There are two types of relative clause In these examples, the relati ve clauses are underlined Compare: Type T ype2 L The woman who lives next door is a 0 doctor Grace works for a company that makes furniture We stayed at the hotel {that) you recommended G C My brother Ben, w ho lives in Hong Kong, is an arch itect Anna t old me about her new job, w hich she's enjoying a lot We stayed at the Park Hotel, which a friend of ours recommended In these examples, the relati ve clauses tell yo u which person or thing (or what kind of person or thing) the speaker means: 'The woman who lives next door' tells us which woman 'A company that makes furniture ' tells us what kind of company 'The hotel (that) you recommended' tells us which hotel In these examples, the relative clauses not tell you which person or thing the speaker means We already know which thing or person is meant: 'My brother Ben', 'Anna 's new job' an d 'the Park Hotel' The re lative clauses in these sentences give us extra information about the person or th ing We not use commas (,) with these clauses: ｾＮ｟＠ We know a lot of people w ho live in London We use commas (,) with these clauses: ' -' My brother Ben, w ho lives in Hong Kong, is an arch itect In both types of relative clause we use who for people and which for things But: Type You can use that: Do you know anyone who/that speaks French and Italian? Grace works for a company which/ that makes furniture Type2 You cannot use that: C John, who (not that) speaks French and Italian, works as a tour guide C Anna to ld me about her new job, which (not that) she's enj oying a lot You can leave out who/which/ that when it is the object (see Unit 93): We stayed at the hotel (that/which) you recommended This morning I met somebody (who/ that) I hadn't see n for ages You ca nnot leave out who or which: C::: We stayed at the Park Hotel, which a friend of ours recommended This morning I met Chris, who I hadn 't seen for ages 1._) We not often use whom in this type of clause (see Unit 94B) You can use whom for people (when it is the object): U This morning I met Chris, whom I had n't seen for ages In both types of relative clause you ca n use whose and where: 0 We met some peop le whose car had broken dow n Wh at's the name of the pla ce where you went on holiday? Relative clau ses (Type C C Lisa, whose car had broken down, was in a very bad mood Kate has just been t o Sweden, where her daughter lives This is trial version 1) -+ www.adultpdf.com-+ Units 92- 94 Relat ive cla uses (Type 2) Unit 96 Unit Exercises 95 Make one sentence from two Use the sentence in brackets to make a relative clause (Type 2) You will need to use who(m)/whose/which/where Catherine is very friendly (She lives next door.) ･ｲ Ｎ ｬＱｾＬ＠ ｾｨＹＮ＠ ＱｊＮＬｶＺｾ＿ Ｎ＠ ｮｾ ｸ ｴＭ 4-Pg.r_ ｾ＿Ｎ＠ vet:"y ｦｲｾｙＱＴ＠ ,_ ｾ Ｎ＠ .ｃＺｾ＠ We stayed at the Park Hotel (A friend of ours recommended it.) We ｾ Ｍ Ｍ ｾ＠ Ｎ ｾ＠ P cv.k Ｎｈｐｾｌ＠ ｴｨ ｾｨｩＦ｢＠ Ｎ ｾ＠ ｦｲｾｮＴＮ＠ 9.f t? Ｎｲ Ｎ ｷ Ｎ ｾｭｮ＠ We often go to visit our friends in Cambridge (lt is not far from London.) We often go to visit our friends in Cambridge I went to see the doctor (She told me I needed to change my diet.) I went to see Steven is one of my closest friends (I have known him for a very long time.) Steven Lisa is away from home a lot (Her job involves a lot of travelling.) Lisa The new stadium will be finished next month (lt can hold 90,000 people.) Alaska is the largest state in the USA (My brother lives there.) Our teacher was very kind (I have forgotten her name.) Read the information and complete each sentence Use a relative clause of Type or Type Use commas where necessary There's a woman living next door to me She's a doctor Ｎ＠ ｄｾｴＮ＠ 4P9.r W r.n e: ｾ Ｍ Ｍ ｾ＠ 49f-t9r The woman NYJQ ｊｾｹ｟ｳ I've got a brother called Ben He lives in Hong Kong He's an architect My brother ｾ Ｎ ｾ ｄＮ Ｎ Ｌ＠ ｾｨｑ Ｎ＠ ｾｹ ･ｾ＠ ｾ＠ H.Png k.l?DB > Ｎ ｾ＿Ｎ＠ ｾ＠ ＼ﾥＮｾ Ｍｾ Ｍ Ｇ Ｍ There was a strike at the factory lt began ten days ago lt is now over The strike at the factory I was looking for a book this morning I've found it now I've found I've had my car for 15 years lt has never broken down My car A job was advertised A lot of people applied for it Few of them had the necessary qualifications Few of Amy has a son She showed me a picture of him He's a police officer Amy showed m e Some of these sentences are wrong Correct them and put in commas where necessary If the sentence is correct, write 'OK' Anna told me about ｨ･ｲ ｾ＠ she's enjoying very much ａｮｾ＠ ｴｯｾ＠ Ｍ ｾ Ｍ ｾ＠ @P.If.t: ｨｾ＠ ｮｾ＠ ｊＮＹ Ｎ ｾ Ｎ ＬＮ＠ ｾｨ＠ ＿Ｎ Ｎ ｮ ｾ＿Ｎ＠ ｾｊｐＹ＠ ｙ Ｎ ｾ ｈ＠ m ｾ＠ Y.