on trees . 2_ It was a great relief that everyone got back safely. 3_ It is a fact that the world is round. • direct object : 1_ She told me that she wouldn’t come . 2_ I believed that he will succeed . 3_ Everyone knows that money doesn’t grow on trees. 4_ I noticed that the door was open . NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL Pronoun changes D: I will send you a card , Sue. ( by Ann ) I : Ann told Sue she ‘d send her a card . ( by someone else ) Ann told me she ‘d send me a card. (by Sue ) I told Sue I ‘d send her a card . ( by Ann ) Direct speech Reported speech I , me , my we, us , our he/ she ,him /her , his/ her they , them , their Other changes Direct speech Reported speech now ago today tonight tomorrow yesterday last night this ( time ) here come bring this / these ( determiner ) then before that day that night the next / following day the day before the night before that there go take the STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR • complement : 1_ The result is that she can’t come here . 2_ The problem is that we haven’t a lot of money . • after adjectives : 1_ I am afraid that we’ve sold out of tickets . 2_ We are worried that she will fail the exam . 3_ I am certain that I posted the letter . 4_ She is glad that you are able to come. 5_ I am sorry that your father died . 6_ The tourists found it strange that no one would ask for tips . • after nouns : 1_ The news that two planes crashed into two towers in New York came as a terrible shock . 2_ The fact that everyone got back safely was a great relief. 3_ You can’t deny the fact that you received the message . 4_ Her behaviour gave me the idea that I can stay . 5_ The fact that Susan married John surprised me . 3.1.2 _ Noun clauses derived from yes-no questions e.g. : Do you like her ? è I want to know if / whether you love her . By putting if / whether in front of it and changing the word order, we turn it into a subordinate clause. • subject : Whether you love her is not important .( not if ) • complement after be : The question is whether you love her . ( not if ) • object : I want to know if / whether you love her . • after a preposition : I am concerned about whether you love her.( not if ) 10 DIRECT SPEECH _ INDIRECT SPEECH / REPORTED SPEECH ¤ You want to tell someone else what Tom said . There are two ways of doing this. 1_ You can repeat Tom’s words. ( D.S) Tom said “ I’m feeling ill “ 2_ You can use reported speech. ( I .S ) Tom said that he was feeling ill . NOTE: 1) When we use reported speech , we are usually talking about the past . So verbs usually change the past in reported speech . 2) It is not always necessary to change the verb when you use reported speech . If you are reporting something and you feel that it is still true, you do not need to change the tense of the verb. D.S : Tom said “ New York is bigger than London “ I .S : Tom said New York is / was bigger than London . 3) MUST, MIGHT, COULD , WOULD, SHOULD, OUGHT TO ,COULD / MUST HAVE stay the same in reported speech. 4) Tom said to me that he didn’t like Mary . Tom said that he didn’t like Mary Tom told me that he didn’t like Mary . ( Tom told us about his trip to America. ) ( We can’t say : Tom told about his trip to America . ) The doctor told me to stay in bed for a few days . ( We can say : The doctor said to stay in bed for a few days.) ( We can’t say :The doctor said me to stay in bed for a few days. ) 5) Conditional statements: Type 1 :_ If you pass your test , I will buy you a car ( D ) He said that if I passed my test , he would buy me a car . ( I ) _ If you don't refund the money , I won't have the service again.(D) I made it clear that if he didn't refund the money , I wouldn't …. Type 2 : _ If you passed your test , I would buy you a car, ( D ) He said if I passed my test , he would buy me a car . ( I ) Type 3 : _ If you had passed your test , I would have bought you a car . ( D ) He said that if I had passed my test , he would have bought me a car . ( I ) 39 _ Everything is ready , aren’t they ? _ Somebody will do it , won’t they ? _ All can’t speak English , can they ? • When the subject of the statement is this , that , nothing we use the pronoun it as subject of the tag : _ This is expensive , isn’t it ? _ Nothing is good , is it ? D. Used to + Tag questions _ He used to live in London , didn’t he ? E. Let + Tag questions _ Let’s go to the cinema , shall we ? _ Let me lend you a hand , shall I ? F. Imperative + Tag questions : NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL [...]... 