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 dkBCd# 7 7# 7 7 X # 7   <$%C YE YE 7k *+Cl0dcEME9 ]]^ b('C YE YE kB/01'CB 7 = c B/0)1230CDB= > YE YE >kb+'.)42Cb+1'9[  !)m23'.09 YE YE ii dk;GB<= >  → ;<= > GB ;<GD 7 <= >  → ;<= > GD 7 < YE YE 7kBK8L+MCFEH I BK8L+1'CB 7G E=  B"?'8L+ME"?'8L+1'CDBE<= 7 E;= YE  !)m9Q23)2PYE7)89_dY1YE7n7E)89` 7E  dkIRTU+9O%!)2P'=D"&)2P'9C G99TU+9')oCDBEDH G9M/9TU+9)A9C' 7 <= > E'=  Y IR55^=  %LDB"DHC ^=  GDB → ^B ↓ GD=  '()* ^=  GDH → ^H ↓ GD=  '+,-* dEY IR55H'B 7 O%!' 7 <= > "'=  C H'B 7 G' 7 <= >  → H'<= >  ↓ G7'B H'B 7 G'=   → dEY 7'kIDL2PC55*%9[9 IpCD 7 <G>H 7 G>D 7 = → ZDHGD 7 <= > YE7 YE 7%kIDL2PCTU')oE#')99C IpCB 7 GD 7 =DBGDB= YE7 YE 5 d'k\GD 7 <= >  → \<= > GD 7 YE7YE7  → \n7>E7Z dEY d%kqOLC^ d G^ 7 G^  nc^ d n7> ^ d G^  n7^ 7 ^ 7 n7 ^  n^ 7 Gd^  n7X r.-f9(')a"*01Vf9(')a"*0 'dYYs1sddE>nZZEXs1 b'C 7ZE7> dYY >Edd7X`XEZZ_77> = +−+  → 1ncZEX OCe('&)a"*-2PCcZEXetdYetddE>e dEY dEY 7kb'C `_.  n YcEY dX dE7E = − 9  !  n7 `_.  nYEd9 7EY  OC 55DB nYEYc+nc9 dkb+)2PC   nYEY9t   7 nYEY79  `_ /01 2 nXE7sdEXn>EX'9 r.#9('iE^'9',01E bSqHb_`'C71GnYE7n `_  2  −  OC9 9 n 01 2 G `_  2 2 − n>EXGX7YE7n7YEd'9 YE YE dEY 7kb'C `_  /  n `_  3  G `_  2  −  n_   G7   7 `G `_  2  − nYE79  OCB F _D=  `nYEZF dEY