-.Q1 My office that is on the second floor is very small The office I'm using at the moment is very small Mark's father that used to be in the army now works for a TV company The doctor that examined me couldn't find anything wrong The sun that is one of millions of stars in the universe provides us with heat and light This is trial version www.adultpdf.com 191 Prepositions + whom/which You can use a preposition before whom (for people) and which (for things) So you can say: to whom I with whom I about which I without which etc : =:::; Mr Lee, to whom I spoke at the meeting, is very interested in our proposal C Fortunately we had a good map, without which we would have got lost In informal English we often keep the preposition after the verb in the relative clause When we this, we normally use who (not whom) for people: C) This is my friend from Canada, who I was telling you about Yesterday we visited the City Museum, which I'd never been to before All of I most of etc.+ whom/which Study these examples: Helen has three brothers All of them are married (2 sentences) Helen has three brothers, all of whom are married (7 sentence) They asked me a lot of questions I couldn't answer most of them (2 sentences) r- _] They asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn't answer (1 sentence) In the same way you can say: none of I neither of I any of I either of } h ( l ) some of I many of I much of I (a) few of + ｷｨｾｭ＠ ｰｨｾｯ＠ e + w 1c (t 1ngs) both of I half of I each of I one of I two of etc C Martin tried on three jackets, none of which fitted him Two men, neither of whom I had seen before, came into the office They have three cars, two of which they rarely use Sue has a lot of friends, many of whom she was at school with You can also say the cause of which I the name of which etc : The building was destroyed in a fire, the cause of which was never established We stayed at a beautiful hotel, the name of which I can't remember now Which (not what) Study this example: l joe got the job This surprised everybody (2 sentences) which surprised eve rybody (7 sentence) joe got the job, I relative clause _j In this example, which = 'the fact that he got the job' You must use which (not what) in sentences like these: ::J Sarah couldn't meet us, which was a shame (not what was a shame) The weather was good, which we hadn't expected (not what we hadn't expected) For what, see Units 920 and 930 This is trial version www.adultpdf.com ALL of I most of etc _ Unit 88 Both of etc _ Unit 89 Relative clauses 1- _ Units 92-95 Unit Exercises - , · 96 Write the relative clauses in a more formal way using a preposition +whom/which 1 Yesterday we visited the City Museum/ which d never been to before Yesterday we visited the City Museum/ Jo ｾｨｩＦＮ＠ I Ｎ ｾ＠ ｾ Ｍ ｾ Ｍ ｾ Ｍ ｾｦ｣＿ｲＮ , ｙＮｬｾ Ｎ ｾ＠ My brother showed us his new earl which hels very proud of My brother showed us his new earl This is a picture of our friends Chris and Sa m, who we went on holiday with This is a picture of our friends Chris and Saml The wedding/ which only members of the family were invited t0 took place on Friday The ｷ･､ｩｮｧｾ＠ , took place on Friday Use the information in the first sentence to complete the second sentence Use all of I most of etc or the of+ whom/which All of Helen 1S brothers are married @ P.f ｾｨＮＹ Ｎ＠ ＰＭＮｲ Ｎ ｾ＠ ｲＮＭＰ Ｎ ＹＮＭＺｴＧｾ＠ Helen has three ｢ｲｯｴｨ･ｳｾ＠ Most of the information we were given was useless We were given a lot of information/ None of the ten people who applied for the job was suitable Ten people applied for the job Kate hardly ever uses one of her computers Kate has got two computers, Mike won £100 000 He gave half of it to his parents Mike won £10010001 Both of julia S sisters are lawyers julia has two ｳｩｴ･ｲｾ＠ jane replied to neither of the emails I sent her I sent jane two emailsl I went to a party- I knew only a few of the people there There were a lot of people at the ｰ｡