BUI CACH TUYEN - LE OJNH OON BENH HAI VA BIEN PHAP PHONG TRll BUI CACH TUY^N - LE OJNH DON CAY HO TIEU BENH HAI VA BIEN PHAP PHONG TRQ NHA XUAT BAN NONG NGHIEP TP. Ho Chi Minh-2013 1* - ii V I MVC LVC L6i gioi thifu xi L6i noi dau xii I. Sff lirgc ve cay ho tieu 1 II. Dac diem hinh thai cua cay ho tieu 5 1. Dac dilm chung 5 2. Dac diem nong hoc cua cay ho tieu 5 3. Dac diem hinh thai cay ho tieu 6 III. Bfnh hai tren cay ho tieu tai Vift Nam 11 1. Benh Phytophthora tren ho tieu 11 Mo ta trieu chung va tac hai cua benh 12 Tac nhan gay benh va dac diem gay benh 15 2. Benh vang la 19 Mo ta trieu chung va tac hai cua benh 19 Tac nhan gay benh va dac diem gay benh 20 3. Benh do tuyen trung 21 Mo ta trieu chung va tac hai cua benh 21 Tac nhan gay benh va dac diem gay benh 22 4. Benh do vi rut 28 Trieu chung benh do vi nit gay ra 28 Tinh trang benh vi nit tren cay ho tieu 31 Xac dinh tac nhan vi nit bSng ky thuat phan tu 32 Xac dinh phuomg thiic Ian truy6n benh vi nit 33 Tac hai cua benh vi nit tren cay ho tieu 34 iii 4 5. Benh sai chi (mang nhen) 36 Mo ta trieu chung va tac hai ciia benh 36 Tac nhan gay benh va dac diem gay benh 37 6. Benh d6m tao (dom rong) 38 Mo ta trieu chung va tac hai cua benh 38 Tac nhan gay b?nh va dac diem gay benh 39 7. Benh than thu (kho la) 41 Mo ta trieu chung va tac hai ciia benh 41 Tac nhan gay benh va dac diem gay benh 42 8. Benh tren hat sau thu hoach 43 Mo ta tri?u chung va tac hai cua benh 43 Tac nhan gay benh va dac diem gay benh 43 IV. Phong benh va trir tac nhan gay b^nh 48 1. Dich te hoc ciia benh hai tren cay ho tieu 48 2. Nh&ng giai phap chinh trong han che dich benh tren ho tieu 50 3. Mot so bien phap cu the 63 Tai lieu tham khao 71 iv DANH SACH BANG Blngl: Dien tfch trong cay ho tieu tren the gidi (hecta) , Bang 2: San \uang hat ho tieu tren the gi6i (Tan) Bang 3: Dien ti'ch cay ho tieu tai 6 tinh trong tieu chinh d Viet nam (VPA, 2011) Bang 4: Mot so chi tieu so sanh hinh thai P. capsici phan lap d vudn tieu thuanva xen ca phe Bang 5: Nguon P. capsici trong vudn ho tieu bi benh chet nhanh vao mua kho (thang 2/2011) Bang 6: SUtich ICiy nguon P capsici trong mua kho va mUa d hai mo hinh trong ho tieu nam 2007 (Iran Thi Hadng, 2009) Bang 7: Phan Cfng cua mot so cay chi thi vdi Meloidogyne spp. phan lap tCr re nhieu giong ho tieu khac nhau trong thf nghiem chung benh BIng 8: Mat so tuyen trung Meloidogyne spp. va Tylenchulus sp. trong vungrehotieu Bang 9: Ti le (%) la tieu benh theo tC/ng trieu chu'ng d cac vung dieu tra nam 2004 Bang 10: Ti le (%) tru tieu benh theo tCrng trieu chu'ng va tuoi cay d cac vung dieu tra nam 2004 Being 11: Ket qua phan tich mau benh bang ELISA Bang 12: Ti le xuat hien TMV trong cac trieu chufng benh (So lieu dieu tra nam 2003) Bing 13: Sii Ian truyen vi rut qua hom giong trong giam canh tieu VTnh Linh theo trieu chu'ng Bang 14: So sanh so chum trai/canh, chieu dai chum, so trai va kich thi/dc hat trung binh tren tieu Vinh Linh 4 - 5 tuoi trong