TU'TU'6'NGHd CHi MINH TU TUQNG VA PHUQNG PHAP CHINH TRI HO CHI MINH GS, TS HOANG CHI BAO T rong he thdng tu mdng Hd Chi Minh, tu mdng vd ehinh tri la ndi bat va ndi trdi nhit. Didu nay phii hop vdi su nghidp eiia Ngudi la sir nghidp dau tranh chinh tii, gidi phdng ddn tpc diphdt triin ddn tpc theo ly mdng, muc tidu ddc lap dan tdc va CNXH, ddc lap dan tdc gan Udn vdi CNXH. Vdi dan tdc Viet Nam, Hd Chi Minh la Anh himg giai phdng dan tdc, Ngudi da dua dan tdc ta tir than phan nd Id tdi tu- do va lam chu. Tuyin ngdn Ddc lap do Ngudi soan thao va tuydn dgc ngay 2-9- 1945 la van kidn chinh tri danh diu budc ngoat trgng dai eua Uch sir Viet Nam giira thd ky XX, do la ban eao ehung chd do thuc dan, la Tuydn ngdn khai sinh che do mdi - dan chu edng boa d Viet Nam, thanh qua vl dai cua Cach mang Thang Tam nam 1945. Vdi phong trao each mang giai phdng dan tde cua cac dan tdc thudc dia va phu thudc, bi ap buc bde lot bdi chu nghia dd qudc va chii nghia thuc dan, Hd Chi Minh la mgt nggn ed Hdi ddng Ly luan Tmng uong Chii tich Ho Chi Minh ky Sk lenh cong bo Hien phap xa hgi chi nghia dau tien b Viet Nam (1-1-1960) tidu bidu, ngudi chien si tidn phong cd vii cho khat vgng giai phdng cua nhan dan lao ddng ti'ong su nghidp dau tranh vi ddc lap tii do. Trong 6 thap ky boat ddng each mang va diu ti'anh chmh tri, Hd Chi Mmh da 30 nam boat ddng d nudc ngoai, di qua 40 nudc khac nhau trdn thd gidi, lam du mgi nghd dd sdng va tranh dau, tidp xiic true tiep vdi mgi ddi tugng khac nhau, tir ngudi lao dgng ngheo khd ddn cac hgc gia va chinh khach, trai qua bao nhidu tinh hudng hidm ngheo, Hd Chi Mmh da thau thai mdt lugng tri thuc phong phii, khdng chi trong sach vd bing each tu 58 TAP CHi L|CH SLF DANG - S6 5/2010 TU'TU'ONGHb CHi MINH hgc ma cdn trong tmdng hge vl dai la cupc sdng, de tu trdi nghiim, tdng kit va due ket nhirng chan ly khoa hgc va each mang, nhirng bai hgc lich sir. Do vay, nhiing m mdng eua Ngudi, dae biet la tu tudng chinh tri khdng ehi thd hidn su sau sac eua mdt tri md khoa hgc, eiia ta duy ly luan ma edn la sir nhay ben thue tidn, tir rat sdm da tham nhuan quan didm thue tidn, quan diem phat tridn va quan diem ddi mdi. Ngudi da timg khao nghidm nhidu ly thuydt, hgc thuyet va chu nghia dd rdi lira ehgn chu nghia Mac-Lenin, lua ehgn eon dudng each mang vd san, theo dudi ddn cimg ly mdng xa bdi chu nghia va edng san chu nghia. Le dl nhidn, nha tu mdng macxit Hd Chi Minh la mdt nha tu tudng macxit sang tao, khdng biit phdi vd gido diiu. Hd Chi Minh khi da dat tdi su thanh thue vd tu tudng, sir trai nghiem phong phu ve vdn sdng va kinh nghidm, da dung ly ludn nhu mdt phuong phdp, dae bidt chu trgng tdi phuong phap trong boat ddng nghien cuu ly luan va trong thue tidn ehinh tri. Vdi Hd Chi Minh, ehii nghia Mae - Lenin la kim chi nam hanh ddng, nam viing chu nghia Mae - Lenin la nam vung tinh thdn wk phuong phdp eua chu ngbia Mac - Ldnin dd iing xir vdi con ngudi va cdng vide. Ngudi nhan thue rd, thdng nhit giiia ly luan vdi thue tidn la ban chat, la nguyen tic tdi cao cua chu nghia Mac-Ldnin. Theo Hd Chi Minh, thue hanh sinh ra hidu biet, hidu bidt tidn len ly luan, ly luan lanh dao tiiuc hanh. Suot ddi mmh, Hd Chi Minh nhit quan vdi mdt nguyen tie, mdt phuong cham va Ngudi la mdt kidu mau tiiuc hanh nguydn tac. phuong cham ay trong cude sdng: ndi it, lam nhidu, ldi ndi di ddi vdi vide lam, da ndi thi phai lam. Lam dieu lgi eho dan, tranh didu hai tdi dan. Dan la gdc ciia nudc, dan la chu va lam ebii xa hdi. Bao nhieu lgi ieh ddu la eua dan. Bao nhieu quydn hanb eiing thudc vd dan. Quyen banh va lire lugng ddu d noi dan. Cai gi tdt, cai gi lgi cho dan cai dd la chan