[...]... property/interfacial behavior, amino acid surfactants, both chemically and enzymatically synthesized; peptide surfactants; and potential applications and the market assessment of PBS REFERENCES 1 P A Gilbert, Proceedings of 4th World Surfactants Congress, 1:57, Barcelona, 1996 2 P Avidsen, Proceedings of 4th World Surfactants Congress, 3:352, Barcelona, 1996 3 J L Berna, Proceedings of 4th World Surfactants Congress,... structure–function relationships of acyl amino acid surfactants and their surface activity and antimicrobial properties The amino acid surfactants had a general structure of α-amino-(N-acyl)-β-alkoxypropionate A strong correlation existed between the critical micelle concentration (cmc) of amino acid surfactants and the chain length of the acyl group, as evident from Fig 1, and also with their minimum inhibitory... Overview of Protein-Based Surfactants 9 sidechain in leucine in inhibiting the bacteria was more pronounced than the benzyl group in phenylalanine and the hydrogen atom of glycine [52] The DEA derivatives of N-lauroyl dipeptides were nonionic, mild to the skin, and biodegradable surfactants Recently, Infante et al [51] synthesized acidic and basic Nα-lauroyl arginine dipeptides, as methyl esters and free... pharmaceuticals, biomedicals, cosmetics, household cleaners, and antimicrobial agents On the other hand, except for few fragmentary reports, experimental work on peptide surfactants is relatively scanty Both amino acid surfactants and peptide surfactants are interesting biocompatible compounds that contain amino acid or dipeptide as the hydrophilic part and a long hydrocarbon chain as the hydrophobic part... CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEIN-BASED SURFACTANTS Although this book is focused primarily on the synthesis and application of PBS from renewable sources or waste products, some naturally occurring PBS will also be discussed briefly Some of these naturally occurring PBS have found applications in the pharmaceutical and personal care industries Also, this book is primarily about amino acid– and peptide-based surfactants, ... 60 61 62 2 Natural Raw Materials and Enzymatic Modification of Agricultural By-Products for Protein-Based Surfactants XIAO-QING HAN Kraft Research and Development Center, Glenview, Illinois I PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PROTEINS Because proteins play key roles in nearly all biological processes, their physicochemical properties have attracted scientists worldwide and been the subject of extensive... and benzene for manufacturing sulfonates through sulfonation with SO3 in a falling-film reactor These are mainly anionic surfactants, such as tetrapropylene benzene sulfonates Synthetic surfactants are usually produced in a series of strong and severe conditions such as high pressure (hydrogenation for fatty alcohol process), nitrogen protection (ethoxylation), and blended catalysts (alkyla1 2 Xia and. .. or histidine residue [59] IV SYNTHESIS OF PROTEIN-BASED SURFACTANTS A PBS Building Blocks—Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Groups As indicated previously, as is the case with many surfactants, the molecules of PBS have the hydrophobic groups, have hydrophilic portions, and connect with intermediate linkage The hydrophobic moieties may be a long hydrocar- 10 Xia and Nnanna bon chain (generally C8 –C25) in... proteins Informa- 12 Xia and Nnanna tion on the preparation, structure, and properties of PBS is found mostly in the patent literature Protein-based proteins are usually considered biodegradable, nontoxic, nonirritating components of detergents and, in some cases, have antimicrobial properties Of the PBS, amino acid surfactants have been the subject of many studies, primarily on their applications as pharmaceuticals,... toothpaste, wound cleaners, personal cares, shampoo, bubble-bath pastes, aerosols and synthetic bars [39], flooding and reducing agents [40], and corrosion inhibitors [41] Long-chain N-acylglutamates are surfactants derived from glutamic acid with less irritation on the skin than other conventional surfactants, such as SDS and LAS [42] Acylglutamates generally showed weak acidity in an aqueous solution, . Potential Applications of Protein-Based Surfactants 227 Ifendu A. Nnanna, Guang Yu Cheng, and Jiding Xia 10. Current Market Developments and Trends in Amino Acid– and Protein-Based Surfactants. Amino Acid Surfactants: Chemistry, Synthesis, and Properties 75 Jiding Xia, Ifendu A. Nnanna, and Kazutami Sakamoto 5. Enzyme-Catalyzed Synthesis of Protein-Based Surfactants: Amphoteric Surfactants. Technology, and Surface Phenomena of Protein-Based Surfactants 1 Jiding Xia and Ifendu A. Nnanna 2. Natural Raw Materials and Enzymatic Modification of Agricultural By-Products for Protein-Based Surfactants