ｲｴｹｾ＠ The sides of the road we drove along were lined with trees We drove along the road, the 10 The aim of the compan/s new business plan is to save money The company has a new business plan/ I - Join sentences from the boxes to make new sentences Use which - Laura couldn t come to the party jane doesnlt have a phone Alex has passed his exams Our flight was delayed Kate offered to let me stay at her house Th e street I live in is very noi sy at night Our car has broken down This was very kind of her This means we canlt go away tomorrow This makes it difficult to contact her This makes it difficult to sleep sometimes This was a shame This is good news This meant we had to wait three hours at the airport h ﾷＭ＠ Ｎ ｾ＠ ＿ Ｎ ｨＮＹＭＡＰｾ Ｎ Ｎ＠ Laura could nit come to the party w i&h ｷｾ jane I This is trial version www.adultpdf.com 193 A clause is a part of a sentence Some clauses begin with -ing or -ed For example: TOM Do you know the woman talking to Tom ? -ing clause j the woman talking to Tom The boy injured in the accident was taken to hospital -ed clause , the boy injured in the accident We use -ing clauses to say what somebody (or something) is (or was) doing at a particular time: Do you know the woman talking to Tom? (the woman is talking to Tom) C Police investigating the crime are looking for three men (police are investigating the crime) U Who were those people waiting outside? (they were waiting) I was woken up by a bell ringing (a bell was ringing) You can also use an -ing clause to say what happens all the time, not just at a particular time For example: The road connecting the two villages is very narrow (the road connects the two villages) I have a large room overlooking the garden (the room overlooks the garden) Can you think of the name of a flower beginning with T? (the name begins with T) -ed clauses have a passive meaning: The boy injured in the accident was taken to hospital (he was injured in the accident) George showed me some pictures painted by his father (they had been painted by his father) Injured and invited are past participles Note that many past participles are irregular and not end in -ed (stolen/made/written etc.): G The police never found the money stolen in the robbery Most of the goods made in this factory are exported You can use left in this way, with the meaning 'not used, still there': C We've eaten nearly all the chocolates There are only a few left We often use -ing and -ed clauses after there is I there was etc : There were some children swimming in the river Is there anybody waiting? There was a big red car parked outside the house This is trial version www.adultpdf.com Se e/ hea r somebody doing somethi ng -+ Unit 67 -ing clauses -+ Unit 68 Irregular past partici ples (made/ stole n etc.) -+ Appendix There (is) -+ Unit 84 Unit Exercises 97 Make one sentence from two Complete the sentences with an -ing clause A bell was ringing I was woken up by it I was woken up by ｾ＠ ｢ｾ＠ Ｎｲｭｧｾ＠ A man was sitting next to me on the plane I didn't talk much to him I didn't talk much to the A taxi was taking us to the airport lt bro ke down The broke down There's a path at the end of this street The path leads to the river At the end of the street there's a A factory has just opened in the town lt employs 500 people A has just opened in the town The company sent me a brochure lt contained the information I needed The company sent me - Make one sentence from two, beginning as shown Each time make an -ed clause A boy was injured in the accident He was taken to hospital The boy ｌﾥＮＱｊｾｲ Ｎ ｾ＠ Ｍ ｾ＠ it1 ｾ ? Ｍ ｾｮ＠ was taken to hospital A gate was damaged in the storm lt has now been repaired The gate has now been repaired A number of suggestions were made at the meeting Most of them were not very practical Most of the were not very practical Some paintings were stolen from the museum They haven't been found yet The haven't been found yet A man was arrested by the police What's his name? What's the name of ••••• • ••••••••••••••• •••••••• • • • • Complete the sentences using the following verbs in the correct form: blow caLL invite Live offer read ring sit study work I was woken up by a bell rt.n.gi.r.lg Some of the people ｾｶ＠ to the party can't come near busy airports Life must be very unpleasant for people me the job A few days after the interview, I received an email jack phoned while you were out Somebody There was a tree down in the storm last night The waiting room was empty except for a young man by the window a magazine in a bank in London and a sister Ian has a brother econom ics at university in Manchester Use the words in brackets to make sentences using There is I There was etc That house is empty (nobody I live I in it) ｔｉ Ｚ ｈ ｾＡＮ The accident wasn,t serious (nobody I injure) ｔｨ I can hear footsteps (somebody I come) There The train was full (a lot of people I travel) Ｑ ＿Ｎ＠ ｙＮｬｏ Ｎ ｢ Ｙｾ Ｎ ｾ Ｎｾ＠ Ｎ＠ ｾｙＮ .