ly. Phai chang la, kien giai eua Hd Chi Minh vd chan ly da cd sir md rdng tir nhan thirc luan khoa hge vd ban the sang binh dien dao dire ve cai ban the ay, d day la mgt ban the xa hdi, mdt ebii the Uch sir - ay la ddn, nhdn ddn, qudn ehung, ddng bdo tu dan tde tdi nhan loai. Ngudi cdn can dan can bd, dang vien bet long hdt sue phue vu nhan dan la phuc tiing mpt chdn ly cao nhdt lam day td trung thanh va cdng bde tan my eua dan la mpt le song cao thugng nhdt Cd the ndi, day la triit ly chinh tri ciia. Hd Chi Minh, mdt triit ly nhdn sinh, triit ly hdnh dpng. Hd Chi Minh cd ebii kien va ebii dieh eua minh ve su guong mau, tam guong tdt edn quy hon bang tram bai didn van. Lanh dao bang sir guong mau la each lanh dao tdt nhat, nd ed vu quan chimg va giii dugc mdt niem tm noi quan ehiing. Dang vidn di tmdc, lang nudc theo sau la vi vay. Ngudi edn nhan manh diie hy sinh. Tra ldi phdng van eua cae nha bao nude ngoai, Ngudi da ndi rd: tdi hidn ddi tdi eho nhan dan, eho dan tde va nhan loai. Ngudi giai thich rd, ddc lap cho Td qudc tdi, til do, hanh phue eho dan tde va eho ddng bao tdi - do la tit ea nhiing gi tdi mudn, do la tit ca nhung gi tdi hiiu ve CNXH. TAP CHl LICH SLF DANG - S6 5/2010 59 TU'TU'ONGHOCHIMINH Ngudi da timg danh gia eao tinh thidt thuc, hiiu ieh, hiru dung cua dudng ldi chinh tri Tdn Trung Son trong chu nghia Tam dan cua dng: Dan tdc ddc lap, dan quydn tu do va dan sinh hanh phiic. Ngudi coi chu nghia ay rat thidt thuc cho Viet Nam. Tu mdng ehinh tri Hd Chi Minh nhin tir chiiu cgnh vdn hod la ea mdt he gid tri: Ddc lap - Tu do - Hanh phiic. Con dudng di tdi he gia tri ay, dam bao day du va chac chan nhat eho he gia tri ay trd thanh hidn thue, dd la eon dudng di tdi CNXH va chii nghia cdng san. Trgng trach va su menh lich sir dd thue hidn he gia tri ay nhu mdt he gia tri cua phat tridn bdn virng d Viet Nam trong thdi dai ngay nay thudc vd Dang Cdng sin - mdt dang chan chinh each mang, mdt dang tidu bidu cho dao due va van minh. Dang ay, tir he m mdng ddn td chuc va boat ddng, tir tri tue va ban linh cua tap thd lanh dao va timg ca nhan nhirng ngudi lanh dao eho ddn nhiing dang vidn cua Dang, nhdt Id khi Ddng da cdm quyin phai td rd hai didu cdt ydu: giir chu nghia eho viing va it ldng tham mudn vd vat chat. Cd nhu vay mdi du sang sudt dd dan dudng, mdi du nghi luc dd vugt qua mgi khd khan, thir thach, mdi du niem tin va due hy sinh, dd tin vao sue manh cua dan va dan chu, hy sinh lgi ich ca nhan vi lgi ich ehung cua nhan dan va dan tgc, mdi du trung thue va diing khi de tu phe phan va quydt tam sira chiia nhiing khuydt didm sai lam. Hd Chi Minh ndi vd Dang, vira chi rd ydu cau, ddi hdi vira canh bao nghiem khac rang, mgt Dang ma giau gidm khuydt didm cua mmh la mdt Dang hdng. Mdt Dang cd gan thira nhan khuyet didm ciia minh, vach rd nhung cai dd, vi dau ma cd khuydt diem do, xet rd hoan canh smh ra khuyet diem dd, rdi tim mgi each dd sira chiia khuydt diem dd. Nhu thd la mdt Dang tidn bd, manh dan, chac chin, chan chinh. Trong nhiing tac pham cudi ddi, dac bidt la trong Di chuc, Hd Chi Minh van dac bidt quan tam van de dao due each mang, kidn quydt chdng chu nghia ca nhan nhung khdng hd ddng nhat chu nghia ca nhan vdi ca nhan, van rat muc quan tam tdi lgi ich, nhu cau chinh dang cua timg ngudi, mdi ca nhan la mdt chu thd mang nhan each, phai quan tam phat tridn, phai tdn trgng nhan each va ca tinh cua timg ngudi. Phd binh edng vide chu khdng xue pham eon ngudi. Phai lam eho cai tdt nay nd nhu hoa mua xuan, cai xau mat dan di rdi tidn tdi chd mat ban. Dd la chat nhan van sau sac trong tu tudng Hd Chi Mmh. Chinh tri Ho Chi Minh, til tu tudng ddn phuong