tai huyen Chau Dijfctinh Ba Ria-VungTau Being 15: So sanh nang suat tieu hat giu'a cay tieu benh vi rut nang va nhe tren giong Vfnh Linh 4 - 5 tuoi trong tai huyen Chau Dufc, tinh Ba Rja-Vung Tau B^ng 16: SU tap nhiem vi sinh tren hat ho tieu I<h6 ton trCf tai B^ Rja - Vung Tau (dieu tra thang 5/2012) BSng 17: Ty le (%) hat tieu tai Ba Rja - Vung Tau nhiem cac loai Aspergillus vi DANH SACH HlNH ANH Hinhl: Cac sin pham sCr dung tCf hat ho tieu Hinh2: Dien tfch cay ho tieu va sU phan bo theo dja phu'ong Hinh3: Cac loai re cay tieu Hinh 4: Choi than non mau do nhat Hinh 5: Mau sSc va hinh dang ngpn non cua ho tieu Hinh 6: Cac loai canh phat trien tren cay ho tieu Hinh 7: Cac dang la tieu Hinh 8: Chum hoa va hoa ho tieu Hinh 9a, 9b: Cac dang trai tieu Hinh 10: Cac dang trieu chu'ng benh do Phytophthora capsici gay ra tren la ho tieu Hinh 11: Trieu chu'ng benh do Phytophthora capsici gay ra tren ho tieu Hinh 12: Trieu chufng benh Phytophthora capsici tren than tieu. Hinh 13: Cay ho tieu bj benh chet nhanh Hinh 14: Cay ho tieu bj benh chet nhanh con sot lai tren cay choai va lay Ian thanh cum tren vudn tieu Hinh 15: Trieu chufng gay ra tren cac mau la tieu dung de "bay P capsici" trong dat, nhiet do phong sau 4 ngay Hinh 16: Trieu chufng "teo t6p"cS chum trai tieu xanh la dau hieu nhan biet cay bj benh chet nhanh, khong the phuc hoi Hinh 18: Hoi chCrng vang la Hinh 19: Mau nam Fusarium sp. tren moi triTdng PDA phan lap tCrvUdn ho tieu bj benh thoi re vang la (A, B). Cay tieu sau khi chung nam duoc each ly (C), cay ho tieu bj nhiem benh vang la sau chung 14 ngay (D). vii Hinh 20: Dai bao tCr va tieu bao tCr nam Fusarium spp. Hinh 21: Phan ufng cua mot so cay l<y chCi chi thi cho siigay benh cua tuyen trung Meloidogyne spp. phan lap tC/ re ho tieu Hinh 22: Su djnh cU cua Meloidogyne spp. trong re ho tieu Hinh 23: Re cay ho tieu bj u budu do tuyen trung Meloidogyne spp. Hinh 24: Tuyen trung tren cay ho tieu Hinh 25a, 25b: Cac dang benh do vi rut gay ra Hinh 26: Benh vi rut tren cay ho tieu Hinh 27: Dien di DNA-PCR vdi cac primer chuyen biet giup xac dinh sii hien dien cua vi rut PYMoV trong la ho tieu benh Hinh 28: Cay ho tieu nang suat cao, khong benh (A), mot vai la c6 trieu chCrng vi rut tim thay trong tan la (B) Hinh 29a, 29b: Trieu chufng va tac hai cua nam gay benh sdi chi (mang nhen) tren cay ho tieu Hinh 30: Mufc do benh dom tao tren trai tieu chUa chi'n theo dp cao cua cay Hinh 31: Trieu chufng benh dom tao (dom rong) tren cay ho tieu Hinh 32: 6 tao gay benh dom tren ho tieu Hinh 33a,33b: Benh than tha tren cay ho tieu Hinh 34: Cay ho tieu bj benh vang la va than thii v6i vet benh tai chop la Hinh 35: Nam Aspergillus sp. Hinh 36: Nam Penicillium citrinum Hinh 37: Nam Fivsanum sp. Hinh 38: Nam Mucor sp. Hinh 39: Trai bat (A), Iu6i (B) cho thu hoach ho tieu nham han che SLftap nhiem va giam cong thu hoach Hinh 40a: Trong cay lac dai Arachis pintoi (A) va c6 Stylosanthes gracilis (B) giQa cac hang cay tieu