ｎ Ｎ ｾ Ｍ ｙＮＱＹ｢ｐｾ＠ Ｎ ｧ＠ m ｾＮＬ＠ ＴＱｪＰＮＺｲｾ＠ We were the only guests at the hotel (nobody else I stay there) The piece of paper was blank (nothing I write I on it) The college offers English courses in the even ing (a course I begin I next Monday) This is trial version www.adultpdf.com 195 Many adjectives end in -ing and -ed, for example: boring and bored Study this example situation: jane has been doing the same job for a very long time Every day she does exactly the same thing again and aga in She doesn't enjoy her job any more and would like to something different bored jane's job is boring jane is bored (with her job) Somebody is bored if something (or somebody else) is boring Or, if something is boring, it makes you bored So: jane is bored because her job is boring jane's job is boring, so jane is bored (not jane is boring) If a person is boring, this means that they make other people bored: ｾ＠ George always talks about the same things He's really boring Compare adjectives ending in -ing and -ed: Cl My job is boring interesting tiring satisfying depressing (etc.) In these examples, the -ing adjective tells you about the job 0 0 C I'm bored with my job I'm not interested in my job any more I get very tired doing my job I'm not satisfied with my job My job makes me depressed (etc.) In these examples, the -ed adjective tells you how somebody feels (about the job) Compare these examples: interesting (J julia thinks politics is interesting C Did you meet anyone interesting at the party? interested u Julia is interested in politics (n ot interesting in politi cs) C Are you interested in buying a ca r? I'm trying t o sell mine surprising U lt was surprising that he passed the exam surprised L Every body was surprised that he passed th e exa m disappointing The movie was disappointing We expected it to be mu ch better disappointed C We w ere disappointed with the movie We expected it to be much better shocking C The news was shocking shocked ｾ＠ I w as shocked wh en I heard the new s This is trial version www.adultpdf.com Exercises Complete the sentences for each situation Use the word in brackets+ -ing or -ed The movie wasn't as good as we had expected (disappoint ) a The movie was M?C4?poi,ntir\_g b We were ｾ＿ Ｎ ｃＴ＿ｐＹＰｾ＠ with the movie Donna teaches young children lt's a very hard job, but she enjoys it (exhaust ) a She enjoys her job, but it's often b At the end of a day's work, she is often lt's been raining all day I hate this weather (depress ) a This weather is b This weather makes me c lt's silly to get because of the weather Clare is going to Mexico next month She has never been there before (excit ) a lt will be an experience for her b Going to new places is always about going to Mexico c She is really 00 G Choose the correct word I was disappointing I disappointed with the film I had expected it to be better (disappointed is correct) Are you interesting I interested in football ? The new project sounds exciting I excited I'm looking forward to working on it lt's embarrassing I embarrassed when you have to ask people for money Do you easily get embarrassing I embarrassed? I had never expected to get the job I was really amazing I amazed when I was offered it She has really learnt very fast She has made amazing I amazed progress I didn't find the situation funny I was not amusing I amused lt was a really terrifying I terrified experience Everybody was very shocking I shocked 10 Why you always look so boring I bored? Is your life really so boring I bored? 11 He's one of the most boring I bored people I've ever met He never stops talking and he never says anything interesting I interested Complete each sentence using a word from the box amusing/amused confusing/ confused exhausting/exhausted annoying/annoyed disgusting/disgusted interesting/interested boring/bored exciting/ excited surprising /surprised He works very hard lt's not ＿Ｎ ＰｴｐＮｾ ＿ Ｎ ｩｴｬｧ＠ that he's always tired I've got nothing to I'm oo The t eacher's explanation was oo oooo • Most of the students didn't understand it oo ••• oo •.•.••• oo • oooo······oo······· • The kitchen hadn 't been cleaned for ages lt was really I don't visit art galleries very often I'm not particularly oo··· in art There's no need to get just because I'm a few minutes late The lecture was oo oo • .