phap, tu ly luan den thuc tidn ddu tham nhuan chat nhan van ay. Ngudi theo dudi mdt dudng ldi chinh tii giai phdng de phat tridn, ma ehung quy lai la gidi phdng ddn tpc di phdt triin ddn tpc, xdy dung nin chinh tn vda thiit chi vd thi che dan chu, hoan thidn quydn lam chu cua nhan dan, gan lien vdi luat phap vdi dao diic, ket hgp phap tri vdi due tri. Dii khdng mgt lan nao Ngudi de cap tdi khai niem he thdng chinh tri nhu chinh tri hgc ngay nay van thudng dimg nhung nhimg thuc thd cau thanh he thdng chinh tri thi Ngudi ban tdi mdt each can ke, tiiau dao. Dd la Dang cam quydn, Nha nude dan chu phap quyen, 60 TAP CHl LjCH SLF DANG - S6 5/2010 TU'TU'&NGHOCHiMINH. Mat tran va eae doan thd, dac bidt la nhidm vu cua Dang va Chmh phu, eua can bd, dang vien, cdng chuc. Cai cdt ldi cua ehinh tri, cua che do va thd chd chinh tri la quydn lire nha nude do nhan dan uy quydn. Chd do dan chu thuc chat la chd do uy quydn eua dan va Nha nude. Nha nude thue thi sir uy quydn do dd bao dam quyen dan chu va lam ehii eua ngudi dan, dat dudi su kidm tra, giam sat eua dan. Dua va dan dd xay dung Dang, xay dung Nha nudc va tiiuc hanh dan chu rdng rai, nhat la dan chii ti'ong Dang la mdt tu mdng ndi bat, nhat quan ti'ong tu tudng cbinh tri Hd Chi Minh. 6 Hd Chi Minh cd mdt sir thdng nhat hiru ca giiia tu mdng vdi phuang phap va dinh hinh phong each cua Ngudi. Ngudi didn dat phuong phap mdt each gian di, dd la each lam, each td chiic thuc hidn, la bidn phap. Tat ca deu nham muu cau lgi ich va thue hidn quyen lire eua nhan dan. Do do, khoa hge, cdch mgng, nhdn vdn la bdn chdt cua tu tudng chinh triHd Chi Minh. Dd la nhiing phae hga khai quat vd m tiidng va phuong phap ehinh tri Hd Chi Minh, nhan manh d may didm: Thu nhdt, tu tudng ehinh tri la phan ndi bat va ndi ti'di trong he thdng m mdng cua Ngudi, thudc ve ddng m mdng chinh tri macxit d Viet Nam thd ky XX. Thic hai, a Hd Chi Mmh, trong boat ddng chinh tri eiing nhu trong mgi Unh vuc khac, cd mgt su thdng nhat hiru eo giiia tu mdng vdi phuong phap va phong each. Thic ba, ban chat m mdng Hd Chi Mmh va hr mdng ehinh tri eua Ngudi la khoa hgc - each mang va nhan van. Tir dd, can di sau nhan biet nhiing ndi dung chu ydu trong m mdng ehinh tri Hd Chi Minh nhu mdt he thdng, nhu mdt cbinh tiid. Tu tudng chinh tii cua Ngudi la mdt be thong ly thuyet va phuang phap ve ehinh tri, ed ciu tnic cua nd; trong cau tnic nay ta ed thd nhan thay nhung mdi lien he va quan be rit chat che xet ve mat Idgie va lich sir. Tuy nhidn, quan niem nay ehi ed tinh mong ddi, bdi m mdng ehinh tri Hd Chi Minh nhu da ndi tu dau, ehi la mdt bd phan hgp thanh eua he thdng m mdng Hd Cbi Minh, du la bd phan ndi bat, ndi trdi nhat. Mat khac, trong m duy va m mdng cua Ngudi, ehinh tri khdng tach rdi khdi cae IMi vue khac - kinh te, van boa, xa hdi. La mdt nha bien ehung macxit, ban niia net dae sac d Hd Chi Minh la thuc hanh phep bidn chimg trong cae cdng vide tiiue te, la nha bidn ehung thue hanh nen Hd Chi Minh rat ehii trgng ung dung ly luan vao thuc tidn dd kidm nghidm, khao nghidm ly luan, ddng thdi lai dimg ly luan nhu mgt phuong phap dd tdng kdt thuc tien, phat hidn tu trong thuc tien ly luan mdi, phat trien ly luan nen mdt trinh do mdi. Thdng nhit ly luan vdi thue tien, vdi phuang cham ly luan Uen be vdi thuc tien, hge di ddi vdi hanh, Hd Chi Minh da kdt hgp "ly luan boa thuc tien" vdi "tiiue tien boa ly luan". Thue tidn ludn ludn la diim xudt phdt va la cho hudng dich ciia ly luan va phuong phap Hd Chi Minh vd chmh tii va vd tit ca eae Unh vuc khac eiia ddi sdng. Cbinh vi vay, nhiing kien giai eua Hd Chi Minh ve chinh tii eiing nhu vd kinh td, van boa, xa hdi, ve eon