giup giCf am vUdfn vao mua kho, han che xoi mon dat vao mua maa. viil Hinh 40b: Trong cay lac dai Arachispintoi (C) giQa cac hang cay tieu giup giuf am vudn vao mua kho, han che xoi mon dat vao mua mUa Hinh 41: SU che phu cua cay lac dai cho cay ho tieu Hinh 42: He thong tudi nho giot giup tiet kiem nUdc va dim bao dp am dat vao mua kho. Hinh 43a, 43b: Vadn aom cay con va san xuat cay ho tieu giong Hinh 44a, 44b: Cac dang tru choai cho cay ho tieu Hinh 45: Cat tia cac canh vung sat goc tieu tao sU thong thoang; B: Vadn ho tieu da tao sU thong thoang Hinh 46: Vudn ho tieu dUpc sii dung thCr nghiem che pham vi sinh BCF chLfa Bacillus subtilis tai Chau DiJc, Ba Rja - Vung Tau, 2012 Hinh 47a: Cay tieu khong benh va bp re cay khong benh Hinh 47b:Cay nhiem Phytophthora capsici\/6\p re bj huy hoai Hinh 47c: XCr ly Trichoderma virens (T.41) han che siJ xam nhiem gay hai cua Phytophthora capsici duy trl sU phat trien cua cay tieu Hinh 48: A: Tao ranh bon phan quanh goc tru choai, ngoai tan cay tieu 0,5 met; B:Tadi dung dich thuoc benh theo nong dp khuyen cao vao goc tieu tCr 3 - 5 lit giup thuoc ngam sau vao he thong re Hinh 49: IVlpt so mo hinh canh tac ho tieu tai Ba Ria - Vung Tau Hinh 50: Tan du benh chet nhanh cay ho tieu Hinh 51: Cay ho tieu Vinh Linh dUpc ghep tren goc tieu dai Hinh 52: San xuat cay ho tieu qua nuoi cay mo nham tao cay sach vi rut Hinh 53: Ky thuat dudng canh tieu luon cho lam hom giong Hinh 54: Cay giong khoe manh diipc chuan bi trong Hinh 55: Tao vanh dai bon phan hQu co (10 kg/cay) va micromate (50 g/cay) Hinh 56: A: XCf ly thuoc trUc tiep tren goc than cay benh; B: Quet thuoc goc dong len goc than va vung re sau khi dapc cat tia lam goc than thongthoang ix Hinh 57: Ho trSng tieu Ba Ria - Vung Tau tham quan mo hinh trong tieu vai try choai la tru be tong Hinh 58: Lich thuc hien cac tac dong trong bao ve thuc vat va phan bon cho cay ho tieu trong tai Ba Ria - Vung Tau Hinh 59: Ho tieu trong tren tru choai song cay keo dau (Leucaena leucocephala) Hinh 60: Sir phan bo cua benh va tac nhan gay bfnh tren cay ho tieu Hinh 61: Bo sung Can-xi va Ma-gie giiip tang so trai/chum va so chum trai/canh L(i\G\($\J\\\%\} Tieu la cay trong sieu loi nhuan, tuy nhien ngadi trong tieu gap rat nhieu rui ro, vi cay tieu c6 nhieu benh hai. Hon the nufa, nhieu nam qua trong tieu 6 nUdc ta chu yeu tham canh b3ng bien phap hoa hoc (phan b6n va thuoc bio ve thUc vat hoa hoc) lam cho benh hai cang them pha hai nang ne. Quyen sach"Cay ho tieu - Benh hai va bien phap phong tru"da gi6i thieu tom t^t day du dac diem sinh hoc, nong hoc va nhufng benh hai chinh cua cay ho tieu.Tac gii da phan tich ro dac diem sinh hoc, sinh thai cua cac nhom ky sinh gay benh hai chinh nhU: Nhom nam gay benh chet nhanh, chet cham, cac loai tuyen trung gay hai tren ho tieu c6 trong dat va nhom benh do nhieu tac nhan virus gay ra. Siitac dong qua lai, tuong tac giCa cac nhom ky sinh va cay trong tren co sd bien phap canh tac theo htfdng tham