• • I fell asleep I've been working very hard all day and now I'm oo ·····oo······· oo oo about it I'm starting a new job next week I'm very 10 Steve is good at t elling funny stories He can be very 11 Helen is a very person She knows a lot, she's travelled a lot and she's done lots of different things 00 00 00 0000 • •• •• • •• • •• • 00 000000 • 00 00.00 00 00 000 00 00 This is trial version www.adultpdf.com 197 Sometimes we use two or more adjectives together: My brother lives in a nice new house In the kitchen there was a beautiful large round wooden table Adjectives like new/large/round/wooden are fact adjectives They give us factual information about age, size, colour etc Adjectives like nice/beautiful are opinion adjectives They tell us what somebody thinks of something or somebody Opinion adjectives usually go before fact adjectives opm10n a an a fact nice interesting delicious beautiful long young hot large round wooden summer holiday man vegetablesoup I table Sometimes we use two or more fact adjectives together Usually (but not always) we put fact adjectives in this order: how big? where from? what colour? how old? a tall young man (1 -7 2) big blue eyes (1 -7 3) a small black plastic bag (1 -7 -7 5) what is it made of? NOUN a Large wooden table (1 -7 5) an old Russian song (2 -7 4) an old white cotton shirt (2 -7 -7 5) Adjectives of size and length (big/small/tall/short/Long etc.) usua lly go before adjectives of shape and width (round/fat/thin/slim/wide etc.): a tall thin girl a long narrow street a Large round table When there are two or more colour adjectives, we use and: a black and white dress a red, white and green flag This does not usually happen with other adjectives before a noun: a Long black dress (not a long and black dress) We use adjectives after be/get/become/seem: CJ Be careful! I'm tired and I'm getting hungry As the film went on, it became more and more boring Your friend seems very nice We also use adjectives to say how somebody/something looks, feels, sounds, tastes or smells: You Look tired I I feel tired I She sounds tired The dinner smells good This tea tastes a bit strange But to say how somebody does something you must use an adverb (see Units 100- 101): Drive carefully! (not Drive careful) Susan plays the piano very well (not plays very good) We say 'the first two days I the next few weeks I the Last ten minutes' etc : I didn't enjoy the first two days of the course (not the two first days) They'll be away for the next few weeks (not the few next weeks) This is trial version www.adultpdf.com Adverbs -+ Units 100- 101 Comparison {cheaper etc.) -+ Units 105- 107 Superlatives (cheapest etc.) -+ Unit 108 Exercises Put the adjectives in brackets in the correct position av ｾ a beautiful table (wooden I round) an unusual ring (gold) an old house (beautiful) black gloves {leather) an American film (old) a long face (thin) big clouds (black) a sunny day {lovely) an ugly dress (yellow) 10 a wide avenue (long) 11 a lovely restaurant {little) 12 a red car (old I little) 13 a new sweater (green I nice) 14 a metal box (black I small) 15 a big cat (fat I black) 16 long hair (black I beautiful) 17 an old painting (interesting I French) 18 an enormous umbrella (red I yellow) look sound Helen ＿Ｎ Ｎ ｾ ｾ ＮＹ Ｎ ｾ＠ ｴｯＮｐ Ｎｾ Ｎ Ｎ＠ Ｎ ･＼Ｚｌ＠ ＰＮｐ＿ seem taste Ｎ ｾｴ＠ awful nice fine upset interesting· wet this morning Do you know what was wrong? I can't eat this I've just tried it and it I wasn't very well yesterday, but I What beautiful flowers! They You Have you james was telling me about his new job lt old job today too been out in the in? -much better than his Put in the correct word This tea tastes a bit ＿Ｎ Ｎｴｲ Ｎ ｍｧｾ - Ｎ ｾ Ｎ＠ ｲＰ ＰＮ ﾥｽｾ＠ Complete each sentence with a verb (in the correct form) and an adjective from the boxes feel smell - Ｍ ＴＭｦｵ Ｎ＠ (strange I strangely) I always feel when the sun is shining (happy I happi ly) The children were playing in the garden (happy I happily} The man became when the manager of the restaurant asked him to leave (violent I violently) You look ! Are you all right? (terrible I terribly) There's no point in doing a job if you don't it (proper I properly) (good I well) The soup tastes Hurry up! You're always so (slow I slowly) Write the following in another way using the first I the next I the last the first day and the second day of the course next week and the week after yesterday and the day before yesterday the first week and the second week of May tomorrow and a few days after that questions 1, and in the exam next year and the year after the last day of our holiday and the two days before that -+ Additional exercise 31 (page 32 0) .ｴＺﾥＮＱ Ｎ ｾ Ｎ＠ ｦｩｲ＿Ｎｾ＠ ｾ Ｎ ｯ＠ ｾ ｾ Ｍ of Ｚｴｨ Ｎ ｾ＠