ngudi, dit nude, dan tdc va thd gidi ludn bam TAP CHl LICH SLF DANG - S6 5/2010 61 TU'TU'ONGHb CHi MINH sat thuc tidn. Ngudi xa la vdi tinh tu bidn ehii quan, bdnh sach vd va giao didu - ma xet ddn eung, nhirng can bdnh nay ddu do khdng thay duge ban chat sau xa cua ddi sdng thuc tidn eiing nhu khdng lam chu dugc ly luan. Nhan rd m duy bidn chimg Hd Chi Minh va phong each bidn chimg thuc hanh cua Hd Chi Minh dd ed CO sd xem xet, danh gia cau tnic m mdng ehinh tri eua Ngudi, tu dd nit ra nhimg dac diem, y nghia va bai hgc can van dung trong ddi mdi ngay nay. Ldnin quan niem rang, ehinh tri ed tinh Idgie kbaeh quan eua nd, khdng phu thudc vao nhirng du tinh eua ea nhan nay hay ca nhan khac, cua dang nay hay dang khac. Chinh tri eiing ed logic ndi tai cua nd. Bidn chimg khach quan va chu quan la van dd can ban va tdng quat nhat eua phuong phap luan tiidt hge iing dung vao dia hat ehinh tri, trd thanh tridt hgc chmh tri. Ciing theo Ldnin, ngudi ta can ddn kinh td dd khdi bi chdt ddi, can ddn chinh tri de tranh roi vao tu sat (ed nghia la mat phuang hudng, boat ddng phieu luu va mu quang trong chinh tii thi tit khdng ti'anh khdi tbit bai). Nhirng chi dan kinh didn iy duge Hd Chi Minh ehu trgng van dung mgt each sang tao trong thuc tidn, dac bidt d nhiing tinh hudng phue tap, nhirng bude ngoat eua phong trao hoac nhirng bude ehuydn tidp ciia tinh hinh va nhidm vu. Dudi day ed the hinh dung logic hinh thanh va phat tiidn tu tiidng ehinh tri Ho Chi Minh. Mdt each khai quat, ed thd nhan thiy he thdng eae van dd sau day trong nhan thue va ti'ong hanh ddng chinh tri cua Ngudi. Gidi phdng ddn tpc vd dudng ldi chinh tri chdng chu nghia thuc ddn di gidnh lgi dpc lap, tudo cho ddn tpc Viet Nam. Tir khao nghidm thuc tidn ngay trdn manh dat cua ehii nghia m ban, ehu nghia de qudc, tir sir thau hidu va thau cam tinh canh sdng cua ddng bao minh dudi ach thdng tri thuc dan, phong kidn, quan sat va nhan rd ban chat cua chu nghia thuc dan, Nguyen Ai Qudc nhan thay chi cd each mang mdi thuc hien duge mue tidu giai phdng. Dd la each mang vd san, la sir nghiep cua chu nghia cdng san. Dd la mdi quan he giiia each mang thudc dia va each mang chinh qudc. Dd la tinh chu ddng lich sir, khdng chd dgi thu ddng tmdc hoan canh. Phdi dem sice ta md gidi phdng cho ta. Phai lam cdch mgng din noi tiic la triet di, theo guong each mang Nga va giir viing ehu nghia. Mudn vay phai cd Dang each mang tidn phong nhd su dan dudng cua ly luan tidn phong. Sang tao vao bac nhat eiia chinh tri giai phdng Hd Chi Minh la giai quydt mdi quan he giira dan tde vdi giai cap, giai quydt van de giai phdng dan tgc trdn lap trudng giai cap edng nhan dung vimg trdn y thue he cdng nhan, vugt qua y thuc he phong kien va tu san chu nghia dan tdc la mgt dgng lire quan trgng, quydt dinh midn la dat nd tiren lap trudng chu nghia qudc td cua giai cap cdng nhan. Sang tao ay da cham dirt cude khimg hoang tridn midn vd dudng ldi ehinh tri va con dudng cuu nudc d Viet Nam tir cuoi thd ky XIX den nira dau thd ky XX. 62 TAP CHi L|CH SLF DANG - S6 5/2010 TU'TU'ONGHO CHi MINH. Ddc lap dan tdc, ddc lap tu do la muc tieu chinh tri hang dau cua each mang Viet Nam, do ciing la "dl bat bidn" day tinh kien dinh nguyen tac eua Hd Chi Mmh, la quyet tam chinh tii ndi bat, thu hiit hau hdt no lire, tinh lire cua Ngudi. Nhat quan, kidn dinh la phim chat, nhan each chinh tri cua Ngudi qua mgi chang dudng lich sir: - Tmdc Cach mang Thang Tam: du cd phai ddt chay day Tmdng Son ciing phai quyet gianh eho duge ddc lap dan tdc. - Trong Tuyin ngdn Dpc lap: quydt dem tit ca tinh than va lire lugng, tinh mang va cua cai de giir viing ndn ddc lap tu do. - Trong