7a_Fish and chips is a popular meal in Britain 7b_ Bread and butter is my favourite meal 8a_ Fish and chips make a good meal 8b_Wheat and maize are exported 9_The Rose and Crow is that old pub by the river 10_The house between the two bungalows is empty 11a_George , together with some of his friends , is buying a race-horse NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR. .. sister ( does ) _His sister is taller than he ( is ) _He moves more slowly than his sister ( does ) _It rains more and more heavily _She becomes more and more beautiful NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR _My father is older and older _ These days more and more people are learning English _The warmer the weather ( is ) , the better I feel _The earlier we leave... STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR 3_ Inversion after an adverbial 1_Outside the house was a furniture van 2_On the table lay a newspaper 3_ Here is an announcement 4_ There he goes 5_Here they are ( When the subject is a pronoun , there is no inversion ) 4_ Subject _ auxiliary inversion 4.1 _ In additions with so and neither / nor _I saw the man and so did Paul _Barbara can’t drive and neither can her husband ... move NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR 3.2.4 _ Other uses of relative pronouns 3.2.4.1_ that after all , etc and superlatives : a) that ( not which ) is normally used after words like all , any , anything , everything , a few , the only one when they do not refer to people and nobody ( for people ) _All that remains for me to do is to say... , THE FORMER …THE LATTER e.g : e.g : You shouldn’t get Botticelli and Boccherimi mixed up The one is a painter and the other is a composer (= The first is a painter and the second is a composer = The former is a painter and the latter is a composer ) Beans and peas are good value The former / The latter are cheap ( The former and the latter can have a plural verb ) INDEFINITE PRONOUNS (someone... ‘ll scream = If you touch me , I ‘ll scream NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR IMPLIED µ Type 1 : STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR _The United States is big _The Philippines consists of more than 7,000 islands _Sears is a department store _Mathematics is easy for her _Billiards is becoming more and more popular CONDITIONALS _ With luck , we ‘ll be there by tomorrow (= If we are lucky... you won’t get any dinner Comment : Provide the materials and we’ll do the job Advice : Take a taxi , otherwise you’ll miss your train Request : Tell us what to do and we’ll get on with it NOTE: The difference between imperative + or and imperative + and in threat _Drop the gun , or I ‘ll shoot you ( If you don’t drop it ) _Drop that parcel , and I ‘ll kill you ( if you drop it ) 20 INVERSION 1_ An... Mexico is twice as big as the one of Norway STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR _ He believed , as did all his family , that I succeeded _An earthquake can destroy one part of a city while leaving other parts untouched , as happened in Mexico in 1986 31 18 6_ An adverbial particle in front position _The bell rang , and the children ran out è The bell rang , and out ran the children _Another bus came along five... He was late due to / owing to the very heavy traffic _Accidents due to driving at high speech were very common that weekend NGUYEN TRAN SANH NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR 3.3.5 _ Clauses of result We form an adverbial clause of result with a conjunction so…( that ), such …( that ) _ It is so hot that I can’t sleep _We were so tired that we went to... are thought to be more than 3,000 different languages in the world 26a _ I hate people laughing at me è I hate being laughed at STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR _ The present perfect is often used after once and now that _The past simple is often used after since and the present perfect is often used before since _ The past perfect is used with no sooner … than _ Martin had no sooner sat down than the phone . STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR CLAUSES A clause is a group of words that contains at least a subject and a verb . * gold is a metal . * because. STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR clause , followed , if necessary , by other words which make up the meaning . S+V : A young man walked into the hotel . S_S +V : A young man and a young. STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR _ I ‘d be very grateful if you ‘d keep me informed . à He asked me to keep him informed . 5_ WOULD in statements . but : _ I wish you ‘d give me a hand