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GENERAL PRINCIPLES EXPOSURE EVALUATION The purpose of exposure assessment is to identify the routes by which humans are exposed and the magnitudes of that exposure, including the frequency and duration. Identify the number of exposed people along with either characteristics Exposure may be measured as the amount of the contaminant in various media and an estimate of human intake of these media under different activity patterns Some people may be exposed to more than one media. Total intake must be evaluated.
EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT – monitoring and modelling Wednesday, December 7, 2011 Herman Autrup, Professor, PhD 1 OUTLINE General introduction Environmental monitoring Personal exposure assessment Models for exposure assessment 2 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT IS CONCERNED WITH THE LIKELY ACTUAL LEVELS AND DURATION OF EXPOSURE TO THE RISK SOURCE OF HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIES 3 Deposition Sedimentation Sifakis / NASA, 2001 Convection Activity Receptor Coagulation Washout Transport Wind Emission Ambient-air concentration AIR POLLUTION – SOURCE RECEPTOR 4 EXPOSURE AND SOURCES 5 EXPOSURE – EFFECT CHAIN SOURCES RECEPTOR EFFECT DISTRIBUTION 6 INTEGRATED EXPOSURE 7 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Environmental monitoring Personal monitoring Modelling Biomarkers 8 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Indirect approaches • Environmental monitoring • Validated exposure models • Questionnaires 9 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING Determination of contaminants in environmental media, air, water, soil (and food) Monitoring: continuous recording of the level of the pollutant, in contrast to spot sampling. Required by law. 10 [...]... Room volume living room 58 m3 ventilation rate 0.5 – 2.5 per h Face cream 0.8g per application/day Body lotion 7.5 g / 1-2 day Toothpaste 1.4 g/ 1-2 day 34 INTEGRATED EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT All sources All route of exposure Exposure = oral + dermal + inhalation 35 MODELS TO ESTIMATE EXPOSURE EASE – Dermal and inhalation exposure EUSES – Environmental exposures GIS based models 36 ... estimated by mathematical models Standard average and high end values for human intake of various media are generally used 14 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT - PERSON Personal monitors, e.g Pumps or badges Time activity information Exposure estimated by combination of data from environmental monitoring and time activity information 15 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT - AIR Direct measures of exposure Air - Breathing zone Personal... Bike route and 24 h personal exposure to ultrafine particles measured with CPC 3007 from TSI Bike route x 2 At work on gas station (indoor) At work on gas station (indoor) 18 AMBIENT MONITORING House dust: DDT, HCH, HCB, PCB; PCP, chlorpyrifos, DEHP (vacuum cleaner bags) Drinking water: lead, cadmium, copper, nickel, uranium Indoor air: VOC and aldehydes (passive sampling) June 16, 2008 DEHP – EXPOSURE. ..ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING DATA Health warnings Time-serie studies Prospective epidemiological studies Compliance with air quality GIS based modeling 11 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING 12 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING – NO2 13 Only a limited number of samples of various media can be taken for measurement – representativeness of measured samples Air and water concentrations of pollutants... Complience with guidelines values – occupational Research projects 21 ACTIVITY PATTERN CONCEPT • Degree of media contamination (microenvironmental parametres) • Intensity of contact • Distribution of time among activities (time allocation parameter) 22 WHAT IS THE EXPOSURE SCENARIO? Concentrations Emissions Exposure Factors Microenvironment(s) /Exposure Activity Media (ME factor) Exposure Scenario Concentrations... Food diaries Food frequency questionnaires • Contaminant in food – chemical analysis 27 MODELLING EXPOSURE Contact parameters Concentration parameters Behavious data 28 CONTACT PARAMETERS intended use of product frequency of product use (contact) duration of product use (contact) site of product use, including size of room and air exchange rates physical form of product (liquid, gas)... Exposure Scenario Concentrations X Contact duration/Activity Person(s) X Intake rate 23 TIME- ACTIVITY DATA - AIR time and location spent outdoor type of in-door location use of sources ventilation and filtration at indoor location 24 INTEGRATED EXPOSURE 25 TIME ACTIVITY -FOOD amount and type of food products consumed preparation methods including cleaning preparation location (e.g street vendors) storage... substance in an article emission rate constant 30 BEHAVIOR DATA time spent indoor, type of room in transport (form of transport) office/workplace time spent outdoor ( and activity) street/trafic 31 INHALATION EXPOSURE A substance that is released as a gas, vapour or airborne particulate into a room aerosol insecticide, carrier/solvent cosmetic preparation, a powder detergent Concentration . POLLUTION – SOURCE RECEPTOR 4 EXPOSURE AND SOURCES 5 EXPOSURE – EFFECT CHAIN SOURCES RECEPTOR EFFECT DISTRIBUTION 6 INTEGRATED EXPOSURE 7 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Environmental monitoring Personal monitoring . EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT – monitoring and modelling Wednesday, December 7, 2011 Herman Autrup, Professor, PhD 1 OUTLINE General introduction Environmental monitoring Personal exposure assessment . assessment Models for exposure assessment 2 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT IS CONCERNED WITH THE LIKELY ACTUAL LEVELS AND DURATION OF EXPOSURE TO THE RISK SOURCE OF HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIES 3 Deposition Sedimentation Sifakis