Ldi keu ggi todn quoc khdng chiin: tha hy sinh tat ea chir quydt khdng chiu lam ndle. - Trong khang chidn chdng My, ciiu nude: khdng ed gi quy hon ddc lap tu do. - Trong Di chuc: Didu mong mudn cudi ciing cua tdi la, toan Dang, toan dan doan ket phan dau, xay dung thanh edng mdt nudc Viet Nam hoa binh, thdng nhat, ddc lap, dan chu va giau manh. Dudng ldi chinh tri diing dan, tri tue va muu luge, eiing vdi phuang phap chinh tri sang tao eiia Hd Chi Minh da dua dan tdc ta dung vao hang ngii eiia cac dan tdc tien phong trdn the gidi da danh bai chu nghia thue dan cw va mdi, md ra eon dudng phat tridn eua Viet Nam trong thdi ky mdi. Dgc lap dan tgc gin lidn vdi CNXH la quy luat eiia each mang Viet Nam trong thdi dai mdi, la phat tridn ly luan ehinh tii Idn nhat eiia Hd Chi Minh ti-dn m each nha m mdng. i Qua dp lin CNXH, bd qua che dp tu bdn chu nghia, xdy dung CNXH phii hgp vdi dieu Men, hodn cdnh Viet Nam Day la eon dudng, phuong thue phat tridn cua Viet Nam trong thdi dai mdi, laphdt trien ddn tpc Viet Nam phu hop vdi ydu cau cua thdi dai, xu the phat trien eua lich sir thd gidi. Kien giai eua Hd Chi Minh vd CNXH Viet Nam va xay dung CNXH d Viet Nam la thudc vd nhiing kidn giai ly luan ebinh tri. Ngudi nhan thay eon dudng phat tridn xa hdi chu nghia d Viet Nam la mdt tat ydu lich sir, la dam bao day du, thuc chat va ben viing cho ddc lap dan tde eua Viet Nam. Ngudi ciing nhan thay nhirng tien de eua CNXH d Viet Nam chin mudi dan dan, trudc hdt la tien de chinh tri, la giai phdng dan tdc, dat tdi tu do ebinh tri va quyen tu quydt dan tde. Dd la mgt qua trinh lau dai, khd khan, phire tap, do chinh ddc diim to nhdt chi phdi - bd qua che do m ban ebii ngbia. Cai tao nhiing tan tich phong kien thuc dan va xay dung che do mdi la mdt qua trinb cai bidn each mang. Cach mang la pha cai cii ddi ra cai mdi, pha cai xau xa, lac bau, ldi thdi ddi ra cai tien bd, tdt dep. Sir nghidp do can den sue manh cua toan dan va su giiip dd qudc td. Do do phai hge kinh nghiem qudc td nhung tren tinh than sang tao, khdng sao chep may mde, giao didu. Chu trgng phat tridn kinh td va van boa. Chii trgng vai trd eua ly luan va khoa bgc. CNXH cdng vdi khoa hgc la mdt sire manh vd tan. Hai diem rat quan trgng trong m duy ly luan Hd Chi Mmh ve CNXH: sir nghidp ciia TAP CHi UCH SLF DANG - S6 5/2010 63 TU'TU'ONGHd CHi MINH. dan va vi hanh phiie eua dan. Ban chat, muc tidu ddng lire cua CNXH quy tu d van dd con ngudi, sue sang tao cua nhan dan va dan tgc. Phat tridn mdi cua Hd Chi Mmh vd CNXH la dem vao ly luan CNXH mdt tiip can dgo due hgc. CNXH la ddi lap vdi chu nghia ca nhan, m tudng xa hdi ehu ngbia la ddi lap vdi tu mdng ea nhan ehu nghia. Mudn xay dung thanh cdng CNXH phai danh bai ehu nghia ca nhan. Mudn xay dung CNXH tmdc hdt can cd con ngudi mdi xa hdi chu nghia, ed tu mdng xa hdi chu nghia. Dam bao cbo CNXH khdng chi la kinh td va ehinh tri ma cdn la dgo dice va vdn hod. Mdt net mdi trong tu duy chinh tri Hd Chi Minh vd CNXH la nhin nhan CNXH nhu mdt kidu chd do xa hdi mdi, theo quan didm phat tridn va ddi mdi: mpt xa hdi giau ed, khuydn khieh sir giau cd bang lao ddng, mdt xa hdi phat tridn va ddi mdi, dan tdc thdng thai va xa hdi van boa cao. Di chuc ndi it nhat ve CNXH xet vd cau chir nhung lai thd hidn duge didu thuc chat, sau sac nhat vd CNXH theo ndi dung tu tudng. Di chuc Id mot thiit ki ly ludn ddi mdi bao hdm cd quan niim vi ddi mdi nhu mdt dinh nghia khoa hgc. Ngudi tru tinh cho tuong lai phat tridn eua dat nude sau khi each mang mien Nam hoan toan thang lgi. Chu nghia xa hdi d Viet Nam khdng ehi la xac dinh muc tidu ma cdn phai van dung dimg each lam, bidn phap, budc di sao