canh hoa hoc, thieu ben vijfng da lam benh hai them nghiem trong, nhieu vu'6n tieu bj benh chet hang loat. lii nhufng dac diem cua cay tieu va nhufng benh hai chinh co tCr trong dat, tac gia quyen sach da de xuat bien phap phong trCf theo IPM chu yeu tren nen canh tac theo hadng hOfu co, bio ve do phi trong dat, lam co s6 cho quan the vi sinh vat co fch va doi khang phat trien du sufc khong che benh hai co nguyen nhan tCr trong dat, va dong th6i cay tieu phat trien kh6e manh du sufc de khang lai benh hai la y tudng rat tien tien, co co sd khoa hoc. Bien phap quin ly djch hai tong hop cua tac gii de xuat dang la djnh hadng cua nhieu mo hinh san xuat tieu ben vijfng cho cac vung trong tieu chinh cua ca nude. Sach la tai lieu chuyen khao rat t6t cho nghien cufu, dao tao va giup cho ngudi san xuat tang nang suat, sin luong va pha'm chat sin pham ho tieu. Tran trong gidi thieu den ban doc. GS.TS. Nguyen Thor xi iCf\I DAU Benh tren cay ho tieu da dugfc nghien cufu vao nhCng nam 80 khi hat ho tieu Viet Nam daac chu y tren thi trUdng hang nong san va dong thdi xuat hien nhieu bao cao ve hien tuang cay ho tieu chet hang loat. Cac nghien CLTU ve benh hai ho tieu dUgfc cap kinh phi tii nguon dja phuong hoac cap Bo va Nha nUdc. Nhieu ket qua nghien cufu da duac tong ket, pho bien, LTng dung, dem lai hieu qua ky thuat va kinh te cho ngadi trong tieu va gia tang san iupng hat tieu xuat khau dem ngoai te ve cho dat nadc. Npi dung trinh bay trong cuon sach nay tap trung vao cac benh thadng thay tren cay ho tieu lam giam nang suat, giam chat lupng va gay chet cay lam ton hai ve kinh te cho ngadi trong tieu. So lieu va hinh anh trinh bay trong sach la ket qua nghien cufu cua nhieu the he thay c6 giao, sinh vien da! hoc, cao hoc, va nghien cufu vien cua nganh Bao veThUc vat, Cong nghe sinh hoc, thuoc Bo mon Bao veThiic vat. Bp mon Cong nghe Sinh hpc cua TrUdng Dai hpc Nong Lam thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, tii giai quyet nan chet cay tieu tren dao Phu Quoc vao thdi gian dau cua nhQng nam 1980 den giup cac tinh mien Trung, Tay Nguyen va Dong Nam Bp vao nhufng nam 1990. Cac no lUc do da giup tfch luy cac thong tin lien quan den benh hai cay ho tieu. Mat khac, cac tai lieu tham khao cung ho trp cho cac ket qua nghien cufu trinh bay trong sach nay bao dam ti'nh chi'nh xac va khoa hpc. Cac tac gia bien soan sach nay chan thanh cam Pn sif dong gop tu" lieu va hinh anh minh hpa c6 gia tri khoa hpc cua sinh vien va hpc vien c6 ten trong tai lieu tham khao va hinh anh cung cap bdi Cong ty Hoa nong Hop Tri cho viec hoan thien cac npi dung. Day la Ian xuat ban dau tien nen khong tranh dUpc nhCng thieu sot, cac tac gia bien soan rat mong nhan dupe su"dong gopy kien cua ngadi dpc nham hoan thien sach trong Ian tai ban sau. Chan thanh cam on. Tac gia xii I. sd Li/ac CAY H6 Ti§u Cay ho tieu dang dupe trong la loai cay hai la mam c6 ten khoa hpc Piper nigrum L, 2n=52 hp Piperaceae dupe cho la mpt loai lai giu'a cac