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Tài liệu Sound Patterns of Spoken English tài liệu, giáo án, bài giảng , luận văn, luận án, đồ án, bài tập lớn về tất cả...
[...]... largely couched in terms of the generation of variants If we are to think of phonology as not just an output device, but also as a facility which allows us to use the sound system of our native language, we must also think of it in terms of perception In this framework, we can ask how knowledge of variability in a sound system is acquired and used and we can explore the relationship of this knowledge to... normal pronunciation Years of listening closely to English as spoken by people from a great variety of groups (age, sex, status, geographic origin, education) leads me to believe that there are some phonological differences 2 Setting the Stage from citation form which occur in many types of spoken English Further, these differences are very common within these varieties of English and fall into easily... Association for World Englishes and (2) Wells Accents of English (1982) runs to three volumes There are hundreds of varieties which can legitimately 20 Processes in Conversational English be called English, and they differ in nearly every way possible: phonetically, phonologically, syntactically, pragmatically, etc Recalling the sound of Indian, Caribbean, Singaporean and African English, it is easy... thought of as phonetics 1.1.6 Inuence of phonology on phonetics We have suggested that phonetics works its way up into phonology It must also be recognized that phonology works its way down into phonetics We think of speech sounds as being representatives of abstract categories despite there being a very large number of ways that one realization of a phonological unit can differ from another realization of. .. were to allow a preoccupation with sounds to get in the way of understanding, we would seriously handicap our interactions One consequence of this opacity of the sound medium is that our notion of how we pronounce words and longer utterances can be very different from what we actually say Take a sentence like And the suspicious cases were excluded. Whereas a speaker of English might well think they are... Factor The varieties of English included in this book depend heavily on stress as a bearer of meaning (It is said that English is a stresstimed language, and this impression is useful, even if it is only a metaphor.) Unstressed syllables in English tend to show reduced Processes in Conversational English 21 Figure 2.1 Map of Lodges research sites 22 Processes in Conversational English vowels, as is... simplistic view of fast speech deletion is that there are very distinct patterns of reduction in connected speech, related to type of sound and place of occurrence If one were simply speaking too fast to include all the segments in a message, would not the last few simply drop out, as with our nger circles? Rather, we nd specic types of sounds being under-executed, in predictable locations And these shortcuts... undiscoverable given present-day notions of phonology The reductions found in unselfconscious speech cannot legitimately be called fast speech processes 14 Processes in Conversational English 2 Processes in Conversational English The phonology of casual English should be thought of as dynamic and distributed By the former, I mean that the processes which apply are very much a product of the moment and not entirely... including overlap and vowel devoicing It has long been an axiom of English phonology that certain sounds can be syllabic under the right circumstances For example if the t is released nasally, the n of cotton is syllabic, if the t is released laterally, the l of cattle is syllabic The apparent loss of a schwa is thus commonplace, but the number of syllables in a word or phrase is typically preserved It... phonetic sequence [v] within word boundaries in varieties of English in which /r/ is an approximant (Scots English is an exception, though the reexes of /r/ are not always approximants) Unstressed syllables spelled ar, er, ir, or, 24 Processes in Conversational English or ur are pronounced [g] in American English and are represented by some other form of central vowel in most British varieties But [v] + . class="bi x0 y0 w0 h0" alt="" Sound Patterns of Spoken English Chapter 1 begins by noting that most people aren’t aware of the sounds of language. This book is written by one of those annoying people. say it. I dedicate it to fellow sound anoraks and to others interested in spoken language, with a hope that they will find it useful. Sound Patterns of Spoken English Linda Shockey © 2003 by Linda. prior permission of the publisher. First published 2003 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Shockey, Linda. Sound patterns of spoken English / Linda