cho thich hgp, khdng lam bira, lam au. Dd la mdt tiiet ly phat tridn hai boa. Theo dung tu mdng Hd Chi Minh, xay dung CNXH phai sao cho dung quy luat (khoa hge), thudn ldng ddn (tinh nhan dan, dan tgc), lai phai hgp vdi thdi dgi Ddn chu vd thuc hdnh ddn chu Chi vdi dinh nghia ngan ggn, cd diic ve dan chu: dan Id chu va dan ldm chu, Hd Chi Minh da lam rd ban chat, thuc chat eua dan ehu, da dudng nhu each mang hoa nhan thuc vd dan chu. Y thuc he phong kidn coi dan chu la chu cua dan, cung lam ciing chi dat ddn thdn ddn va dieu ay lai phu thudc vao pham each cua ngudi be trdn nam giii quydn lire, dem ldng thuong dan ma ddi xir vdi nhiing than dan, thu dan, thao dan d bdn dudi, nhu mdt on hue, ban phat ma thdi. Dan chu tu san chi thudc ve mdt sd it, nhiing ngudi thudc tang ldp hiru san. Vdi Hd Chi Minh, dan la quy nhat trong bau trdi nay va ddn chu la cua quy bdu nhdt trin ddn cua ddn. Vay la, dan ehiing sd ddng la chu sd hitu ddn chu, chu sd hitu nhd nudc, ddn phdi gidm sdt, Mim sodt viec thuc thi quyin luc cua nhd nudc do minh uy thdc. Dan chu ddi lap vdi quan Udu, tham nhiing. Chi tiy tru dugc quan Udu tham nhung khi thuc hanh dan chu rdng rai trong Dang va trong Nha nude. Dan chu khdng chi la gia tri, la thanh qua cua dau ti'anh giai phdng ma cdn la thudc do cua tidn bd va phat tridn, la dgng luc cua phat tridn xa hdi, la chia khoa van nang dd giai quydt mgi khd khan. Vdi Hd Chi Minh, dan chu mang dac trung phdp ly va nhdn vdn, do khdng chi la gia tii, ma cdn la nguydn tic cua td chuc va van hanh cua bd may, cua the chd. Ngudi dua ra khai 64 TAP CHi LICH SLF OANG - S6 5/2010 TU'TU'ONGHOCHIMINH. rudm ddn chu tap trung nhu mdt nguydn tie, mdt chd do de thi hanh trong Dang va Nha nude. Nd thdng nhat vd ban chit vdi quan rudm kinh didn mac xit vd tap trung ddn chu nhung van cd nhiing sac thai khac bidt. Dan ehu la CO sd, muc dich ma tap tiimg la phuong thuc va dieu kidn dd thue hidn dan chu. Dan chu tap tmng va tap tiimg dan ehu doi lap vdi tap timng quan lidu, xa la vdi thdi tii do vd ehinh phu, nd eiing khdng ed mdt chiit gi ehung vdi dan ehu hinh thire. Dd ed dan ehu thue chat can phai khac phue dan ehu hinh thuc, dau tranh chdng lai nhung vi pham dan chu va quydn lam ehu eua nhan dan. Dan ehu la van dd thudc vd ban chat cua CNXH, cua Dang va Nha nudc. Hd Chi Minh nhan manh dan ehu va thue hanh dan ehu trong Dang va trong Nha nude, trong quan he lanh dao eua Dang vdi quan ly eua Nha nude va vdi Mat tran, tidu bidu cho khdi dai doan kdt toan dan tdc. Mudn dam bao dan chu phai gan lidn dan chu vdi phap luat, ky luat va ky cuong. Phai thue hanh trgng ddn va trgng phdp. Phai cham lo ddn sinh, ddn tri de thuc hidn ddn quyin va dam bao ddn chu, giai quydt tdt mdi quan he giira quydn va lgi ieh, giiia lgi ieh vdi trach nhidm, nghia vu va bdn phan. Dd cao trach nhidm cua Dang, cua Nha nudc vdi nhan dan. Phai cdng phu trong giao due y thiie dan chii va lam ehu eho can bd, dang vien, edng chuc va quan ehiing nhan dan, phai chdng lai nhiing bidu hidn "quan ehii" va thdi "len mat quan each mang" trong quan he, cu xir vdi nhan dan cua nhiing ngudi trong bd may cdng quydn. Dan chu cdn la co sd, tidn de, didu kidn de thue hidn dai doan kdt dan tde va phat huy ddng thuan xa hdi. Dodn kit vd dgi dodn kit ddn tpc Day la van dd chidn luge cua each mang. Khdng thuc hidn doan kdt thi khdng ed sue manh, khdng cd luc lugng. Doan kdt trong Dang phai duge giir gm tii Trung uong tdi cac ehi bd, nhu giir gin eon nguoi ciia mat minh. Dai doan kdt toan dan tdc la sue manh to Idn dam bao cho thang lgi cua each mang, doan kdt eae dan tde, cac tdn giao, trong Dang va trong xa hdi. Doan kdt edn la