loai hoang dai Piper wiglitiiva Piper galeatum, hoac Piper wightii va Piper tricho- stachyon (Ravindran, 2000). Cay ho tieu dupe xem la "Vua cua cac loai gia vj" con gpi la "vang den", diipc trong nhieu d cac quoc gia nam gan xfch dao va CO khi hau nhiet ddi. Hat tieu kho dUpc sCr dung nhu' mpt loai gia vj trong thUc pham, tinh dau chiet xuat tii hat dUpc dung trong chQa benh cho ngUdi va c6 trong thanh phan cua mpt so my pham. Hinh 1: Cac sdn pham sit dung tit hat ho tieu A: Hat tieu den; B: Bot tieu den; C: Hat tieu trdng; D: Bot tieu trang; E: Hat tieu dong goi; F: Tieu non Ci ctiua; G, H, I, K: Tieu dung lam gia vi trong ttiuc plidm ^ 1 Qucin tfio Trudng Sa Hinh 2: Dien tich cdy ho tieu vd si/phdn bo theo dja phUcfng (Nguon: Tong hcrp tCr cac tai lieu pho bien trong nam 2012) Vdi Ijch sCf thi/cfng mai di/gtc ghi nhan til 3.000 den 2.000 nam tri/dc c6ng nguyen tai An 06. Nguon goc ho tieu dugfc cho la dOong Nam Chau A vdi cac dang hoang dai tim thay trong rCfng nhiet ddi cua An 06, dao Java cua Indonesia. Dang ho tieu du'ac trong tai Malaysia va Indonesia dUpc du nhap vao the ky thuf nhat sau cong nguyen vao thdi cue thinh cua vuong quoc Hindu. Tai Viet Nam, cay ho tieu dupe trong lau ddi va hinh thanh nhCfng vung dja ly trong ho tieu chuyen biet nhu tieu Phu Quoc, tieu Ho Xa (Quing Tri), tieu Tien Phtfdc (Quang Nam), tieu Oat d6 (Ba Rja-Vung Tau), tieu Lpc Ninh (Binh Phudc). TCr khi hat ho tieu Viet Nam tham gia vao thj tru'dng xuat khau, da thuc day su" phat trien ca dien tfch trong va quy mo sin pham. Su chuyen dich co cau cay trong va quy mo cong nghiep, djch vu, va du lich da lam thu hep dien tfch vung tieu Phu Quoc, nhu'ng hinh thanh nhu'ng vung tieu mdi nhuChuSe. Dich benh xly ra lien tuc hang nam va miJc dp dau ta cang cao do thuoc bao ve thac vat va cong lao dpng cang tang da lam thu hep dien tfch mot so vung ho tieu Quing Nam,Tay Ninh, va Binh Thuan. Du vay, dien tich cay ho tieu cua ca nude khong ngC/ng tang them VLTpt qua dien tfch da quy hoach, dem lai sin lupng tren 100.000 tan/nam, va xuat khau dat tren 14 ngan ti dong (nien vu 2012) va dang difpc trong tai 22 tinh thanh trong ca ni/dc. B^ng 1: Dien tfch trong cay ho tieu tren the gidi (hecta) QU6CGIA 2007 2008 2009 2010 An Dp 236.180 196.297 181.299 182.000 Indonesia 142.500 142.500 142.500 142.500 Vi^t Nam 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 Sri Lanl<a 29.976 30.655 30.506 30.714 Trung Quoc 21.000 22.687 23.545 24.000 Brazil 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 Malaysia 13.023 13.487 13.608 15.000 Madagascar 4.000! 