mpt chinh sdeh chinh tri, la ddng luc -cua phdt triin. Sue manh doan kdt va dai doan kdt hgp thanh tir ly tri ddn tinh cam, niem tin va hanh dgng, duge dam bao va thiie day bdi khoa hgc, dao diie, van hoa va luat phap, dugc thd hidn thanh cac phong trao, tap hgp lire lugng, ed ehinh sach va giai phap dd duy tri va thiic day. Doan kdt va dai doan kdt la mdt tu tudng chinh tri dac sac cua Hd Chi Mmh. Ngudi da thuc hanh m mdng dd mdt each mau muc va cdng phu gay dung, cham lo, phat tridn sire manh doan kdt tir trong Dang, trong Nha nude, nhan dan va xa hdi. Mudn thue hidn dai doan kdt phai cd thai do chan thanh thidn chi, phai binh dang va dan ehu, khdng ehi chii trgng tu mdng ma edn phai van dung tdt eae phuong phap. Ngudi ndu Idn cac chuan muc dung va khio, phat hidn ra kha nang sang tao ddi dao, phong phu eua dan, day manh edng tac dan van, khdng sdt mdt ngudi nao, khdng phi pham mdt kha nang nao, dii nhd nhit. Trong TAP CHl LICH SLF DANG - S6 5/2010 65 TU'TU'ONGHOCHIMINH. tu tudng va boat ddng thuc tidn, Hd Chi Minh da tao ra mdi lidn he Idgie chinh thd va thue hidn cai ehinh thd ay mdt each nhat quan, lay vide lam, banh ddng de thuydt phuc, dd minh ehung. Dd la mdi lidn he tii ddn din ddn chu, din ddn van vd dgi dodn kit todn ddn tpc. Dd cdn la doan kdt qudc td, cd nguydn tac, cd ly ed tinh, lam ban be tin cay cua cac nudc dan ehii. Doan kdt va dai doan kdt phai dua trdn mdt ndn tang eiia van boa khoan dung, tm cay va tdn trgng lan nhau. Xdy dung chi dp ddn chu, phdt huy quyen ldm chu cua ddn phdi ddc biit chu trgng td chiec bp mdy vd con ngudi, dd Id ngudn nhdn luc cua thi chi, cdn bd, ddng vien vd cdng chirc. Ndi bat trong van dd nay la xay dung, chinh ddn Dang sao cho xung dang la mdt Dang chan chinh each mang va mdt Nha nudc phap quydn dan ehu. Ngudi vidt rat nhidu vd xay dung Dang, vach rd 12 didu xay dung Dang chan chinh each mang trong tac pham Sica ddi ldi ldm viec (1947). Ngudi ndi tdi phong each lanh dao cua Dang khi cam quydn. Ngudi ndi vd Nha nude vdi ndn luat phap nghidm minh, trimg tri tat ca nhiing kd bat lidm. Bdn lan Ngudi nhae tdi ehii "that" trong Di chuc ddi vdi Dang cam quydn. Ngudi xac dinh rd thai do cdng minh eua Nha nudc, dd thue sir vi dan thi phai nghidm tri mgi hanh vi gay tdn hai tdi lgi quydn cua dan. Muc an cao nhit cho nhiing tdi phan qudc hai dan Ngudi ddu ghi rd la tir hinh. Ky ludt cdng vu va dgo dire cdng chirc ludn dugc Ngudi dd cao, sao cho cdng chuc phai thao ehinh tri, gidi chuydn mdn, tan tuy phuc vu nhan dan. Phai coi chinh sach cua Nha nudc la dao ly, dao nghia Idn nhat eua Chinh phu. Ciing nhu vay, cac td chirc doan thd eua dan phai cham lo tranh dau cho quydn lgi cua dan, giao due y thuc nghia vu cho cdng dan, phai thuc sir thau hidu va thau cam ddi sdng cua dan. Cac doan thd phai gdp vao su trudng thanh cua mdi doan vidn, hdi vidn vd chinh tri, ngudi dan tham chinh (tham gia boat ddng chinh tri) vdi tat ca tinh than tu giac, y thiic trach nhiem va nang luc sang tao. Ngay nay, chiing ta coi Dang lanh dao, Nha nudc quan ly, nhan dan lam chu, do la ca chi ldm chu cua nhan dan. That ra, day la mpt quy tdc chinh tri tdng qudt de chi dan thuc hanh dan chu trong xa hdi ma nhan dan lam chu. Day ciing la van dd thudc vd mdi quan he giira tham quydn va trach nhiem eua Dang, Nha nudc vdi nhan dan. Nd phai dugc thd che boa thanh luat va xac lap cac ehuan muc dd thuc hidn, cac tidu chi de danh gia. Vdn hda chinh tri Ngudi timg nhan manh, van boa d ti-ong kinh td va chinh tri, lai phai lam cho ehinh tii tham sau vao ddi sdng dan gian. Dua boat dgng chinh tri Idn tim van boa, dat tdi cac chuan muc van hoa, boat ddng tham chinh cua mgi ngudi dan va trach nhiem cua nhung ngudi dugc dan uy quyen phai ti'd thanh nhu cau tu giac, sang tao. Mudn cho chmh tri trd thanh van hoa chinh tri thi chinh tri phai dua trdn dodn ket va thanh khiet phai dua ti-en cac tin cot: khoa hge - dao 66 TAP CHi UCH SLF DANG - S6 5/2010 TU'TU'ONGHb CHl MINH dire - luat phap. Dan chu phai tham sau vao mgi quan he td chuc va con ngudi. Chinh tri la dao due, van minh, la khoa hgc va nghe tiiuat, la su ung xir tinh td, tdn ti'gng nhan each tiing ngudi mdt. Nhan each van hoa cua ngudi lanh dao, cam quydn, quan ly phai thue sir cd siic ndu guong cd vii, thuydt phuc mgi ngudi. Ndn chinh tri dua tren dan chu phap quydn, chinh tri vi dan va bao vd dan, ngudi lam ehinh tri la ngudi chang nhiing cd tri tue khoa hgc ma cdn cd dao due, cd ban Imh dd sudt ddi tan tam tan lire phuc vu dan, ciing nhu dan da cd quyen lam ehu thi phai cd nghia vu cua ngudi chii - dd la van boa chinh tri. Van hoa ehinh tri cd kha nang sua chira mgi thu phu hoa, xa xi, lang phi quan lidu, tham nhiing. Van hoa chinh tri ket hgp tmyen thdng vdi hidn dai. Cd van boa chinh tri cua toan dan, cua ca xa hdi, cd van hoa chinh tri timg td chuc, timg ca nhan cd su mau muc, trung thanh, tan tuy cua cac nhan each chinh tri, bidt trau ddi va thuc hanh can kidm lidm chinh, nhan, tri, diing lidm, trung. Van boa chinh tri la sue manh chdng lai mgi thu xau xa, hu hdng, ldi thdi, tha hoa, bien dang. Cdn nhidu van dd khac, nhung sau didm ndu trdn la nhirng ydu td rat co ban trong cau tnic tu tudng chinh tri Hd Chi Minh, gan lidn vdi phuong phap chinh tri Hd Chi Minh, can nhan thuc diing, can van dung va phat tridn sang tao. Ndi dung nao, phuong phap ay. Su tuong thich nay cho thay tinh bidn chiing, sir tham nhap va bieu hien lan nhau giua tu tudng vdi phuong phap trong ehinh tri Hd Chi Minh. Tu tudng va phuong phap ehinh tri Hd Chi Minh ddng thdi eung la phong each cua Ngudi the hidn rd nhirng dae didm sau day, duge quy udc la chinh tri Hd Chi Mmh: - Dd la chinh tri tham nhuan ehu nghia nhdn dgo cdch mgng, vi con ngudi va su phat tiidn nhan each tu do, sang tao cua con ngudi. (3 day khdng chi la con ngudi ca nhan ma la ea edng ddng xa hgi. Giai phdng sue dan, phat tiidn sue dan, bdi dudng sue dan, tiet kidm sue dan. - Dd la ehinh tri ddn chu phdp quyin, thuc hidn va phat huy quydn lam ehu cua nhan dan. - Dd la chinh tri phdt triin, nhat quan vdi he gia tri ddc lap - tu do - hanh phuc. - Dd la chinh tri ddi mdi va sdng tgo. - Dd la chinh tri thuc tiin, ehinh tri hdnh ddng. Tu mdng - phuang phap - phong each chinh tri Hd Chi Minh ehua dung nhung gia tri dac sac va ndi bat trong di san ma Ngudi de lai, ggi md cho su nghien cuu va ung dung vao thuc tidn ddi mdi ngay nay cua Viet Nam. Cd the va can phai nghien cuu di san ma Ngudi dd lai tren mdt trinh do khai quat sau sac hdn de thay d Hd Chi Minh la su thdng nhat hiiu co giiia hgc thuyit - chu thuyet va triit ly eua Ngudi. Dd la hgc thuydt gidi phdng - ehu thuydt phdt trien va triet ly hdnh dpng vi ddc lap - tu do - hanh phuc cua nhan dan, eua dan tgc Vidt Nam. TAP CHl LICH SLF DANG - S6 5/2010 67 . TU'TU'6'NGHd CHi MINH TU TUQNG VA PHUQNG PHAP CHINH TRI HO CHI MINH GS, TS HOANG CHI BAO T rong he thdng tu mdng Hd Chi Minh, tu mdng vd ehinh tri la ndi bat. day la triit ly chinh tri ciia. Hd Chi Minh, mdt triit ly nhdn sinh, triit ly hdnh dpng. Hd Chi Minh cd ebii kien va ebii dieh eua minh ve su guong mau, tam guong tdt edn quy. TU'TU'ONGHOCHIMINH. tu tudng va boat ddng thuc tidn, Hd Chi Minh da tao ra mdi lidn he Idgie chinh thd va thue hidn cai ehinh thd ay mdt each nhat quan, lay vide lam, banh ddng de thuydt phuc, dd minh