4.000 4.000 4.000 2.800' 2.800 2.800 2.80Q ^ C^c qu6c gia kh^c 3.000 3.000 3.000 3.000 Tong 522.479 487.926 473.785 476.514 (Theo IPC, 2001-2010) Bang 2: San lirang hat ho tieu tren the gidi (Tan) QUOC GIA 2007 2008 2009 2010 Viet Nam 93.500 98.970 123.750 110.000 Indonesia 58.000 52.000 50.000 59.000 An Do 1 50.050 50.100 50.000 50.000 Brazil 42.500 41.000 40.700 34.000 Malaysia 20.000 22.000 22.000 23.50Q,. Sri Lanka 9.009 6.237 6.576 12.219 T6ng 273.059 270.307 293.026 288.719 (Theo IPC, 2001-2010) Bang 3: Dien ti'ch cay ho tieu tai 6 tinh trong tieu chi'nh 6 Viet Nam (VPA,2011) Tinh Dientich Dienti'chthu trong tieu (ha) hoach (ha) Nang suat Udrc tinh (tan/ha) Shn lUqrng (tan) Binh PhUdc 10.866 9.872 2,6 1 25.667 Oal<N6ng 7.915 6.085 2,15 13.096 Dong Nai Ba Ria - Vung Tau Gia Lai 7.021 6.939 5.832 6.273 6.304 5.069 2,09 1,86 3,20 13.111 11.725 15.733 Dal<Lal< 4.898 4.384 2,67 11.715 Ci nude 50.000 2,5 100.000 4 II. £)AC DliM HlNH THAI CUA CAY H6 T|£U I.Oacdiem chung Cay ho tieu thupc nhom cay lau nam c6 than dang day leo, phat trien ien cao nhd vao he re bam (l<hi sinh) dya tren tru choai. Cay c6 the cao 20 met tao nen khung tan dang hlnh chop hoac 3 - 5 met tao tan hinh tru do gidi han chieu cao tru choai. OUdng l<inh tan vung goc than c6 the dat 2 met lien quan den sCrc sinh trUdng va phat trien cua cay, cung nhii mufc do cham soc va ky thuat trong. Cac giong ho tieu dang trong hien nay thu'dng diidc goi ten theo dia phaong nhu tieu Phu Quoc, tieu Ha Tien, tieu Vinh Linh, hoac theo dac diem hinh thai nhU tieu Se la Idn, Se la nho, tieu Trau, tieu Ba Chia. Cac giong nhap noi dUdc xac djnh nhu Lada Belangtung, Karimunda, Panniyur 1, Kuching, va Nam Vang. Nguon bien dj trong cac giong ho tieu daoc tien doan la rat Idn giup cho cong tac chpn loc giong c6 nhieu trien vong va ben canh, nguon goc giong cung kho xac djnh bdi sUthfch iTng cao cua cac giong trong nhieu vung dja ly. 2. Oac diem nong hoc cua cay ho tieu Tai Viet Nam, cay ho tieu dUPc trong tC/ Nghe An den Phu Quoc bao gom cac tinh vung cao nguyen den vung ven bien Bac, NamTrung bo. Tuy theo giong va ijch sCr canh tac, cay ho tieu da thich nghi vdi vung khi hau nhiet ddi gio mua den khong khi lanh va am Udt, mua kho keo dai 4 - 5 thang, mUa nhieu den it maa, trong tdi cao dp 800 met tren mat bien (Gia Lai), va tdi 19 dp vT Bac (Nghe An). Thich nghi vdi khi hau va thdi tiet vung ven bien hinh thanh vung tieu c6 chat lupng cao nhU Phu Quoc, Ba Rja - Vung Tau. Nhiet do thich hdp cho cay tieu phat trien tCr 20 - 30°C, nhiet do thap (10°C) va qua cao (40°C) deu anh hudng den sir phat trien cua cay, sa phan hoa mam hoa, va thdi gian chin cua trai. Laang mUa tCr 2.000 - 3.000 mm, vdi am dp khong khi tCr 60 - 70%, khong c6 gio bao. Lupng nUdc tudi vao mua kho cho cay tieu rat quan trong vi day la thdi gian cay tich ICiy chat kho vao hat va bat dau cho chu ky sinh trUdng mdi. Anh sang tan xa thich hop cho cay tieu sinh tradng va phat trien, dac biet trong giai doan sau trong va kien thiet co ban. Nguon goc xuat xCrtCr vung rCrng nhiet ddi chufng to cay ho tieu thich nghi vdi dieu kien che bong, lUdng hufu co cao, va \ia am nhung khong chiu ung. Cay ho tieu cd the trong tren nhieu loai dat khac nhau, CO cau dat anh hudng rat Idn den sufc phat trien cua cay. Dat cd co cau nang kho thoat nUdc, thanh phan cat nhieu kho giQ nUdc deu khong thich 5